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Western Latin character sets (computing)

{{Short description|Technically obsolete extensions to ASCII}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019|cs1-dates=y}}

Several 8-bit character sets (encodings) were designed for binary representation of common Western European languages (Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, French, German, Dutch, English, Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, and Icelandic), which use the Latin alphabet, a few additional letters and ones with precomposed diacritics, some punctuation, and various symbols (including some Greek letters). These character sets also happen to support many other languages such as Malay, Swahili, and Classical Latin.

This material is technically obsolete, having been functionally replaced by Unicode. However it continues to have historical interest.

Summary

The ISO-8859 series of 8-bit character sets encodes all Latin character sets used in Europe, albeit that the same code points have multiple uses that caused some difficulty (including mojibake, or garbled characters, and communication issues). The arrival of Unicode, with a unique code point for every glyph, resolved these issues.

History

{{uncited section|date=April 2020}}

The earlier seven-bit U.S. American Standard Code for Information Interchange ('ASCII') encoding has characters sufficient to properly represent only a few languages such as English, Latin, Malay and Swahili. It is missing some letters and letter-diacritic combinations used in other Latin-alphabet languages. However, since there was no other choice on most US-supplied computer platforms, use of ASCII was unavoidable except where there was a strong national computing industry. There was the ISO 646 group of encodings which replaced some of the symbols in ASCII with local characters, but space was very limited, and some of the symbols replaced were quite common in things like programming languages.

Most computers internally used eight-bit bytes but communication (seen as inherently unreliable) used seven data bits plus one parity bit. In time, it became common to use all eight bits for data, creating space for another 128 characters. In the early days most of these were system specific, but gradually the ISO/IEC 8859 standards emerged to provide some cross-platform similarity to enable information interchange.

Towards the end of the 20th century, as storage and memory costs fell, the issues associated with multiple meanings of a given eight-bit code (there are seven ISO-Latin code sets alone) have ceased to be justified. All major operating systems have moved to Unicode as their main internal representation. However, as Windows did not support the UTF-8 method of encoding Unicode (preferring UTF-16), many applications continued to be restricted to these legacy character sets.

=The euro sign=

The introduction of the euro and its associated euro sign ({{char|€}}) introduced significant pressure on computer systems developers to support this new symbol, and most 8-bit character sets had to be adapted in some way.

  • Apple with MacRoman and Sun Microsystems with Solaris OS simply replaced the generic currency sign ({{char|¤}}). This caused difficulty in some places because organisations had found other uses for its code point, such as the company logo.
  • ISO introduced a further variant of ISO 8859, ISO 8859-15, which replaced the generic currency sign with the euro sign as well as making some other replacements of symbols with letters with diacritics. ISO 8859-15 never received widespread adoption.
  • With Windows-1252, Microsoft placed the euro sign in a gap (position 80hex) in the existing C1 control codes, a decision that other vendors considered counter-architectural.

Whilst these decisions had limited effect for documents that were only used within a single computer (or at least within a single vendor's "digital ecosystem"), it meant that documents containing a euro sign would fail to render as expected when interchanged between ecosystems.

All of these issues have been resolved as operating systems have been upgraded to support Unicode as standard, which encodes the euro sign at U+20AC (decimal 8364).

Comparison table

Code points {{U+|0000}} to U+007F are not shown in this table currently, as they are directly mapped in all character sets listed here. The ASCII coding standard defines the original specification for the mapping of the first 0-127 characters.

The table is arranged by Unicode code point. Character sets are referred to here by their IANA names in upper case.

class="wikitable"
CharacterCode pointISO-8859-1ISO-8859-15WINDOWS-1252IBM437IBM850MACINTOSH
NBSPU+00A0A0A0A0FFFFCA
¡U+00A1A1A1A1ADADC1
¢U+00A2A2A2A29BBDA2
£U+00A3A3A3A39C9CA3
¤U+00A4A4bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  A4bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  CFbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
¥U+00A5A5A5A59DBEB4
¦U+00A6A6bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  A6bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  DDbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
§U+00A7A7A7A7bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  F5A4
¨U+00A8A8bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  A8bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  F9AC
©U+00A9A9A9A9bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  B8A9
ªU+00AAAAAAAAA6A6BB
«U+00ABABABABAEAEC7
¬U+00ACACACACAAAAC2
SHYU+00ADADADADbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  F0bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
®U+00AEAEAEAEbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  A9A8
¯U+00AFAFAFAFbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  EEF8
CharacterCode pointISO-8859-1ISO-8859-15WINDOWS-1252IBM437IBM850MACINTOSH
°U+00B0B0B0B0F8F8A1
±U+00B1B1B1B1F1F1B1
²U+00B2B2B2B2FDFDbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
³U+00B3B3B3B3bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  FCbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
´U+00B4B4bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  B4bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  EFAB
µU+00B5B5B5B5E6E6B5
U+00B6B6B6B6bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  F4A6
·U+00B7B7B7B7FAFAE1
¸U+00B8B8bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  B8bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  F7FC
¹U+00B9B9B9B9bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  FBbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
ºU+00BABABABAA7A7BC
»U+00BBBBBBBBAFAFC8
¼U+00BCBCbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  BCACACbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
½U+00BDBDbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  BDABABbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
¾U+00BEBEbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  BEbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  F3bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
¿U+00BFBFBFBFA8A8C0
CharacterCode pointISO-8859-1ISO-8859-15WINDOWS-1252IBM437IBM850MACINTOSH
ÀU+00C0C0C0C0bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  B7CB
ÁU+00C1C1C1C1bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  B5E7
ÂU+00C2C2C2C2bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  B6E5
ÃU+00C3C3C3C3bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  C7CC
ÄU+00C4C4C4C48E8E80
ÅU+00C5C5C5C58F8F81
ÆU+00C6C6C6C69292AE
ÇU+00C7C7C7C7808082
ÈU+00C8C8C8C8bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  D4E9
ÉU+00C9C9C9C9909083
ÊU+00CACACACAbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  D2E6
ËU+00CBCBCBCBbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  D3E8
ÌU+00CCCCCCCCbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  DEED
ÍU+00CDCDCDCDbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  D6EA
ÎU+00CECECECEbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  D7EB
ÏU+00CFCFCFCFbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  D8EC
CharacterCode pointISO-8859-1ISO-8859-15WINDOWS-1252IBM437IBM850MACINTOSH
ÐU+00D0D0D0D0bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  D1bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
ÑU+00D1D1D1D1A5A584
ÒU+00D2D2D2D2bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  E3F1
ÓU+00D3D3D3D3bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  E0EE
ÔU+00D4D4D4D4bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  E2EF
ÕU+00D5D5D5D5bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  E5CD
ÖU+00D6D6D6D6999985
×U+00D7D7D7D7bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  9Ebgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
ØU+00D8D8D8D8bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  9DAF
ÙU+00D9D9D9D9bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  EBF4
ÚU+00DADADADAbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  E9F2
ÛU+00DBDBDBDBbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  EAF3
ÜU+00DCDCDCDC9A9A86
ÝU+00DDDDDDDDbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  EDbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
ÞU+00DEDEDEDEbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  E8bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
ßU+00DFDFDFDFE1E1A7
CharacterCode pointISO-8859-1ISO-8859-15WINDOWS-1252IBM437IBM850MACINTOSH
àU+00E0E0E0E0858588
áU+00E1E1E1E1A0A087
âU+00E2E2E2E2838389
ãU+00E3E3E3E3bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  C68B
äU+00E4E4E4E484848A
åU+00E5E5E5E586868C
æU+00E6E6E6E69191BE
çU+00E7E7E7E787878D
èU+00E8E8E8E88A8A8F
éU+00E9E9E9E982828E
êU+00EAEAEAEA888890
ëU+00EBEBEBEB898991
ìU+00ECECECEC8D8D93
íU+00EDEDEDEDA1A192
îU+00EEEEEEEE8C8C94
ïU+00EFEFEFEF8B8B95
CharacterCode pointISO-8859-1ISO-8859-15WINDOWS-1252IBM437IBM850MACINTOSH
ðU+00F0F0F0F0bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  D0bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
ñU+00F1F1F1F1A4A496
òU+00F2F2F2F2959598
óU+00F3F3F3F3A2A297
ôU+00F4F4F4F4939399
õU+00F5F5F5F5bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  E49B
öU+00F6F6F6F694949A
÷U+00F7F7F7F7F6F6D6
øU+00F8F8F8F8bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  9BBF
ùU+00F9F9F9F997979D
úU+00FAFAFAFAA3A39C
ûU+00FBFBFBFB96969E
üU+00FCFCFCFC81819F
ýU+00FDFDFDFDbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  ECbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
þU+00FEFEFEFEbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  E7bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
ÿU+00FFFFFFFF9898D8
CharacterCode pointISO-8859-1ISO-8859-15WINDOWS-1252IBM437IBM850MACINTOSH
ıU+0131bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  D5F5
ŒU+0152bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  BC8Cbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  CE
œU+0153bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  BD9Cbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  CF
ŠU+0160bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  A68Abgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
šU+0161bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  A89Abgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
ŸU+0178bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  BE9Fbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  D9
ŽU+017Dbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  B48Ebgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
žU+017Ebgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  B89Ebgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
ƒU+0192bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  839F9FC4
ˆU+02C6bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  88bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  F6
ˇU+02C7bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  FF
˘U+02D8bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  F9
˙U+02D9bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  FA
˚U+02DAbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  FB
˛U+02DBbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  FE
˜U+02DCbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  98bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  F7
CharacterCode pointISO-8859-1ISO-8859-15WINDOWS-1252IBM437IBM850MACINTOSH
˝U+02DDbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  FD
ΓU+0393bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  E2bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
ΘU+0398bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  E9bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
ΣU+03A3bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  E4bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
ΦU+03A6bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  E8bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
ΩU+03A9bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  EAbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  BD
αU+03B1bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  E0bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
δU+03B4bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  EBbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
εU+03B5bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  EEbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
πU+03C0bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  E3bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  B9
σU+03C3bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  E5bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
τU+03C4bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  E7bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
φU+03C6bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  EDbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
–U+2013bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  96bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  D0
—U+2014bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  97bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  D1
‗U+2017bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  F2bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
CharacterCode pointISO-8859-1ISO-8859-15WINDOWS-1252IBM437IBM850MACINTOSH
‘U+2018bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  91bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  D4
’U+2019bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  92bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  D5
‚U+201Abgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  82bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  E2
“U+201Cbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  93bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  D2
”U+201Dbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  94bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  D3
„U+201Ebgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  84bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  E3
†U+2020bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  86bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  A0
‡U+2021bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  87bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  E0
•U+2022bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  95bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  A5
…U+2026bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  85bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  C9
‰U+2030bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  89bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  E4
‹U+2039bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  8Bbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  DC
›U+203Abgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  9Bbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  DD
⁄U+2044bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  DA
ⁿU+207Fbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  FCbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
₧U+20A7bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  9Ebgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
CharacterCode pointISO-8859-1ISO-8859-15WINDOWS-1252IBM437IBM850MACINTOSH
€U+20ACbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  A480bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  (D5)DB
™U+2122bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  99bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  AA
∂U+2202bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  B6
∆U+2206bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  C6
∏U+220Fbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  B8
∑U+2211bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  B7
∙U+2219bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  F9bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
√U+221Abgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  FBbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  C3
∞U+221Ebgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  ECbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  B0
∩U+2229bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  EFbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
∫U+222Bbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  BA
≈U+2248bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  F7bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  C5
≠U+2260bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  AD
≡U+2261bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  F0bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
≤U+2264bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  F3bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  B2
≥U+2265bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  F2bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  B3
CharacterCode pointISO-8859-1ISO-8859-15WINDOWS-1252IBM437IBM850MACINTOSH
⌐U+2310bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  A9bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
⌠U+2320bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  F4bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
⌡U+2321bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  F5bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
─U+2500bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  C4C4bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
│U+2502bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  B3B3bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
┌U+250Cbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  DADAbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
┐U+2510bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  BFBFbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
└U+2514bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  C0C0bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
┘U+2518bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  D9D9bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
├U+251Cbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  C3C3bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
┤U+2524bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  B4B4bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
┬U+252Cbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  C2C2bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
┴U+2534bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  C1C1bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
┼U+253Cbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  C5C5bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
═U+2550bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  CDCDbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
║U+2551bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  BABAbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
CharacterCode pointISO-8859-1ISO-8859-15WINDOWS-1252IBM437IBM850MACINTOSH
╒U+2552bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  D5bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
╓U+2553bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  D6bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
╔U+2554bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  C9C9bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
╕U+2555bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  B8bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
╖U+2556bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  B7bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
╗U+2557bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  BBBBbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
╘U+2558bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  D4bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
╙U+2559bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  D3bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
╚U+255Abgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  C8C8bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
╛U+255Bbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  BEbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
╜U+255Cbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  BDbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
╝U+255Dbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  BCBCbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
╞U+255Ebgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  C6bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
╟U+255Fbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  C7bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
╠U+2560bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  CCCCbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
╡U+2561bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  B5bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
CharacterCode pointISO-8859-1ISO-8859-15WINDOWS-1252IBM437IBM850MACINTOSH
╢U+2562bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  B6bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
╣U+2563bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  B9B9bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
╤U+2564bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  D1bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
╥U+2565bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  D2bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
╦U+2566bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  CBCBbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
╧U+2567bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  CFbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
╨U+2568bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  D0bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
╩U+2569bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  CACAbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
╪U+256Abgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  D8bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
╫U+256Bbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  D7bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
╬U+256Cbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  CECEbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
▀U+2580bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  DFDFbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
▄U+2584bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  DCDCbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
█U+2588bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  DBDBbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
▌U+258Cbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  DDbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
▐U+2590bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  DEbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
CharacterCode pointISO-8859-1ISO-8859-15WINDOWS-1252IBM437IBM850MACINTOSH
░U+2591bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  B0B0bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
▒U+2592bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  B1B1bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
▓U+2593bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  B2B2bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
■U+25A0bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  FEFEbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  
◊U+25CAbgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  D7
fiU+FB01bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  DE
flU+FB02bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  bgcolor=#E8E8E8 |  DF

  • The mappings for the IBM code pages are from the Unicode site supplied by Microsoft.{{cn|date=November 2022}} The Unicode Consortium's document has links to sources giving the differences between IBM's and Microsoft's mappings for these code pages.{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/IBM/IBM_conversions.html |title=IBM Conversion Mapping Tables |publisher=Unicode Consortium }}
  • IBM437 and IBM850 defined printable characters for the control code ranges. While these could not be used when printing text through DOS, as they would be trapped before reaching the screen, they could be used by applications that used screen memory directly.
  • Macintosh has an Apple logo {{angbr|{{PUA|}}}} at 0xF0, and translates it to U+F8FF in the Private Use Area for Unicode.

Notes

{{Reflist|group="nb"|refs=

IBM's PC DOS 2000, released in 1998, changed their definition of code page 850 to what they called modified code page 850 now including the euro sign at code point 213 instead of adding support for the new code page 858. The reason for this might have been down to existing restrictions in the implementation of the codepage switching logic under MS-DOS/PC DOS, which limited .CPI files to 64 KB in size or about six codepages maximum, a limitation, which was circumvented in some OEM versions of MS-DOS, in Windows NT, and also does not exist in DR-DOS. Further, the parser in MS-DOS/PC DOS limits the number of possible country / codepage entries in COUNTRY.SYS files to a maximum of 146 or 438, a limitation non-existent in DR-DOS. So, adding support for codepage 858 might have meant to drop another (e.g. codepage 850) at the same time, which might not have been a viable solution at that time, given that some applications were hard-wired to use codepage 850.

}}

References

{{Reflist|refs=

{{cite web |url=http://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/cp/cp00858.html |title=00858 |work=Code pages by CPGID |publisher=IBM |access-date=2016-06-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606181537/https://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/cp/cp00858.html |archive-date=2016-06-06}}

{{cite web |title=Changing codepages in FreeDOS |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |date=2001-08-15 |access-date=2016-06-06 |url=http://www.freedos.org/technotes/technote/txt/141.txt |type=Technical design specification based on fd-dev post [http://marc.info/?l=freedos-dev&m=99788711909602&w=2] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606182501/http://www.freedos.org/technotes/technote/txt/141.txt |archive-date=2016-06-06 |quote=The new official ID for the Multilingual "codepage 850 with EURO SIGN" is 858, not 850. IBM will switch to use 858 instead of their 850 variant with future issues of their products. [...] I can only guess why they didn't add 858 to their EGAx.CPI, COUNTRY.SYS, and KEYBOARD.SYS files in PC DOS 2000. Many third-party applications are designed to work with 850 and didn't know about 858 at the time PC DOS 2000 was released, so it's easier for everyone, but unfortunately it's not compatible. [...] As explained above, COUNTRY.SYS and KEYBOARD.SYS contain only two codepage entries for a given country in Western issues of DOS. (In Arabic and Hebrew issues there can be up to 8 codepages for one country, in theory there is no limit below the range of allowed codepages 1..65534). [...] The problem is that removing support for 850 might have caused compatibility problems with applications which are hard-wired to use 850. Adding 858 as a third choice to all the files would have increased the file and table sizes significantly. The COUNTRY.SYS file parser in MS-DOS/PC DOS IO.SYS/IBMBIO.COM sets aside a 6 Kb (for DOS 6) scratchpad to load all the info. This allows a maximum of 438 entries in a COUNTRY.SYS file to be accepted, otherwise you will get the message "COUNTRY.SYS too large.". The NLSFUNC parser does not have this limitation, and the file parsers in DR-DOS (kernel and NLSFUNC) also do not know of such a restriction. Older issues of MS-DOS/PC DOS even had a 2 Kb buffer for a maximum of 146 entries.}}

{{cite web |title=Changing codepages in FreeDOS (follow-up) |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |date=2001-08-27 |access-date=2013-05-08 |url=http://marc.info/?l=freedos-dev&m=99895886029809&w=2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141001010941/http://marc.info/?l=freedos-dev&m=99895886029809&w=2 |archive-date=2014-10-01 |quote=[...] one could also create custom .CPI files in the traditional FONT style without difficulties, but you could only store up to [...] six codepages in such a file if it should be useable by MS-DOS/PC DOS (some OEM issues and NT can handle files larger than 64 Kb, but MS-DOS/PC DOS can not).}}

}}

{{character encoding}}

{{Latin alphabet}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Western Latin Character Sets (Computing)}}

Category:Character sets

Category:Articles with unsupported Private Use Area characters

Category:History of computing