Western Siouan languages
{{Short description|Language family native to North America}}
{{Refimprove|date=February 2011}}
{{Infobox language family
|name=Western Siouan
|altname=Siouan Proper
|region=central North America
|familycolor=American
|fam1=Siouan
|glotto=core1249
|glottorefname=Core Siouan
|child1=Missouri River (Crow–Hidatsa)
|child2=Mandan
|child3=Mississippi Valley (Central)
|child4=Ohio Valley (Southeastern)
|map=Siouan langs.png
|mapcaption=Pre-contact distribution of the Western Siouan languages
}}
The Western Siouan languages, also called Siouan proper or simply Siouan,In which case the greater family is called Siouan–Catawban are a large language family native to North America. They are closely related to the Catawban languages, sometimes called Eastern Siouan, and together with them constitute the Siouan (Siouan–Catawban) language family.
Linguistic and historical records indicate a possible southern origin of the Siouan people, with migrations over a thousand years ago from North Carolina and Virginia to Ohio. Some continued down the Ohio River, to the Mississippi and up to the Missouri. Others went down the Mississippi, settling in what is now Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana. Others traveled across Ohio to what is now Illinois, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, home of the Dakota.
Family division
The Siouan family proper consists of some 18 languages and various dialects:
{{tree list}}
- Siouan
- Mandan {{extinct}}
- Nuptare
- Nuetare
- Missouri River Siouan (a.k.a. Crow–Hidatsa)
- Crow (a.k.a. Absaroka, Apsaroka, Apsaalooke, Upsaroka) – 3,500 speakers
- Hidatsa (a.k.a. Minitari, Minnetaree) – 200 speakers
- Mississippi Valley Siouan (a.k.a. Central Siouan)
- Mitchigamea? {{extinct}}
- Dakotan (a.k.a. Sioux–Assiniboine–Stoney)
- Nakoda
- Assiniboine – 150 speakers
- Stoney – 3,200 speakers
- Sioux – 25,000 speakers
- Lakota – 2,100 speakers
- Dakota (sometimes classified as Western and Eastern Dakota) – 290 speakers
- Chiwere-Winnebago
- Chiwere {{extinct}}
- Winnebago – 250 speakers
- Dhegihan
- Omaha–Ponca – 85 speakers
- Kansa-Osage
- Kansa {{extinct}}
- Osage {{extinct}}, on ongoing revival
- Quapaw – 1 speaker
- Ohio Valley Siouan
- Virginia Siouan
- Tutelo {{extinct}}
- Moneton {{extinct}}
- Mississippi Siouan
- Biloxi {{extinct}}
- Ofo {{extinct}}
{{tree list/end}}
({{extinct}}) – Extinct language
Another view of both the Dakotan and Mississippi Valley branches is to represent them as dialect continuums.
All the Virginia Siouan dialects listed here are thought to have been closely related to one another; the term Tutelo language is also used in reference to their common tongue.
Writing systems
There are two systems used to transcribe within this family:
- Latin alphabet used by a majority of these languages.
- Osage script, developed in 2005 by Herman Mongrain Lookout.{{cite web|url=http://www.osagetribe.com/language/about_us.aspx|title=Osage Nation Language Department|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120021201/http://www.osagetribe.com/language/about_us.aspx |archive-date=20 November 2011}} There are also considerations for the script to be extensively usable for other languages in the Dhegiha group to the extent of this family.{{cite news |last1=Martucci |first1=Brian |title=The Endangered Osage Language Gets a Unicode-Friendly Alphabet |url=http://www.thelinemedia.com/features/osagelanguage01152014.aspx |access-date=12 December 2020 |work=The Line |date=15 January 2014}}
See also
Bibliography
- Parks, Douglas R.; & Rankin, Robert L. (2001). "The Siouan languages", in R. J. DeMallie (Ed.), Handbook of North American Indians: Plains (Vol. 13, Part 1, pp. 94–114). W. C. Sturtevant (Gen. Ed.). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. {{ISBN|0-16-050400-7}}.
- Rood, David S.; & Taylor, Allan R. (1996). "Sketch of Lakhota, a Siouan language", in Handbook of North American Indians: Languages (Vol. 17, pp. 440–482). Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution.
- Ullrich, Jan. (2008). New Lakota Dictionary: Incorporating the Dakota Dialects of Santee–Sisseton and Yankton–Yanktonai (Lakota Language Consortium). {{ISBN|0-9761082-9-1}}.
References
{{Reflist}}
External links
- [http://puffin.creighton.edu/lakota/siouan_language.html The Siouan Languages Bibliography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051108034708/http://puffin.creighton.edu/lakota/siouan_language.html |date=2005-11-08 }}
- [http://spot.colorado.edu/~koontz/faq/language.htm Siouan languages FAQ]
- [https://listserv.linguistlist.org/pipermail/siouan/ Siouan languages mailing list archive] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051025082050/http://listserv.linguistlist.org/archives/siouan.html |date=2005-10-25}}
- [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists_for_Siouan_languages Comparative Siouan languages Swadesh vocabulary lists] (from Wiktionary)
{{Siouan languages}}
Category:Indigenous languages of the North American Plains
Category:Indigenous languages of the North American Southeast