Wabagishik Dam and Generating Station

People of the indigenous First Nations have inhabited the area for thousands of years.{{cite journal |url=https://www.ontarioarchaeology.org/Resources/Publications/oa42-3-dawson.pdf |publisher=Ontario Archaeological Society |first=K. C. A. |last=Dawson |journal=Ontario Archaeology |title=A History of Archaeology in Northern Ontario to 1983 With Bibliographic Contributions |year=1984 |access-date=7 August 2020 |volume=42}} Groups such as the Ojibwe and Odawa used the Vermilion River as a transportation corridor, living in seasonal camps along its length and crossing troublesome sections, like falls and rapids, with portages.{{cite web |url=https://vermilionriverstewards.ca/2012/01/26/natural-heritage-of-the-vermilion-river-by-ruth-svensk/ |title=Natural Heritage of the Vermilion River |first=Ruth |last=Svensk |date=26 January 2012 |publisher=Vermilion River Stewards |access-date=7 August 2020}} European colonization of the area formally began with the 1850 Robinson-Huron Treaty, and began to intensify after the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway's Algoma Branch in the 1880s, running parallel and to the north of the river. Townships were surveyed along the line around this time, including Lorne Township, named after John Campbell, the Marquis of Lorne, who had recently been Governor General of Canada. The stretch of river in Lorne Township was soon the site of significant logging operations, as well as settlement by Finnish homesteaders.

At the same time, small mining operations had sprung up around the Sudbury area, facilitated by rapid technological changes, relative ease of extraction, and the logistical advantages created by the railway.{{cite magazine |url=https://uwaterloo.ca/earth-sciences-museum/resources/mining-canada/mining-history-sudbury-area |magazine=Rocks and Minerals in Canada |title=The mining history of the Sudbury area |date=Spring 1983 |first=Tom |last=Jewiss |access-date=28 July 2020}} Among these was the Mond Nickel Company, founded by the German-British chemist and industrialist Ludwig Mond. In 1900, Mond opened the Victoria Mine in Denison Township, which initially operated using cordwood boilers to produce steam power at the smelter.{{cite web |url=https://www.ghosttownpix.com/ontario/towns/victoria.html |title=Victoria Mines Ghost Town |website=GhostTownPix.com |first=Yvan |last=Charbonneau |date=17 January 2015 |access-date=7 August 2020}} As a fuel source, however, wood was a quickly-depleting resource in the area due to extensive deforestation caused by logging, wood-burning, and clearance for new settlements.

Mond was a smaller competitor to the Canadian Copper Company, whose subsidiary, the Huronian Power Company (established by 1902), had developed the High Falls dam on the Spanish River to leverage hydropower for its mining and smelting operations.{{cite book |first=Oiva W. |last=Saarinen |title=From Meteorite Impact to Constellation City: A Historical Geography of Greater Sudbury |publisher=Wilfrid Laurier University Press |location=Waterloo, Ontario |isbn=9781554588374 |date=April 2013 |page=119}} Mond would follow suit with its own competing subsidiary, the Lorne Power Company.{{cite news |url=https://samssa.ca/inco-history-mond-the-man-the-process-the-company/ |title=INCO HISTORY: MOND: The Man, The Process, The Company |first=Marty |last=McAllister |work=The Inco Triangle |date=September 1989 |access-date=30 July 2019}}{{cite report |url=http://www.geologyontario.mndmf.gov.on.ca/mndmfiles/pub/data/imaging/ARV21/ARV21.pdf |title=Twenty-first annual report of the Bureau of Mines |date=1912 |volume=XXI |publisher=Department of Lands, Forests and Mines}}

The Lorne Power Company's first major project was the Wabagishik dam at Lorne Falls. Dam construction occurred in either 1908{{citation |url=https://vermilionriverstewards.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Wab-Spillway-Project-Overview_20180226.pdf |title=Wabagishik Spillway Project Overview |author=Vale Limited |publisher=Vermilion River Stewards |date=26 February 2018 |access-date=7 August 2020}} or 1909,{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/crosscurrentshyd0000mano/page/44/mode/2up |title=Cross-Currents: Hydroelectricity and the Engineering of Northern Ontario |first=Jean |last=Manore |date=1999 |publisher=Wilfrid Laurier University Press |location=Waterloo, ON |oclc=1148593526 |isbn=9780889207141 |url-access=limited}} and the plant was commissioned in 1909. By the end of the year, the generating station was connected to the Victoria Mine, which switched to electric power, though not soon enough to save the lives of two workers who had died in 1908 when a steam boiler exploded. The Lorne Falls plant was followed in 1915 by the Nairn Falls Dam and Generating Plant on the Spanish River, also owned and managed by the Lorne Power Company. Both plants provided 60 Hz power to Mond's operations, in contrast to the 25 Hz produced by Inco's Huronian Power Company.{{cite news |url=http://www.sudburymuseums.ca/triangle/data/INCOTriangle-19520801.pdf |title=Five Plants in Inco's Huronian Hydro-Electric Power System |work=The Inco Triangle |date=August 1952 |access-date=30 July 2019}}

In 1929, 20 years after operations at the plant began, the Mond company merged with the International Nickel Company, or Inco, which was the Canadian Copper Company's corporate successor. Not long after this, the Lorne Power Company was also merged into the Huronian Power Company, bringing its pair of plants under Huronian management. By 1952, Huronian was managing five main plants: the Lorne pair as well as three of its own construction, and still operating parallel 25 Hz and 60 Hz distribution networks. The 60 Hz power from the former Lorne plants was being supplied to the Garson Mine, Lawson quarry, and the smelters at Creighton, Copper Cliff, and Coniston.

In the mid-2010s, safety inspections revealed deterioration of the concrete of the spillway, which was causing safety and stability issues with the dam. A 2016 assessment resulted in a "moderate" hazard potential rating, and rehabilitation of the existing spillway structure was discounted due to the level of deterioration, resulting in a decision to replace the original spillway. The dam owner, Vale Limited, conducted a number of surveys of fish populations around the dam, which included minnows, perch, pike, suckers, sunfish, bullheads, and walleye. Other species identified as being potentially affected by construction work included painted and snapping turtles, as well as seven species of bat. Ultimately, a minimum flow provision was added to the spillway replacement project to improve walleye spawning conditions at the base of the spillway, along with a post-construction monitoring program{{cite web |url=http://www.vale.com/canada/EN/aboutvale/communities/sudbury/sudbury-environment/our-commitment-to-water-sudbury/Pages/Power-Generation-Stations-Capital-Projects.aspx |title=Power Generation Stations - Capital Projects |publisher=Vale Limited |access-date=7 August 2020}} and a staged timeline of bush clearing recommended to minimize the impact on bat habitat.

{{Main|Vermilion River (Sudbury District)}}

The dam sits on the Vermilion River, downstream from Ella Lake (which is the dam's headpond){{cite web |url=http://www.ontarioriversalliance.ca/6744-2/ |first=Linda |last=Heron |title=Heavy Metal Contamination – Wabagishik Lake, on the Vermilion River system |date=16 March 2016 |access-date=8 August 2020}} and upstream from Wabagishik Lake. It is located in the geographic Lorne Township, Concession No. 3, Lot No. 8, within the boundaries of the former town of Walden, now a part of Greater Sudbury in Northeastern Ontario, Canada. The nearest sizable communities are Lively to the east and Nairn Centre to the west; the nearest city is Sudbury to the east, whose municipal boundaries the complex falls within.

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• Nairn Falls Dam and Generating Plant
• List of generating stations in Ontario
• Mond Nickel Company
• Vale Limited

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Category:Hydroelectric power stations in Ontario

Category:Dams in Ontario

Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 1909

Category:Buildings and structures in Greater Sudbury