Whatipu

Between 3 and 5 million years ago, tectonic forces between the Pacific Plate and Australian Plate uplifted the Waitākere Ranges and subsided the Manukau Harbour. Major features of Whatipu include Te Toka-Tapu-a-Kupe / Ninepin Rock and Paratutae Island, which are remnants of the Miocene era Waitākere Volcano.{{cite book |last1=Hayward |first1=Bruce |author-link1=Bruce Hayward |chapter=Land, Sea and Sky |pages=10, 13–14, 21 |editor-last1=Macdonald |editor-first1=Finlay |editor-link1=Finlay Macdonald (editor) |editor-last2=Kerr |editor-first2=Ruth |title=West: The History of Waitakere |publisher=Random House |date=2009 |isbn=9781869790080}} From the 1930s to the 1960s, sandy material began accumulating at Whatipu, creating a 1.5 km strip of sand, where plants and fresh water swamps developed.{{Cite journal| volume = 33| pages = 84–89| last1 = Williams | first1 = P | title = Progradation of Whatipu Beach 1844–1976 | journal = New Zealand Geographer | date=1977| doi = 10.1111/j.1745-7939.1977.tb00857.x}}{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1080/00288330.2016.1259643| issn = 0028-8330| volume = 51| issue = 3| pages = 406–426| last1 = Blue| first1 = Brendon| last2 = Kench| first2 = Paul S| title = Multi-decadal shoreline change and beach connectivity in a high-energy sand system| journal = New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research| date = 2017| bibcode = 2017NZJMF..51..406B| s2cid = 88564668}} Much of the sandy material was formed from Paorae, a former flat sand dune that eroded in the 18th century.

The Whatipu area is predominantly an Exposed Coastal Ecosystem, dominated by sand dunes and pōhutukawa trees, as well as saltspray tolerant species such as Urostemon kirkii, taupata, Veronica obtusata and horokaka. The hilly Waitākere Ranges areas further from the beaches are dominated by a warm lowlands pūriri forest, with a narrow band of mānuka-dominated band of Stormy Coastal Hill Ecosystem.{{cite web |url=https://www.lucas-associates.co.nz/assets/Guidelines/Native-To-The-West.pdf |title=Native to the West: A Guide for Planting and Restoring the Nature of Waitakere City |publisher=Waitakere City Council |date= April 2005 |access-date=16 June 2022}}

Image:Whatipu_Beach.jpg

The legendary voyager Kupe is said to have visited Whatipu when exploring New Zealand. Te Toka-Tapu-a-Kupe / Ninepin Rock at the southern end of Whatipu are named after his visit.{{cite web |title=Unknown date |at=MJ_8007 |work=Manukau's Journey - Ngā Tapuwae o Manukau | publisher=Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections |url=https://kura.aucklandlibraries.govt.nz/digital/collection/manukau/id/1494/rec/3 |access-date=22 October 2021}} In pre-European times the area was actively used by Māori, living along the coastline and river valleys.{{cite journal |last1=McKendry |first1=Lisa |date=2017 |title=Māori Cordage from Te Wao Nui a Tiriwa, Auckland, Aotearoa New Zealand |journal=Journal of Pacific Archaeology |volume=8|issue=2 }} There are caves about 20 minutes walk from the carpark, but there is no access from the caves to the beach. These caves and rock shelters were used as refuges during times of war between the 16th and 18th centuries. Textile remains such as fishing nets, baskets, cloak fragments were collected from four archeological sites in the area in the early 1900s: one at Whatipu and three on Paratutae Island to the south east.{{cite Q|Q104815051}}

File:Whatipu from Ōmanawanui Trail.jpg

Whatipu was part of the Hikurangi purchase by the Crown in 1853. The Te Kawerau tribe had reserves set aside at Bethells Beach and Piha.{{cite book |author=Dave Pearson Architects Ltd |title=Liebergreen Cottage - A Conservation Plan |publisher=Auckland Regional Council}}

HMS Orpheus ran aground just inside the Manukau Harbour entrance south of Whatipu in 1863 with the loss of 189 lives. It was the biggest shipping disaster in New Zealand history.{{cite book|author1=Julie Miller|author2=Grant Osborn|title=Ghost Hunt: True New Zealand Ghost Stories|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YDO9AAAACAAJ|access-date=15 December 2011|date=October 2005|publisher=Penguin Group New Zealand, Limited|isbn=978-0-7900-1012-0}}

Nicholas Gibbons, a sawmill operator in St Johns, Newfoundland, came to New Zealand in 1853. In March 1854 they purchased land in the Waitakeres and started a large timber milling operation in Whatipu and the wider area that would last until the 1870s. The timber mill was built at Whatipu in 1867 to service the kauri trade. The Whatipu Stream was dammed during the establishment of the mill.{{Cite journal| last1 = Hayward | first1 = B. W.| author-link1=Bruce Hayward |last2 = Diamond | first2 = J. T.| author-link2=J. T. Diamond | title = Kauri Dam Sites in the Waitakere Ranges | journal = Tane |volume = 6 |pages=105–120 | accessdate = 2022-05-03| date = 1975| url = http://www.thebookshelf.auckland.ac.nz/docs/Tane/Tane-21/18%20Kauri%20Dam%20Sites%20in%20the%20Waitakere%20Ranges.pdf}} A tramline was built to a second timber mill three kilometers north in 1870, and eventually extended up to Piha and Anawhata. The mills closed in 1886 when the kauri ran out. While the timbermill was open, mill workers used the larger caves in the area were as a popular venue for meetings,[http://www.theaucklander.co.nz/news/best-auckland-parks/1217377/ 7 super Auckland parks to visit this summer] Retrieved January 2012 and in the early 20th century the largest cave was used for dances, but sand has since drifted into the cave and the dance floor is now covered by five metres of sand.{{cite web|url=http://www.jasons.co.nz/auckland/auckland-beaches|title=Auckland Beaches |publisher=Jasons Travel Media}}

In the latter 19th century, Whatipu was used as black market port, where perfume, spirits and tobacco were smuggled into New Zealand.{{cite book |last=Kerr |first=Ruth |chapter=Head for the Hills |pages=325 |editor-last1=Macdonald |editor-first1=Finlay |editor-link1=Finlay Macdonald (editor) |editor-last2=Kerr |editor-first2=Ruth |title=West: The History of Waitakere |publisher=Random House |date=2009 |isbn=9781869790080}} A road connecting Whatipu to Auckland was constructed in the 1920s.{{cite book |last1=Grant |first1=Simon |chapter=Call of the Wild |pages=313 |editor-last1=Macdonald |editor-first1=Finlay |editor-link1=Finlay Macdonald (editor) |editor-last2=Kerr |editor-first2=Ruth |title=West: The History of Waitakere |publisher=Random House |date=2009 |isbn=9781869790080}}

In 2005, the remains of a man who had been missing for four years were found by police at Whatipu's Destruction Gully. It was speculated that the man was the victim of an accident during fishing on the Manukau Harbour.[http://www.nzherald.co.nz/accidents/news/article.cfm?c_id=13&objectid=10007698 Whatipu remains end four-year search for missing man Retrieved January 2012] In 2006, the location was featured on Ghost Hunt, a New Zealand paranormal television show.{{cite web|author=TV.com |url=http://www.tv.com/shows/ghost-hunt-nz/abandoned-psychiatric-hospital-1342534/ |title=Ghost Hunt (NZ): Abandoned Psychiatric Hospital |publisher=CBS Entertainment |access-date=2011-12-15}} In the 21st century, Whatipu has been used for the Wild Turkey Off-Road Half Marathon/15 km.[http://events.stuff.co.nz/2012/wild-turkey-off-road-half-marathon-15km/auckland Auckland - stuff.co.nz Wild Turkey Off-Road Half Marathon/15km – Auckland – stuff.co.nz] Retrieved January 2012 The Whatipu Beach Beacon is a lighthouse of the area.[http://www.nzherald.co.nz/lifestyle/news/article.cfm?c_id=6&objectid=10778527 Leading lights in New Zealand – Life & Style – NZ Herald News] Retrieved January 2012

Whatipu has four category II Auckland Council heritage listings. These are: Whatipu Lodge, an unnamed dwelling, Whatipu Wharf, and a commemorative plaque at Paratutai.{{cite book |author=Dave Pearson Architects limited|title=Whatipu Lodge - A Conservation Plan |date=September 2000 |publisher=Auckland Regional Council}}

File:Paratutae Island and Whatipu beach from Ōmanawanui Trail.jpg

The Whatipu beach does not have a surf patrol. Swimming may not be safe due to rips, in common with all beaches west of Auckland.

Whatipu is the starting point for the Whatipu-Gibbons Track & Kura-Omanawanui Tracks, a six-hour return walking track. It leads up the hill to the right of the carpark and is clearly marked.{{citation needed|date=December 2017}} It follows the top of the cliffs to the Pararaha Valley where it descends to the beach at Pararaha point. It then follows the beach back to Whatipu. Paratutae Rock at the harbour entrance is difficult and particularly dangerous to climb down.Day Walks of Greater Auckland, Marios Gavalas and Peter Jansson, Page 68. Reed Publishing 2003 The Kura-Omanawanui Tracks are the other notable walk out of Whatipu. Follows Kura Track eastwards alongside the stream through bush, then climbs steeply to Puriri Ridge and the Whatipu Road. Back via Omanawanui Track, a switchback ridge in open bush with views across the Manukau Harbour and the Whatipu valley to the west coast. Time 4 hours.Walking the Waitākere Ranges, Alison Dench & Lee-Ann Parore, p.150

{{Reflist}}

• [https://kura.aucklandlibraries.govt.nz/digital/collection/photos/search/searchterm/Whatipu/field/title/ Photographs of Whatipu] held in Auckland Libraries' heritage collections.

{{Waitākere Ranges Local Board Area}}

Category:Beaches of the Auckland Region

Category:Reportedly haunted locations in New Zealand

Category:Waitākere Ranges

Category:Manukau Harbour

Category:Waitākere Ranges Local Board Area

Category:Black sand beaches

Category:West Auckland, New Zealand