Voiceless labiodental fricative
{{Short description|Consonantal sound represented by ⟨f⟩ in IPA}}
{{Infobox IPA
|ipa symbol=f
|ipa number=128
|decimal1=102
|x-sampa=f
|kirshenbaum=f
|braille=f
|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x0066.svg
}}
{{Infobox IPA
|above=Voiceless labiodental approximant
|ipa symbol=ʋ̥
|ipa number=150 402A
|xsampa=P_0
|soundfile=
}}
The voiceless labiodental fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in a number of spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|f}}.
Some scholars also posit the voiceless labiodental approximant distinct from the fricative. The approximant may be represented in the IPA as {{angbr IPA|ʋ̥}}.
Features
Features of the voiceless labiodental fricative:
{{fricative}}
{{labiodental}}
{{voiceless short}}
{{oral}}
{{central–lateral}}
{{pulmonic}}
{{clear}}
Occurrence
class="wikitable"
!colspan=2| Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! style="width:50%;" | Notes | |||||
colspan=2| Abkhaz | {{lang|ab|фы}}/fy | {{IPA|[fə]}} | 'lightning' | See Abkhaz phonology | |
colspan=2| Adyghe | {{lang|kbd-Cyrl|тфы}}/tfy | {{Audio-IPA|Tfa.ogg|[tfə]}} | 'five' | Corresponds to [xʷ] in Kabardian and Proto-Circassian | |
colspan=2| Albanian | {{lang|sq|faqe}} | {{IPA|[facɛ]}} | 'cheek' | ||
Arabic | Modern Standard{{sfnp|Thelwall|1990|p=37}} | {{lang|ar|ظرف|rtl=yes}}/th'arf | {{IPA|[ðˤɑrf]}} | 'envelope' | See Arabic phonology |
Armenian | Eastern{{sfnp|Dum-Tragut|2009|p=18}} | {{lang|hy|ֆուտբոլ}}/futbol | {{Audio-IPA|futbol.ogg|[fut̪bol]}} | 'football' | |
colspan=2| Assyrian | ܦܬܐ pata | {{IPA|[fɔθɔ]}} | 'face' | Used mostly by Western speakers; corresponds to {{IPA|/p/}} in most other dialects. | |
colspan=2| Assamese | {{lang|as|বৰফ}}/borof | {{IPA|[bɔɹɔf]}} | 'snow/ice' | ||
colspan=2| Azeri | tüfəng | {{IPA|[t̪y̆fæɲɟ]}} | 'ɡun' | ||
colspan=2| Basque | {{lang|bas|fin}} | {{IPA|[fin]}} | 'thin' | ||
colspan="2" | Bengali | {{lang|bn|ফুল}}/ful | {{IPA|[ful]}} | 'flower' | Allophone of {{IPA|/pʰ/}}. See Bengali phonology | |
colspan=2| Catalan{{sfnp|Carbonell|Llisterri|1992|p=53}} | {{lang|ca|fort}} | {{IPA|[ˈfɔɾt]}} | 'strong' | See Catalan phonology | |
colspan=2| Chechen | {{lang|ce-Cyrl|факс}} / {{lang|ce-Latn|faks}} | {{IPA|[faks]}} | 'fax' | Used only in loanwords. There is no /f/ in Chechen; /f/ was replaced by /p/ in loanwords that contained it before increased influence from the Russian language popularized the usage of /f/. | |
rowspan=2| Chinese | Cantonese | {{lang|zh-Hani|飛}} / {{lang|cmn-Latn|fēi}} | {{Audio-IPA|Yue-fei1.ogg|[fei̯˥]|help=no}} | rowspan=2| 'to fly' | See Cantonese phonology |
Mandarin | {{lang|cmn-Hani|飛}} (traditional) / 飞(simplified) / {{lang|cmn-Latn|fēi}} | {{Audio-IPA|Zh-fēi.ogg|[feɪ̯˥]|help=no}} | See Mandarin phonology | ||
colspan=2| Coptic | {{lang|cop|ϥⲧⲟⲟⲩ}}/ftoow | {{IPA|[ftow]}} | 'four' | ||
colspan=2| Czech | {{lang|cs|foukat}} | {{IPA|[ˈfoʊ̯kat]}} | 'to blow' | See Czech phonology | |
colspan=2| Dutch{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|1992|p=45}} | {{lang|nl|fiets}} | {{IPA|[fiːts]}} | 'bike' | See Dutch phonology | |
rowspan="7" | English | All dialects | fill | {{Audio-IPA|fill-pronunciation-audio.ogg|[fɪɫ]|help=no}} | 'fill' | See English phonology |
Cockney{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=328}} | rowspan=4| think | rowspan=4| {{IPA|[fɪŋk]}} | rowspan=4| 'think' | rowspan="4" | Socially marked,{{sfnp|Altendorf|1999|p=7}} with speakers exhibiting some free variation with {{IPAblink|θ}} (with which it corresponds to in other dialects).{{sfnp|Clark|Trousdale|2010|p=309}} See th-fronting. | |
Many British urban dialects{{sfnp|Britain|2005|p=1005}} | |||||
Some younger East Anglian English | |||||
Some younger New Zealanders{{sfnp|Wood|2003|p=50}}{{sfnp|Gordon|Maclagan|2008|p=74}} | |||||
Broad South African{{sfnp|Bowerman|2004|p=939}} | myth
|[mɨf] |'myth' |Possible realization of /θ/, more common word-finally. See White SAE phonology. | ||||
Indian South African{{sfnp|Mesthrie|2004|p=960}}
|fair |{{IPA|[ʋ̥eː]}} |'fair' |Described as an approximant. Corresponds to {{IPA|/f/}} in other accents. | |||||
colspan="2" | Esperanto | {{lang|eo|fajro}} | {{IPA|[ˈfajɾo]}} | 'fire' | See Esperanto phonology | |
colspan=2| Ewe{{sfnp|Ladefoged|2005|p=156}} | {{lang|ee-Latn|eflen}} | {{IPA|[éflé̃]}} | 'he spit off' | ||
colspan=2| French{{sfnp|Fougeron|Smith|1993|p=73}} | {{lang|fr|fabuleuse}} | {{IPA|[fäbyˈløːz̪]}} | 'fabulous' | See French phonology | |
colspan=2| Galician | {{lang|gl|faísca}} | {{IPA|[faˈiska]}} | 'spark' | See Galician phonology | |
colspan=2| German | {{lang|de|fade}} | {{IPA|[ˈfaːdə]}} | 'bland' | See Standard German phonology | |
colspan=2| Goemai | f'at'
|[fat] | 'to blow' | |||
colspan=2| Greek | {{lang|el|φύση / fysī}} | {{IPA|[ˈfisi]}} | 'nature' | See Modern Greek phonology | |
colspan=2| Gujarati | {{lang|gu|ફળ}} / {{lang|gu-Latn|faļ}} | {{IPA|[fəɭ]}} | 'fruit' | See Gujarati phonology | |
colspan=2| Hebrew | {{lang|he|סופר|rtl=yes}}/sofer | {{IPA|[so̞fe̞ʁ]}} | 'writer' | See Modern Hebrew phonology | |
colspan=2| Hindustani | {{lang|hi|साफ़}} / {{lang|ur|صاف|rtl=yes}}/saaf | {{IPA|[sɑːf]}} | 'clean' | See Hindustani phonology | |
colspan=2| Hmong | {{script|Hmng|𖬌𖬜𖬵}} / {{lang|hmn|foob}} | {{IPA|[fõ˦]}} | 'to sue, to indict' | ||
colspan=2| Hungarian | {{lang|hu|figyel}} | {{IPA|[ˈfiɟɛl]}} | 'he/she pays attention' | See Hungarian phonology | |
colspan=2| Indonesian | {{lang|id|fajar}} | {{IPA|[fadʒar]}} | 'dawn' | See Indonesian phonology | |
colspan=2| Italian | {{lang|it|fantasma}} | {{IPA|[fän̪ˈt̪äzmä]}} | 'ghost' | See Italian phonology | |
colspan=2| Kabardian | {{lang|kbd-Cyrl|фыз}}/fyz | {{IPA|[fəz]}} | 'woman' | Corresponds to [ʂʷ] in Adyghe and Proto-Circassian | |
colspan=2| Kabyle | {{lang|kab|afus}} | {{IPA|[afus]}} | 'hand' | | ||
colspan=2| Kazakh | faqır / фақыр | {{IPA|[faqr]}} | 'poor' | ||
colspan="2" | Khmer | {{lang|km|កាហ្វេ}} / {{Transliteration|km|kahvé}} | {{IPA|[kaːfeː]}} | 'coffee' | See Khmer phonology | |
colspan=2| Macedonian | {{lang|mk|фонетика}}/fonetika | {{IPA|[fɔnetika]}} | 'phonetics' | See Macedonian phonology | |
colspan=2| Māori | {{lang|mi-Latn|whakapapa}} | {{IPA|[fakapapa]}} | 'genealogy' | Less commonly {{IPAblink|ɸ}}. See Māori phonology. | |
colspan=2| Malay | {{lang|ms|feri}} | {{IPA|[feri]}} | 'ferry' | Only occurs in loanwords | |
colspan=2| Malayalam
| {{lang|ml|ഫലം}}/falam | {{IPA|[fɐlɐm]}} | 'fruit, result' | Only occurs in loanwords in the standard version. ഫ is used to represent both /pʰ/ and /f/ but nowadays most people pronounce /pʰ/ as [f]. Occurs in native words in the Jeseri dialect. | |||||
colspan=2| Maltese | {{lang|no|fenek}} | {{IPA|[fenek]}} | 'rabbit' | ||
colspan=2| Norwegian | {{lang|no|filter}} | {{IPA|[filtɛɾ]}} | 'filter' | See Norwegian phonology | |
colspan=2| Persian | {{lang|fa|فروخت}}/foruxt | {{IPA|[foɹu:xt]}} | 'he/she sold' | See Persian phonology | |
colspan=2| Polish{{sfnp|Jassem|2003|p=103}} | {{lang|pl|futro}} | {{Audio-IPA|Pl-futro.ogg|[ˈfut̪rɔ]}} | 'fur' | See Polish phonology | |
colspan=2| Portuguese{{sfnp|Cruz-Ferreira|1995|p=91}} | {{lang|pt|fala}} | {{IPA|[ˈfalɐ]}} | 'speech' | See Portuguese phonology | |
colspan=2| Punjabi | ਫ਼ੌਜੀ/faujī | {{IPA|[fɔːd͡ʒi]}} | 'soldier' | ||
colspan=2| RomanianDEX Online : [http://dexonline.ro/search.php?cuv=f] | {{lang|ro|foc}} | {{IPA|[fo̞k]}} | 'fire' | See Romanian phonology | |
colspan=2| Russian{{sfnp|Padgett|2003|p=42}} | {{lang|ru|орфография}}/orfografiya | {{IPA|[ɐrfɐˈɡrafʲɪjə]}} | 'orthography' | Contrasts with palatalized form. See Russian phonology | |
colspan="2" | Scottish Gaelic{{sfnp|Oftedal|1956|p=111}} | {{lang|gd|faisg}} | {{IPA|[faʃkʲ]}} | 'near, close' | Loosely articulated, can resemble {{IPAblink|ɸ}}. See Scottish Gaelic phonology | |
colspan="2" | Serbo-Croatian{{sfnp|Landau|Lončarića|Horga|Škarić|1999|p=67}} | {{lang|sh-Cyrl|фаза}} / {{lang|sh-Latn|faza}} | {{IPA|[fǎːz̪ä]}} | 'phase' | See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
colspan=2| Slovak | {{lang|sk|fúkať}} | {{IPA|[ˈfu̞ːkäc]}} | 'to blow' | See Slovak phonology | |
rowspan="2" |Slovene
|Standard |{{lang|sl|flavta|italic=yes}} |{{IPA|[ˈfláːu̯t̪à]}} |'flute' |See Slovene phonology | |||||
Some dialects
|{{lang|sl|vsi|italic=yes}} |{{IPA|[ˈfs̪î]}} |'all (people)' |Allophone of {{IPA|/v/}} before voiceless obstruents in dialects with {{IPA|/ʋ/}} → {{IPA|/v/}} development. See Slovene phonology | |||||
colspan=2| Somali | {{lang|so|feex}} | {{IPA|[fɛħ]}} | 'wart' | See Somali phonology | |
colspan=2| Spanish{{sfnp|Martínez-Celdrán|Fernández-Planas|Carrera-Sabaté|2003|p=255}} | {{lang|es|fantasma}} | {{IPA|[fã̠n̪ˈt̪a̠zma̠]}} | 'ghost' | See Spanish phonology | |
colspan=2| Swahili | {{lang|sw|kufa}} | {{IPA|[kufɑ]}} | 'to die' | ||
colspan=2| Swedish | {{lang|sv|fisk}} | {{IPA|[ˈfɪsk]}} | 'fish' | See Swedish phonology | |
colspan=2| Thai | {{lang|th|ฝน}}/fon | {{IPA|[fon˩˩˦]}} | 'rain' | ||
colspan=2| Toda
| nes̲of | {{IPA|[nes̲of]}} | 'moon' | | |||||
colspan=2| Turkish | {{lang|tr|saf}} | {{IPA|[ˈs̟ɑf]}} | 'pure' | See Turkish phonology | |
colspan=2| Ukrainian{{sfnp|Danylenko|Vakulenko|1995|p=4}} | {{lang|uk|Фастів}}/fastiv | {{IPA|[ˈfɑsʲtʲiw]}} | 'Fastiv' | See Ukrainian phonology | |
colspan=2| Vietnamese{{sfnp|Thompson|1959|pp=458–461}} | {{lang|vi|pháo}} | {{IPA|[faːw˧ˀ˥]}} | 'firecracker' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
colspan=2| Welsh | {{lang|cy|ffon}} | {{IPA|[fɔn]}} | 'stick' | See Welsh phonology | |
colspan=2| West Frisian | {{lang|fy|fol}} | {{IPA|[foɫ]}} | 'full' | See West Frisian phonology | |
colspan=2| Yi | {{lang|ii|ꃚ}} / {{lang|ii|fu}} | {{IPA|[fu˧]}} | 'roast' | ||
Zapotec | Tilquiapan{{sfnp|Merrill|2008|p=109}} | cafe | {{IPA|[kafɘ]}} | 'coffee' | Used primarily in loanwords from Spanish |
See also
Notes
{{reflist|20em}}xw Weer
References
- {{citation
|last1=Altendorf
|first1=Ulrike
|last2=Watt
|first2=Dominic
|editor-last=Schneider
|editor-first=Edgar W.
|editor2-last=Burridge
|editor2-first=Kate
|editor3-last=Kortmann
|editor3-first=Bernd
|editor4-last=Mesthrie
|editor4-first=Rajend
|editor5-last=Upton
|editor5-first=Clive
|year=2004
|title=A handbook of varieties of English
|chapter=The dialects in the South of England: phonology
|volume=1: Phonology
|publisher=Mouton de Gruyter
|pages=181–196
|isbn=3-11-017532-0
}}
- {{citation
|last=Bowerman
|first=Sean
|editor-last=Schneider
|editor-first=Edgar W.
|editor2-last=Burridge
|editor2-first=Kate
|editor3-last=Kortmann
|editor3-first=Bernd
|editor4-last=Mesthrie
|editor4-first=Rajend
|editor5-last=Upton
|editor5-first=Clive
|year=2004
|title=A handbook of varieties of English
|chapter=White South African English: phonology
|volume=1: Phonology
|publisher=Mouton de Gruyter
|pages=931–942
|isbn=3-11-017532-0
}}
- {{citation
|last=Britain
|first=David
|year=2005
|title=Innovation diffusion: "Estuary English" and local dialect differentiation: The survival of Fenland Englishes
|journal=Linguistics
|volume=43
|issue=5
|pages=995–1022
|doi=10.1515/ling.2005.43.5.995
|s2cid=144652354
}}
- {{citation
|last1=Carbonell
|first1=Joan F.
|last2=Llisterri
|first2=Joaquim
|year=1992
|title=Catalan
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=22
|issue=1–2
|pages=53–56
|doi=10.1017/S0025100300004618
|s2cid=249411809
}}
- {{citation
|last1=Clark
|first1=Lynn
|last2=Trousdale
|first2=Graeme
|year=2010
|chapter=A cognitive approach to quantitative sociolinguistic variation: Evidence from th-fronting in Central Scotland
|title=Advances in Cognitive Linguistics
|editor-last=Geeraerts
|editor-first=Dirk
|editor-last2=Kristiansen
|editor-first2=Gitte
|editor-last3=Peirsman
|editor-first3=Yves
|place=Berlin
|publisher=Walter de Gruyter
|isbn=978-3-11-022645-4
}}
- {{citation
|last=Cruz-Ferreira
|first=Madalena
|year= 1995
|title=European Portuguese
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=25
|issue=2
|pages=90–94
|doi=10.1017/S0025100300005223
|s2cid=249414876
}}
- {{citation
|last1=Danylenko
|first1=Andrii
|last2=Vakulenko
|first2=Serhii
|year=1995
|title=Ukrainian
|publisher=Lincom Europa
|isbn=9783929075083
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WUsbAQAAIAAJ
}}
- {{citation
|last=Dum-Tragut
|first=Jasmine
|year=2009
|title=Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian
|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company
|place=Amsterdam
}}
- {{citation
|last1=Fougeron
|first1=Cecile
|last2=Smith
|first2=Caroline L
|year=1993
|title=Illustrations of the IPA:French
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=23
|issue=2
|pages=73–76
|doi=10.1017/S0025100300004874
|s2cid=249404451
}}
- {{citation
|last1=Gordon
|first1=Elizabeth
|last2=Maclagan
|first2=Margaret
|year=2008
|editor-last=Burridge
|editor-first=Kate
|editor-last2=Kortmann
|editor-first2=Bernd
|chapter=Regional and social differences in New Zealand: Phonology
|title=Varieties of English
|volume=3: The Pacific and Australasia
|pages=64–76
|publisher=Walter de Gruyter
|place=Berlin
|isbn=978-3110208412
}}
- {{citation
|last=Gussenhoven
|first=Carlos
|year= 1992
|title=Dutch
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=22
|issue=2
|pages=45–47
|doi=10.1017/S002510030000459X
|s2cid=243772965
}}
- {{citation
|last = Jassem
|first = Wiktor
|year= 2003
|title=Polish
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=33
|issue=1
|pages=103–107
|doi = 10.1017/S0025100303001191
|doi-access=free
}}
- {{citation
|last=Ladefoged
|first=Peter
|author-link=Peter Ladefoged
|year=2005
|title=Vowels and Consonants
|edition=Second
|publisher=Blackwell
}}
- {{citation
|last1=Landau
|first1=Ernestina
|last2=Lončarića
|first2=Mijo
|last3=Horga
|first3=Damir
|last4=Škarić
|first4=Ivo
|year=1999
|chapter=Croatian
|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet
|place=Cambridge
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|isbn=978-0-521-65236-0
|pages=66–69
}}
- {{citation
|last1 = Martínez-Celdrán
|first1= Eugenio
|last2 = Fernández-Planas
|first2= Ana Ma.
|last3 = Carrera-Sabaté
|first3 = Josefina
|year= 2003
|title=Castilian Spanish
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=33
|issue=2
|pages=255–259
|doi = 10.1017/S0025100303001373
|url=https://www.academia.edu/11365507
|doi-access= free
}}
- {{citation
|last=Merrill
|first=Elizabeth
|year=2008
|title=Tilquiapan Zapotec
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=38
|issue=1
|pages=107–114
|doi=10.1017/S0025100308003344
|url=http://www.balsas-nahuatl.org/mixtec/Christian_articles/Otomanguean/Merrill.pdf
|doi-access=free
}}
- {{Citation
|last=Mesthrie
|first=Rajend
|editor-last=Schneider
|editor-first=Edgar W.
|editor2-last=Burridge
|editor2-first=Kate
|editor3-last=Kortmann
|editor3-first=Bernd
|editor4-last=Mesthrie
|editor4-first=Rajend
|editor5-last=Upton
|editor5-first=Clive
|year=2004
|title=A handbook of varieties of English
|chapter=Indian South African English: phonology
|volume=1: Phonology
|publisher=Mouton de Gruyter
|pages=953–963
|isbn=3-11-017532-0
}}
- {{citation
|last =Padgett
|first= Jaye
|year= 2003
|title= Contrast and Post-Velar Fronting in Russian
|journal= Natural Language & Linguistic Theory
|volume=21
|issue=1
|pages=39–87
|doi =10.1023/A:1021879906505
|s2cid= 13470826
}}
- {{citation
|last1 = Rogers
|first1 = Derek
|last2 = d'Arcangeli
|first2 = Luciana
|year= 2004
|title=Italian
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=34
|issue=1
|pages=117–121
|doi = 10.1017/S0025100304001628
|doi-access= free
}}
- {{citation
|last=Thompson
|first=Laurence
|year=1959
|title=Saigon phonemics
|journal=Language
|volume=35
|issue=3
|pages=454–476
|doi=10.2307/411232
|jstor=411232
}}
- {{citation
|last = Thelwall
|first= Robin
|year= 1990
|title= Illustrations of the IPA: Arabic
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=20
|issue=2
|pages=37–41
|doi=10.1017/S0025100300004266
|s2cid= 243640727
}}
- {{citation
|last=Wells
|first=John C.
|author-link=John C. Wells
|year=1982
|title=Accents of English
|volume=2: The British Isles
|place=Cambridge
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|isbn=0-521-24224-X
}}
- {{citation
|last=Wood
|first=Elizabeth
|year=2003
|title=TH-fronting: The substitution of f/v for θ/ð in New Zealand English
|journal=New Zealand English Journal
|volume=17
|pages=50–56
|s2cid=61870739
}}