Washington State Legislature

The Washington State Legislature traces its ancestry to the creation of the Washington Territory in 1853, following successful arguments from settlers north of the Columbia River to the U.S. federal government to legally separate from the Oregon Territory. The Washington Territorial Assembly, as the newly created area's bicameral legislature, convened the following year. The legislature represented settlers from the Strait of Juan de Fuca to modern Montana.

From nearly the start of the territory, arguments over giving women the right to vote dogged legislative proceedings. While some legislators carried genuine concerns over women deserving the right to vote, most legislators pragmatically believed that giving women suffrage would entice more Eastern women to immigrate to the remote and sparsely populated territory. In 1854, only six years after the Seneca Falls Convention, the issue was brought to a vote by the legislature. Women's suffrage was defeated in a tied vote of 9 to 9 (an absolute majority, or 10 votes, was needed to pass laws). This was due to one legislator voting against this bill because he had an American Indian wife and only white women would have been able to vote.{{cite web| url=https://leg.wa.gov/History/Legislative/Documents/HistoryOfTheLeg.pdf | access-date=2023-12-01 | title=HISTORY of the WASHINGTON LEGISLATURE 1854 - 1963}}

A decade later, the Wyoming Legislature would become the first body in the United States to grant women's suffrage in 1869.

The issue over female suffrage did not diminish. In 1871 Susan B. Anthony and Thurston County Representative Daniel Bigelow addressed the legislature on the issue. In 1883, the issue returned to the floor, this time with the Territorial Assembly successfully passing universal suffrage for women.{{cite web |title=Our History |url=https://www.lwvwa.org/our-history |website=www.lwvwa.org |publisher=League of Women Voters of Washington |access-date=December 16, 2022 |language=en}} It quickly became one of the most liberal voting laws in the nation, giving female African-American voters the voting franchise for the first time in the United States. However, in 1887, the territorial Washington Supreme Court ruled the 1883 universal suffrage act as unconstitutional in Harland v. Washington. Another attempt by the legislature to regrant universal female suffrage was again overturned in 1888.

After two failed voter referendums in 1889 and 1897, activism led by Emma Smith DeVoe and May Arkwright Hutton, among others, led the state legislature to approve the state constitutional amendment granting full female voting rights, which Washington's (male) voters ratified in 1910 by a vote of 52,299 to 29,676.{{cite web |title=A Ballot for the Ladies: Washington Women's Struggle for the Vote (1850-1910) |url=https://content.lib.washington.edu/exhibits/suffrage/ |website=content.lib.washington.edu |access-date=December 16, 2022}}

File:Elected members of Washington's first legislature, November 1889.jpg

With more than two decades of pressure on federal authorities to authorize statehood, on February 22, 1889, the U.S. Congress passed the Enabling Act, signed into law by outgoing President Grover Cleveland, authorizing the territories of Washington, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Montana to form state governments. The Territorial Assembly set out to convene a constitutional convention to write a state constitution.

Following its successful passage by the legislature, Washington voters approved the new document on October 1. On November 11, 1889, President Benjamin Harrison authorized Washington to become the 42nd state of United States. It was the last West Coast state of the Continental U.S. to achieve statehood. The modern Washington State Legislature was created.

The bicameral body is composed of legislators, beginning the legislative session annually on the second Monday in January. In odd-numbered years, when the state budget is debated upon, the State Legislature meets for 105 days, and in even-numbered years for 60 days. The Governor of Washington can call legislators in for a special 30-day session at any time. Legislators also can call themselves into special session by a two-thirds vote by both the House of Representatives and the State Senate.

Debates within both the House and Senate, as well as committee meetings and other special events within or relating to the legislature are broadcast throughout Washington on TVW, the state public affairs network.{{cite web |title=About - TVW |url=https://tvw.org/about/ |website=tvw.org |access-date=December 16, 2022 |date=May 11, 2021}} Debates can also be found on the web at TVW.org.

Unlike some state legislatures, the Washington State Legislature does not hold a special election between general elections if a seat becomes vacant in the middle of a term. Instead, the county central committee of the political party that last held the seat in the county that contains the district nominates three candidates and the board of county commissioners chooses among them. A special election is then held alongside November general elections. Where a district spans counties, the state central committee of the party selects the candidates and the boards of county commissioners of all the counties jointly choose one.{{Cite web |url=http://leg.wa.gov/lawsandagencyrules/documents/12-2010-wastateconstitution.pdf |title=Constitution of the State of Washington, Article II, section 15 }}

As of July 2025, legislators receive an annual salary of $67,688. The Speaker of the House and Senate majority leader receive salaries of $75,688; the House and Senate minority leaders receive salaries of $71,688.{{Cite web|url=https://salaries.wa.gov/salary|title=Salary Information|publisher=Washington Citizens' Commission on Salaries for Elected Officials|access-date=July 4, 2025}}{{Cite web |url=https://apps.leg.wa.gov/rcw/default.aspx?cite=43.03.013|title=Salaries of members of the legislature|publisher=Washington State Legislature |access-date=July 4, 2025}}

• Washington State Capitol
• Washington House of Representatives
• Washington State Senate
• List of Washington state legislatures

• Don Brazier, [http://leg.wa.gov/Help/Documents/HistoryOfTheLeg.pdf History of the Washington Legislature, 1854-1963.] Olympia, WA: Washington State Senate, 2000.

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• [http://www.leg.wa.gov/pages/home.aspx Washington State Legislature]
• {{citation |title= Guide to Law Online: U.S. Washington: Legislative |url= https://guides.loc.gov/law-us-washington/legislative |publisher=Library of Congress |location=Washington DC |work= guides.loc.gov }}

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Category:Government of Washington (state)

Category:Bicameral legislatures