Volcán de Colima
{{Short description|Volcano in Mexico}}
{{Other uses|Colima (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Volcán de Colima
| photo = Volcan de Colima 2.jpg
| photo_caption = Volcán de Colima in 2009
| elevation = 3820+ m (12,533+ ft)
| elevation_ref = {{cite peakbagger|pid=8010|title=Volcán de Colima, Mexico}}
| prominence_m = 600
| listing = {{unbulleted list
|North America highest peak 60th
|North America prominent 25th
|North America isolated peak 46th
}}
| map_caption = Location in Mexico
| location = Jalisco / Colima, Mexico
| range = Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt
| map = Mexico
| coordinates = {{coord|19.512727|-103.617241|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| topo =
| type = Stratovolcano
| age = 5 million years
| volcanic_arc/belt = Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt
| last_eruption = 2013 to 2018 (ongoing){{Cite news|title=Colima volcano|url=https://www.volcanodiscovery.com/colima.html|date=19 Feb 2018|language=en}}
| easiest_route =
}}
File:Colima Landsat image.jpg satellite]]
The Volcán de Colima, {{convert|3,820|m|ft|abbr=on}}, also known as Volcán de Fuego, is part of the Colima Volcanic Complex (CVC) consisting of Volcán de Colima, Nevado de Colima ({{IPA|es|neˈβaðo ðe koˈlima|-|NevadodeColima.ogg}}){{cite web |url=http://www.geo.mtu.edu/EHaz/ConvergentPlatesClass/Colima/Luhr%20Colima%20andesite.pdf |title=The Colima Volcanic Complex, Mexico |publisher=Mineralogy and Petrology |access-date=2012-05-04}} and the eroded El Cántaro (listed as extinct). It is the youngest of the three and as of 2015 is one of the most active volcanoes in Mexico and in North America. Having been active for nearly 5 million years, and with frequent eruptions, the Volcán de Colima is considered a stratovolcano. "Volcán de Fuego is an active stratovolcano, the most explosive and dangerous of all of Mexico" ([https://www.history.com/articles/colima Colima]). It has erupted more than 40 times since 1576. One of the largest eruptions was on January 20–24, 1913.{{cite book|last=Ritchie|first=David|title=Encyclopedia of Earthquakes and Volcanoes|year=2006|publisher=Alexander E. Gates, Ph.D., and David Ritchie|pages=52}} Nevado de Colima, also known as Tzapotépetl, lies {{convert|5|km}} north of its more active neighbor and is the taller of the two at {{convert|4,271|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}}. It is the 26th-most prominent peak in North America.{{cite peakbagger |lid=4101 |title=North America Peaks with 2000 meters of Prominence |access-date=2012-05-03}}
Despite its name, only a fraction of the volcano's surface area is in the state of Colima; the majority of its surface area lies over the border in the neighboring state of Jalisco, toward the western end of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. It is about {{convert|485|km|mi|abbr=on}} west of Mexico City and {{convert|125|km|mi|abbr=on}} south of Guadalajara, Jalisco.
Since 1869–1878, a parasitic set of domes, collectively known as El Volcancito, has formed on the northeast flank of the main cone of the volcano.{{cite web|url=http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2003AM/finalprogram/abstract_62132.htm|title=Structure of the Volcancito Dome, Volcan Fuego De Colima, Mexico, Revealed in High Resolution Magnetic Anomalies|work=confex.com|access-date=2006-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223211611/http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2003AM/finalprogram/abstract_62132.htm|archive-date=2009-02-23|url-status=dead}}
Geological history
In the late Pleistocene era, a huge landslide occurred at the mountain, with approximately {{convert|25|km3|mi3|abbr=on}} of debris traveling some 120 km, reaching the Pacific Ocean. An area of some 2,200 km2 was covered in landslide deposits. The currently active cone is within a large caldera that was probably formed by a combination of landslides and large eruptions. The lava is andesite containing 56-61% SiO2.http://www.geo.mtu.edu/EHaz/ConvergentPlatesClass/Colima/Luhr%20Colima%20andesite.pdf James F. Luhr and Ian S.E. Carmichael, 1980: The Colima Volcanic Complex, Mexico in Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 71, page 347 About 300,000 people live within {{convert|40|km|mi|abbr=on}} of the volcano, which makes it the most dangerous volcano in Mexico. In light of its history of large eruptions and situation in a densely populated area, it was designated a Decade Volcano, singling it out for study.
Current activity
In recent years, there have been frequent temporary evacuations of nearby villagers due to threatening volcanic activity. Eruptions have occurred in 1991, 1998–1999 and from 2001 to the present day, with activity being characterized by extrusion of viscous lava forming a lava dome, and occasional larger explosions, forming pyroclastic flows and dusting the areas surrounding the volcano with ash and tephra.
The largest eruption for several years occurred on May 24, 2005. An ash cloud rose to more than 3 km over the volcano and satellite monitoring indicated that the cloud spread over an area extending {{convert|110|nmi|km}} west of the volcano in the hours after the eruption.http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/ARCHIVE/COLI/2005E240658.html{{dead link|date=March 2016}} Pyroclastic flows travelled 4–5 km from the vent, and lava bombs landed 3–4 km away. Authorities set up an exclusion zone within 6.5 km of the summit.
On November 21, 2014, the volcano erupted again. An ash column was sent 5 km into the air, covering towns as far as 25 km away in ash. No fatalities were reported, and no evacuations took place.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}} There were eruptions on January 10, 21 and 25, with the ash from the January 21 eruption falling in towns more than {{convert|15|mi|km}} away.{{cite web|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/video-mexico-colima-volcano-erupts-enormous-cloud-ash-article-1.2087970|title=VIDEO: Mexico's Colima Volcano spews enormous cloud of ash|work=NY Daily News|date=22 January 2015 }}{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-30980212|title=Footage of huge ash plume as Mexico's Colima volcano erupts|publisher=BBC News|date=25 January 2015|access-date=27 January 2015}}
File:Volcan_de_Colima_2016-12-17.jpgOn 10 July 2015, there was another eruption. Another eruption occurred on September 25, 2016, sending a plume of ash and smoke {{convert|10,000|ft|m}} into the sky. During December 2016, ash plumes occurred once or twice a day. On December 18, 2016, there were three eruptions. The biggest columns of ash reached 2 kilometers in height.{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2016/12/18/world/americas/ap-lt-mexico-volcano.html| title=Mexico's Colima Volcano Spews Ash, Vapor a Mile Into the Air| work=New York Times| date=December 18, 2016| access-date=December 18, 2016}}
Colima volcano experienced another strong explosion at 06:27 UTC (00:27 CST) on January 18, 2017. The eruption spewed volcanic ash up to 4 km (13,123 feet) above the crater.
Volcanological center
The volcano is monitored by the Colima Volcano Observatory at the University of Colima, Mexico. A team analyzes, interprets and communicates every event that occurs at this volcano.
In 2018, a webcam was installed close to the volcano, and volcanic activity can be seen in real-time.{{Cite web|url=https://webcams.volcanodiscovery.com/Colima|title=Volcán de Colima|website=www.webcamsdemexico.com|access-date=2018-12-26}}
{{clear}}
References
;Notes
{{Reflist}}
;Bibliography
- Domínguez T., Ramírez J.J., Breton M. (2003), Present Stage Of Activity At Colima Volcano, Mexico, American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2003, abstract #V42B-0350
External links
{{sister project links}}
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20040212212744/http://www.ucol.mx/volcan/ Universidad de Colima, Observatorio Vulcanológico] (in Spanish)
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20060224212547/http://docente.ucol.mx/~varley/ Universidad de Colima, Centro de Intercambio e Investigación en Vulcanología] (in English and Spanish)
- [http://www.avo.alaska.edu/input/west/CO/ Experiments at Colima by the Alaska Volcano Observatory]
- {{cite gvp|vn = 341040| title = Colima| access-date = 2009-01-14 }}
- {{cite summitpost |id=199758|name=Volcán de Colima |access-date=2016-12-03}}
{{NA highest}}
{{NA prominent}}
{{NA isolated}}
{{Mexico highest}}
{{Decade Volcanoes}}
{{Jalisco}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Volcan De Colima}}