Waterbed

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|image1=Softside Waterbed Outside.JPG

|alt1=A bed with comforter

|image2=Softside Waterbed Inside.JPG

|alt2=A bed with comforter pulled forward to show the water mattress

|caption2=Softside waterbed {{convert|160|by|200|cm|in}} with dual heating (top) and two water chambers and flexible chamber isolation inside (bottom).

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Waterbeds primarily consist of two types, hard-sided beds and soft-sided beds.

A hard-sided waterbed consists of a water-containing mattress inside a rectangular frame of wood resting on a plywood deck that sits on a platform.

A soft-sided waterbed consists of a water-containing mattress inside of a rectangular frame of sturdy foam, zippered inside a fabric casing, which sits on a platform. It looks like a conventional bed and is designed to fit existing bedroom furniture. The platform usually looks like a conventional foundation or box spring, and sits atop a reinforced metal frame.

Early waterbed mattresses, and many inexpensive modern mattresses, have a single water chamber. When the water mass in these "free flow" mattresses is disturbed, significant wave motion can be felt, and they need time to stabilize after a disturbance. Later models introduced wave-reducing methods, including fiber batting. Some models only partially reduce wave motion, while more expensive models almost eliminate wave motion.

Waterbeds are normally heated by a thin pad atop the water mattress. Unheated beds take on room temperature, which is perceived as cold because of water's high specific heat capacity relative to conventional mattress materials. In such cases, a thick layer of insulation is used to mitigate this, but the insulation also impedes the bed's contouring to the sleeper's body, reducing its value over a traditional mattress. Heated beds are temperature-controlled via a thermostat and usually set to approximate the sleeper's body temperature, which on average is {{convert|30|C|F}}. A typical heating pad consumes 150–400 watts of power. Depending on insulation, bedding, ambient temperature, frequency of use, and other factors, electricity consumption can vary significantly.

Waterbeds are usually constructed from soft PVC or similar material. In most cases, leaks can be repaired with a conventional vinyl patch kit.

• Free flow mattress: Also known as a full wave mattress. It contains only water but no baffles or inserts.{{Cite web|url=http://www.awesomewaterbeds.com/waterbed-faqs.cfm|title=Waterbed FAQs at AwesomeWaterbeds {{!}} AwesomeWaterbeds.com|website=www.awesomewaterbeds.com|access-date=2017-08-12|archive-date=2017-08-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813012757/http://www.awesomewaterbeds.com/waterbed-faqs.cfm|url-status=live}}{{Better source needed|date=December 2020}}
• Semi-waveless mattress: Contains a few fiber inserts and/or baffles to control the water motion and increase support.
• Waveless mattress: Contains many layers of fiber inserts and/or baffles to control the water motion and increase support. Frequently, the better mattresses contain additional layers in the center third of the mattress called special lumbar support.

A form of waterbed was invented in 1833 by the Scottish physician Neil Arnott. Dr. Arnott's Hydrostatic Bed was devised to prevent bedsores in patients, and comprised a bath of water with a covering of rubber-impregnated canvas, on which lighter bedding was placed. Arnott did not patent it, permitting anyone to construct a bed to this design.An Encyclopaedia of Domestic Economy, Webster & Parkes, Harper & Brothers, NY, 1855 [https://books.google.com/books?id=f5oDAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22water+bed%22+mattress&pg=PA309 Google Books]Dr. Arnott's Hydrostatic Bed, London Medical and Surgical Journal, Volume II, 1833

The use of a waterbed (for the ailing Mrs. Hale) is mentioned in Elizabeth Gaskell's 1855 novel North and South.{{cite journal|last1=Bodenheimer|first1=Rosemarie|date=1979|title=North and South: A Permanent State of Change|url=https://online.ucpress.edu/ncl/article/34/3/281/65258/North-and-South-A-Permanent-State-of-Change|journal=Nineteenth-Century Fiction|volume=34|issue=3|pages=293|doi=10.2307/2933329|jstor=2933329|access-date=2021-12-18|archive-date=2021-12-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218182608/https://online.ucpress.edu/ncl/article-abstract/34/3/281/65258/North-and-South-A-Permanent-State-of-Change?redirectedFrom=fulltext|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}

On May 18, 1863, a proposal for waterbed supplies was posted to newspapers by the USA Medical and Hospital Department, Medical Purveyor's Office, Washington D.C. The proposal requested a supplier for "water-beds, India Rubber Rubber Cushions, for air or water".{{Cite web|url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn86053570/1863-05-30/ed-1/seq-1/|title=Daily national Republican. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1862-1866, May 30, 1863, SECOND EDITION, Image 1|first=National Endowment for the|last=Humanities|date=May 30, 1863|via=chroniclingamerica.loc.gov|access-date=June 1, 2019|archive-date=June 1, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601074541/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn86053570/1863-05-30/ed-1/seq-1/|url-status=live}}

In 1871, a waterbed was in use in Elmira, New York, for "invalids". It was briefly mentioned by Mark Twain in his article "[https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1871/07/23/78769193.pdf A New Beecher Church]", which was published in The New York Times on 23 July 1871. Twain wrote: "In the infirmary will be kept one or two water-beds (for invalids whose pains will not allow them to be on a less yielding substance) and half a dozen reclining invalid-chairs on wheels. The water-beds and invalid-chairs at present belonging to the church are always in demand, and never out of service".

A newspaper classified want ad in 1877 requested "AN INDIA RUBBER Water-bed. 3 feet by 2 feet, new or second hand. Call immediately at 1,222 Broadway."{{Cite web|url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030313/1877-09-14/ed-1/seq-18/|title=The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, September 14, 1877, Image 18|first=National Endowment for the|last=Humanities|date=Sep 14, 1877|pages=16|via=chroniclingamerica.loc.gov|access-date=June 1, 2019|archive-date=June 1, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601074545/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030313/1877-09-14/ed-1/seq-18/|url-status=live}}

The protagonist Graham is placed on a waterbed in a glass case during his coma of 203 years in the 1898 H. G. Wells novel "The Sleeper Awakes".

Science fiction writer Robert A. Heinlein described therapeutic waterbeds in his novels Beyond This Horizon (1942), Double Star (1956), and Stranger in a Strange Land (1961). In 1980 Heinlein recalled in Expanded Universe:

{{blockquote|I designed the waterbed during years as a bed patient in the middle thirties; a pump to control water level, side supports to permit one to float rather than simply lying on a not very soft water filled mattress. Thermostatic control of temperature, safety interfaces to avoid all possibility of electric shock, waterproof box to make a leak no more important than a leaky hot water bottle rather than a domestic disaster, calculation of floor loads (important!), internal rubber mattress and lighting, reading, and eating arrangements—an attempt to design the perfect hospital bed by one who had spent too damn much time in hospital beds.}}

Heinlein made no attempt to build his invention, but its first builder, Charles Hall, was denied a patent claim based on Heinlein's "prior works".{{cite web |last1=Garmon |first1=Jay |title=Geek Trivia: Strange (water)bedfellows |url=https://www.techrepublic.com/article/geek-trivia-strange-waterbedfellows/ |website=TechRepublic |access-date=23 January 2020 |language=en |date=1 August 2006 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803182109/https://www.techrepublic.com/article/geek-trivia-strange-waterbedfellows/ |url-status=live }}

Apparently, the initial patent application by Charles Hall for the waterbed was denied as being too broad, as the device itself had been described by Heinlein in several of his novels that had been published more than 25 years prior to Hall trying to make one. Hall was later granted a patent when he modified and specified his design.{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/@carlabrams/apparently-the-initial-patent-application-by-charles-hall-for-the-waterbed-was-denied-as-being-too-93ba62f2ef9f|title=Apparently the initial patent application by Charles Hall for the waterbed was denied as being too…|first=Carl|last=Abrams|date=Feb 25, 2018|access-date=March 9, 2021|archive-date=December 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218182607/https://medium.com/@carlabrams/apparently-the-initial-patent-application-by-charles-hall-for-the-waterbed-was-denied-as-being-too-93ba62f2ef9f|url-status=live}}

The modern waterbed was created by Charles Prior Hall in 1968, while he was a design student at San Francisco State University in California. Hall originally wanted to make an innovative chair. His first prototype was a vinyl bag chair with 300 pounds (136 kg) of cornstarch.{{cite magazine |title=Modern Living: The Waves of Morpheus |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,902716,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101030162351/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,902716,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 30, 2010 |magazine=Time |access-date=3 June 2012 |date=7 September 1970}} Ultimately, he abandoned working on a chair, and settled on perfecting a bed.{{cite news |title=Who Made That Water Bed? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/18/magazine/who-made-that-water-bed.html |work=The New York Times Magazine |date=16 August 2013 |access-date=17 August 2013 |archive-date=16 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130816180119/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/18/magazine/who-made-that-water-bed.html |url-status=live |last1=Kennedy |first1=Pagan }}

Hall was granted a patent (#3,585,356) on his waterbed in 1971, which he originally called "liquid support for human bodies." The same year, he founded Innerspace Environments, a manufacturing and sales company which became the leading retailer of waterbeds in the United States, with 30 owned-and-operated stores.{{cite web|date=July 11, 1996|title=Charles Prior Hall and WBX Partners, Plaintiffs-appellants, v. Aqua Queen Manufacturing, Inc., and Water & Wood Corp., and Vinyl Products Manufacturing, Inc., and Atlanta Vinyl, Inc., and Classic Corporation, d/b/a/ Classic Flotation Sleeping Systems, Inc., and Land & Sky, Ltd., and United States Watermattress Corporation, and Easy Rest, Inc., d/b/a/ Strobel Manufacturing, Defendants-Appellees.|url=http://www.ll.georgetown.edu/federal/judicial/fed/opinions/96opinions/96-1014.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609222350/http://www.ll.georgetown.edu/federal/judicial/fed/opinions/96opinions/96-1014.html|archive-date=2012-06-09|access-date=3 June 2012|publisher=United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit}} The patent came to trial in 1991 in Intex v. Hall /wbx. The patent was upheld in court, and Hall received a $4.8 million judgment for infringement. Hall /wbx received additional royalties from licensing. Some later lawsuits were dismissed because of laches.

In 1987, sales peaked at 22% of the domestic mattress industry.{{cite web |title=For Water Bed Holdout, California Dreaming |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/14/garden/for-water-bed-holdout-california-dreaming.html |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=3 June 2012 |author=Allen Salkin |date=14 August 2003 |archive-date=18 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218210211/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/14/garden/for-water-bed-holdout-california-dreaming.html |url-status=live }} Although the waterbed was initially advertised as offering "undisturbed sleep", Hall admitted that customers "bought it for the sensual or the sexual part of it", and the sexually associated advertising was highly effective in the 1970s and early 1980s. Henry Petroski of Duke University said of the waterbed: "Not only was it the cool new gadget, but it emerged during a time when the culture embraced anything different, especially a product that embodied sexual liberation".{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2010/08/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-sexy-icky-practical-waterbed/61426/|title=The Rise and Fall of the (Sexy, Icky, Practical) Waterbed|first=Rebecca|last=Greenfield|date=13 August 2010|website=The Atlantic|access-date=12 March 2017|archive-date=8 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161208042926/http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2010/08/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-sexy-icky-practical-waterbed/61426/|url-status=live}}

The waterbed can be useful and comfortable for some and dangerous for others. The main feature of the waterbed found attractive is its form-fitting, pressure-minimizing nature. Not only is this beneficial to those seeking mere comfort, but the removal of pressure from the spine can provide relief to those with back pain.[http://www.onlywaterbeds.com/Mattresses_and_chronic_lower_back_pain.pdf "Mattresses and chronic lower back pain - Undergraduate research project at the Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812224842/http://www.onlywaterbeds.com/Mattresses_and_chronic_lower_back_pain.pdf |date=2012-08-12 }}. University of Southern Denmark, 2003 In addition, the distribution of weight can prevent bedsores among users who are paralyzed or comatose.{{cite web |title=Bedsores (pressure sores) |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/bedsores/DS00570/DSECTION=prevention |work=Mayo Clinic |publisher=Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research |access-date=3 June 2012 |author=Mayo Clinic Staff |archive-date=18 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518100229/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/bedsores/DS00570/DSECTION=prevention |url-status=live }}{{cite web |last=Perali |title=Prevention of bedsores: water or air? |date=December 2005 |url=http://www.katedra.it/English/Publications/Bedsores.htm |access-date=2015-07-29 |archive-date=2015-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408143227/http://www.katedra.it/English/Publications/Bedsores.htm |url-status=live }} However, the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development warns that the form-fitting nature of the water-bed poses a danger to infants, providing a possibility of asphyxiation.{{Cite web|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/sites/default/files/2019-04/Safe_to_Sleep_brochure.pdf|title=NICHD: Safe Sleep for Your Baby|access-date=2021-01-27|archive-date=2020-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112022955/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/sites/default/files/2019-04/Safe_to_Sleep_brochure.pdf|url-status=live}}

Another advantage of a waterbed is its easy cleaning. It is impossible for dirt and dead skin particles to penetrate the water mattress, which can then be wiped away periodically with a cloth and vinyl cleaner. The cover over the mattress can be regularly washed—thus virtually eliminating house dust mites in the bed.{{citation needed |date=January 2019}} Dust mites can trigger asthma, eczema, and allergies in people sensitive to them.

First, since some hard-sided waterbeds are of different sizes from other mattresses, bed sheets are harder to find and come in fewer varieties. Second, moving a waterbed is more difficult than moving a normal bed; the water must be drained and the frame disassembled, then the frame must be reassembled, the mattress refilled with water, and the water heated for a potentially long period to get the new water to the correct temperature. Heating the bed can be costly; a waterbed consumes between 300 and 1,500 kWh/year ($36–180 USD at 12c/kWh, the US national average cost for residential energy), depending on the climate, bed size, and other factors. The energy usage can be decreased by about 60% with the use of a soft-sided waterbed.[http://www.homeenergy.org/archive/hem.dis.anl.gov/eehem/94/940911.html Waterbed Heating: Uncovering Energy Savings in the Bedroom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021034230/http://homeenergy.org/archive/hem.dis.anl.gov/eehem/94/940911.html |date=2007-10-21 }} Home Energy Magazine Online September/October 1994. Retrieved December 3, 2007. The ability to heat the bed is lost if there is a power outage, and this can make the bed too cold to sleep on, particularly if the power outage occurs during winter, and/or the room cannot be heated. The water itself can pose challenges when water mattresses occasionally leak. Plastic liners will reduce damage, but emptying, patching, refilling, and reheating the bed (and sleeping elsewhere until all this is completed) can be an inconvenience. Another factor is the weight of a waterbed. Waterbed mattresses, depending on the size, hold about {{Cvt|80|-|235|USgal|L}} of water, which could bring the weight of the entire bed to over {{Cvt|2000|lb}}. This weight could pose a risk to the floor the bed is on. Some landlords may not allow a tenant to have a waterbed due to this, especially if it is on a higher floor.

• List of inflatable manufactured goods

{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category|Waterbeds}}

• {{US patent|3585356}}—"Liquid support for human bodies"
• [https://books.google.com/books?id=JgEAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA75 "Make your bed and float on it: $100 waterbed you build from a kit"], Popular Science, July 1971, pages 75, [https://books.google.com/books?id=JgEAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA116 116]
• [https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2010/08/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-sexy-icky-practical-waterbed/61426/ "The Rise and Fall of the (Sexy, Icky, Practical) Waterbed"], The Atlantic
• [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-05-15-vw-1760-story.html "Someone's Been Lying in Hall's Water Bed: Invention"], Los Angeles Times
• [http://www.sfsu.edu/~sfsumag/archive/fall_13/making_waves.html "Making Waves"], SF State Magazine, Fall/Winter 2013
• [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1991/02/28/the-rip-van-winkle-of-the-water-bed/8ed00242-2965-4b2a-9826-81d45e043199/ "THE RIP VAN WINKLE OF THE WATER BED"], The Washington Post

{{Bedding}}

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Category:1970s fads and trends

Category:Beds

Category:Bedding

Category:History of the San Francisco Bay Area

Category:Water and society