White Army, Black Baron

The immediate context of the song is the final Crimean offensive in the Russian Civil War by Pyotr Wrangel's troops in July 1920. The second verse refers to the call to a final effort in the Crimea published by the Revolutionary Military Council in Pravda on 10 July.

While the song has a separate refrain, the verses repeat the claim that "The Red Army is stronger than all", which came to be the song's conventional title.{{citation needed|date=June 2012}}

The first verse of the song reads as follows:

{{Verse translation|italicsoff=y|

{{lang|ru|Белая армия, чёрный барон

Снова готовят нам царский трон,

Но от тайги до британских морей

Красная Армия всех сильней.}}

|

The White Army and the Black Baron

Are preparing to restore to us the Tsar's throne,

But from the taiga to the British seas

The Red Army is the strongest of all!}}

"Black Baron" was a nickname of Wrangel's, from his alleged penchant for wearing (and dressing some of his elite units in) black uniforms.

Wrangel's offensive was indeed halted by the Red Army, and Wrangel and his troops were forced to retreat to Crimea in November 1920, pursued by both Red and Black Army cavalry and infantry. Wrangel and the remains of his army were evacuated from Crimea to Constantinople on 14 November 1920.

The song's melody is possibly inspired by Eastern European Jewish folk-music, as one passage is also heard in the Yiddish song "Dus Zekele mit Koilen" ('The Little Coal Sack'), whose opening bars possibly also inspire those of the Italian protest song "Bella Ciao".{{cite web|title=Красная армия всех сильней|website=A-PESNI песенник анархиста-подпольщика (An Underground Anarchist's Songbook)|url=http://a-pesni.org/grvojna/kr/krasnarmia.php|access-date= 10 June 2024|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121115122938/http://a-pesni.org/grvojna/kr/krasnarmia.php|archive-date= 15 November 2012|url-status = live|quote= Мелодия, возможно, создана под влиянием фольклора восточноевропейских евреев. Похожий мотив слышится в песне на идиш "Dus Zekele mit Koilen" ("Маленький мешочек с углем"), или просто "Koilen", впервые записанной на пластинку в 1919 году в США выходцем из России Мишкой Цыгановым. В этой же песне используется мотив, похожий на "Bella ciao".}}{{cite news |title=Da ballata yiddish a inno partigiano il lungo viaggio di Bella ciao |url=https://www.repubblica.it/2008/04/sezioni/spettacoli_e_cultura/ballata-bella/ballata-bella/ballata-bella.html |work=repubblica.it |date=2008-04-12 |accessdate=2022-03-11 |archive-date=5 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205180822/https://www.repubblica.it/2008/04/sezioni/spettacoli_e_cultura/ballata-bella/ballata-bella/ballata-bella.html |url-status=live }}

The song became popular in the early days of the Soviet Union. It was sung in 1923 at the rally in Leningrad against the Curzon Line, the "British seas" acquiring new significance in view of Lord Curzon's ultimatum. In a letter to a school for blind students in the Vologda region, Nadezhda Krupskaya—wife of Vladimir Lenin—named it as one of her favorite songs alongside "The Internationale". The phrase "from the taiga to the British Seas" became something of an idiomatic expression used by other authors, such as by V. A. Lugovsky in his 1926 poem "Pesni o vetre" ('Song About the Wind').{{cn|date=October 2024}}

In its early oral transmission from 1920 to 1925, the song underwent some variations.

Gorinshtein later recalled that his original lyrics had four or five verses, and that his original refrain was slightly different.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

The march was first printed in 1925, and subsequently published under the titles of {{lang|ru|«От тайги до британских морей»}} ('For from the Taiga to the British Seas'), {{lang|ru|«Красная армия»}} and {{lang|ru|«Красноармейская»}} ('Red Army'). It was not until 1937 that the conventional title had settled on {{lang|ru|«Красная Армия всех сильней»}} ('The Red Army Is the Strongest to Be!'). Between the 1920s and the 1940s, the song was reproduced without indication of its authors. It was only in the 1950s that musicologist A. Shilov established the authorship of Gorinshtein and Pokrass.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

The march was adopted by the Chapaev Battalion of the International Brigades in the Spanish Civil War, and it was allegedly sung in a Nazi torture chamber by Czech communist Julius Fučík. Alternative Russian lyrics were set to the tune during World War II, e.g. {{lang|ru|«Всем нам свобода и честь дорога»}} by Pyotr Belyi in 1941.{{Cite web |url=http://a-pesni.org/ww2/oficial/vsemnam.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-03-23 |archive-date=2012-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115203251/http://a-pesni.org/ww2/oficial/vsemnam.htm |url-status=dead }}

In Red Vienna, the tune was used for the song „Die Arbeiter von Wien“ ('The Workers of Vienna'), highlighting those fighting for a bright future of the proletariat.

The tune was also used for communist songs in other languages, including in German in the Weimar Republic by German communists in the 1920s. An early German version with the incipit {{lang|de|„Weißes Gesindel und adlige Brut“}} ('White Riffraff and Noble Scum') was a free translation of the original lyrics:Rot Front. Neues Kampf-Liederbuch, Berlin 1925, No. 28 (p. 46); reprinted in: Zum roten Sturm voran. Kampfliederbuch, Berlin 1926, No. 28 (p. 46); Mit Lenin. 50 Kampflieder, (ca. 1928/29), No. 39 (p. 24); Front Kämpfer Liederbuch, Berlin 1928/29, No. 39 (p. 26).

{{Verse translation|

{{lang|de|Weißes Gesindel und adlige Brut

baun am zaristischen Throne gar gut.

Doch von Sibirien zum Baltischen Meer;

die Rote Armee ist das stärkere Heer.}}

|

White riff-raff and noble scum

are busily rebuildin' the tsarist throne.

but from Siberia to the Baltic Sea;

the Red Army is the strongest to be.}}

„Die Arbeiter von Wien“ was written by Fritz Brügel in 1927, following the July Revolt. It became popular through its use by Austrian socialists and by members of the Republikanischer Schutzbund, who fought the Dollfuss regime in the short-lived Austrian Civil War in February 1934.{{cite book|author=Karl Adamek|title=LiederBilderLeseBuch|publisher=Elefanten Press|location=Berlin|year=1981|ISBN=3-88520-049-X}} {{page needed|date=October 2020}} The first verse of Brügel's version reads:

{{Verse translation|

{{lang|de|Wir sind das Bauvolk der kommenden Welt,

Wir sind der Sämann, die Saat und das Feld.

Wir sind die Schnitter der kommenden Mahd,

Wir sind die Zukunft und wir sind die Tat.}}

|

We are the builders of the coming world,

We are the sower, the seed and the field,

We are the reapers of the coming mowing,

We are the future and we are the deed.}}

The German version was further adapted into Turkish, as "Avusturya İşçi Marşı" ('Austrian Workers' March'). The first verse of Turkish version reads:

{{Verse translation|

{{lang|tr|Hayat denilen kavgaya girdik, çelik adımlarla yürüyoruz

Biz bu karanlık yolun sonunda doğacak güneşi görüyoruz

Dağları aşıyor, bak yakınlaşıyor, Kızılyıldız'a hep koşun

Bu bir rüya değil, bu bir hülya değil, yıldızıdır kurtuluşun}}

|

We walked into a fight called "life", we step with feet of steel

We see the sun that'll rise at this dark way's end

It's climbing over mountains, look, it's comin' closer, march towards the Red Star

This ain't a dream, this ain't a reverie, this is the star of liberation}}

• Alexandrov Ensemble
• List of socialist songs
• State Anthem of the Soviet Union

{{Notelist}}

{{Reflist}}

• A. V. Shilov, Из истории первых советских песен 1917–24 ["On the History of the First Soviet Songs, 1917–24"], Moscow, 1963.
• A. Sokhor, Как начиналась советская музыка ["How Soviet Music began"], "МЖ" no. 2, 1967.
• N. Kryukov, M. Shvedov, Русские советские песни (1917–1977) ["Russian Soviet Songs 1917–1977], "Худож. лит.", 1977.
• [http://kkre-2.narod.ru/birukov.htm Yu. E. Biryukov], История создания песни «Красная Армия всех сильнее» ["History of the Creation of the Song “The Red Army is the Strongest of All”] ([http://muzruk.info/?p=828 muzruk.info], 2009)

• [https://www.scribd.com/doc/6603681/White-Army-Black-Baron-En Draft Translation from Russian to English – word-by-word rough text]
• [http://www.marxists.org/history/ussr/sounds/lyrics/belaia-armiia.htm MIA: History: Soviet History: Sounds of the Soviet Union: Lyrics: White Army, Black Baron]
• [http://ingeb.org/Lieder/wirsindw.html "Die Arbeiter von Wien / Wir sind das Bauvolk der kommenden Welt." ]
• {{YouTube|1IXIlqY21rs|Orchestral rendition}}

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Category:Russian military songs

Category:Soviet military songs

Category:Compositions in A minor

Category:Russian military marches

Category:Songs about military officers