š
{{short description|Latin letter S with caron}}
{{Distinguish|text = the Sámi youth magazine Š or the Esperanto letter Ŝ}}
{{Infobox grapheme
|name=Eš
|letter=Š š
|script=Latin script
|type=Alphabet
|typedesc=ic
|fam1=
|language=Czech language
|phonemes=[{{IPA link|ʃ}}]
[{{IPA link|ʂ}}]
|unicode=U+0160, U+0161
|direction=Left-to-Right
|image=Latin_letter_S_with_caron.svg
|imageclass=skin-invert-image
}}
The grapheme Š, š (S with caron) is used in various contexts representing the sh sound like in the word show, usually denoting the voiceless postalveolar fricative {{IPAslink|ʃ}} or similar voiceless retroflex fricative {{IPAslink|ʂ}}. In the International Phonetic Alphabet this sound is denoted with ʃ or ʂ, but the lowercase š is used in the Americanist phonetic notation, as well as in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet.
It represents the same sound as the Turkic letter Ş and the Romanian letter Ș (S-comma), the Hebrew and Yiddish letter ש, the Ge'ez (Ethiopic) letter ሠ, the Cyrillic letter Ш, the Arabic letter ش and the Armenian letter Շ (շ).
For use in computer systems, Š and š are at Unicode codepoints U+0160 and U+0161 (Alt 0138 and Alt 0154 for input), respectively. In HTML code, the entities Š and š can also be used to represent the characters.
Primary usage
The symbol originates with the 15th-century Czech alphabet that was introduced by the reforms of Jan Hus.{{cite book |last1=Tošović |first1=Branko |title=Korrelative Grammatik des Bosni(aki)schen, Kroatischen und Serbischen: Dio 1. Phonetik, Phonologie, Prosodie |date=2010 |publisher=LIT Verlag Münster |isbn=978-3-6435-0100-4 |page=100 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ai5HOHTKAzkC&pg=PA100 |language=German}}{{sfn|Kempgen|Kosta|Berger|Gutschmidt|2014|p=1518}} From there, it was first adopted into the Croatian alphabet by Ljudevit Gaj in 1830 to represent the same sound,{{sfn|Kempgen|Kosta|Berger|Gutschmidt|2014|p=1523}} and from there on into other orthographies, such as Latvian,{{cite book |last1=Rūk̦e-Dravin̦a |first1=Velta |title=The Standardization Process in Latvian: 16th Century to the Present |date=1977 |publisher=Almqvist & Wiksell international |isbn=978-9-1220-0109-6 |page=56}} Lithuanian,{{cite book |last1=Baldi |first1=Philip |last2=Dini |first2=Pietro U. |title=Studies in Baltic and Indo-European Linguistics: In Honor of William R. Schmalstieg |date=2004 |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing |isbn=978-1-5881-1584-3 |page=199 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8jUb_6Ses7YC&pg=PA199}} Slovak,{{cite book |last1=Krajčovič |first1=Rudolf |title=A historical phonology of the Slovak language |date=1975 |publisher=Winter |isbn=978-3-5330-2329-6 |page=17}} Slovene, Karelian, Sami, Veps and Sorbian.
Some orthographies such as Bulgarian Cyrillic, Macedonian Cyrillic, and Serbian Cyrillic use the "ш" letter, which represents the sound that "š" would represent in Latin alphabets.{{cite book |last1=Daskalov |first1=Roumen |last2=Vezenkov |first2=Alexander |title=Entangled Histories of the Balkans - Volume Three:Shared Pasts, Disputed Legacies |date=2015 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-9-0042-9036-5 |page=7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WDRzBwAAQBAJ&pg=PP7}} Moreover, Bosnian, Serbian,{{cite book |last1=Rhem |first1=Georg |last2=Uszkoreit |first2=Hans |title=The Serbian Language in the Digital Age |date=2012 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3-6423-0755-3 |page=53 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E6aD30BIUowC&pg=PA53}} Croatian, and Montenegrin standard languages adopted Gaj's Croatian alphabet alongside Cyrillic thereby adopting "š",{{cite book |last1=Greenberg |first1=Robert D. |title=Language and Identity in the Balkans: Serbo-Croatian and Its Disintegration |date=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-1992-5815-4 |page=103 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=suYTDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA103}} while the same alphabet is used for Romanization of Macedonian. Certain variants of Belarusian Latin{{cite book |last1=Kamusella |first1=Tomasz |title=The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe |date=2008 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-2305-8347-4 |page=172 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JzkWDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA172}} and Bulgarian Latin also use the letter.
In Finnish and Estonian, š occurs only in loanwords.[http://www.mlang.name/arkisto/hatut-EN.html Finnish orthography and the characters š and ž]
Polish and Hungarian do not use š. Polish uses the digraph sz. Hungarian uses the basic Latin letter s and uses the digraph sz as equivalent to most other languages that use s.
Outside Europe, Syriac Latin{{cite journal |title=A Cuneiform Correspondence to Alphabetic ש in West Semitic Names of the I Millennium B.C |journal=Orientalia |date=1978 |volume=7 |issue=1 |page=91 |publisher=Gregorian Biblical Press |issn=0030-5367}} adopted the letter but it, alongside other letters with diacritics, is rarely used. The alphabet is not used natively to write the language for which the Syriac alphabet is used instead.
The letter is also used in Lakota,{{cite book |last1=Andersson |first1=Rani-Henrik |title=The Lakota Ghost Dance Of 1890 |date=2020 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |isbn=978-1-4962-1107-1 |page=402 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h3_aDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT402}} Cheyenne, Myaamia{{cite book |last1=Costa |first1=David |title=The Miami-Illinois Language |date=1990 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press}} and Cree (in dialects such as Moose Cree),{{cite journal |last1=Pentland |first1=David H. |title=Papers of the Thirtieth Algonquian Conference |journal=Anthropological Linguistics |date=2004 |volume=46 |issue=1 |issn=0003-5483}} Classical Malay (until end of 19th century) and some African languages such as Northern Sotho and Songhay. It is used in the Persian Latin (Rumi) alphabet, equivalent to ش.
Transliteration
The symbol is also used as the romanization of Cyrillic ш in ISO 9 and scientific transliteration and deployed in the Latinic writing systems of Macedonian, Bulgarian, Serbian, Belarusian, Ukrainian, and Bashkir. It is also used in some systems of transliterating Georgian to represent {{angle brackets|შ}} ({{IPAslink|ʃ}}).
In addition, the grapheme transliterates cuneiform orthography of Sumerian and Akkadian {{IPAslink|ʃ}} or {{IPAslink|t͡ʃ}}, and (based on Akkadian orthography) the Hittite {{IPAslink|s}} phoneme, as well as the {{IPAslink|ʃ}} phoneme of Semitic languages, transliterating shin (Phoenician File:Phoenician sin.svg and its descendants), the direct predecessor of Cyrillic ш.
Computing code
{{charmap
|0160|name1=LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S WITH CARON
|0161|name2=LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH CARON
}}
Gallery
See also
References
{{Reflist}}
=Sources=
- {{cite book |last1=Kempgen |first1=Sebastian |last2=Kosta |first2=Peter |last3=Berger |first3=Tilman |last4=Gutschmidt |first4=Karl |title=Die slavischen Sprachen / The Slavic Languages. Halbband 2 |date=2014 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-1102-1547-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GACTBgAAQBAJ }}
{{Latin script}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:S Caron}}
Category:Latin letters with diacritics
Category:Phonetic transcription symbols