Wikipedia:WikiProject Plants/Resources#To do

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The following is a repository of resources to aid participants. Always use reliable sources in writing articles, and remember to cite them. Wikipedia policies and the Manual of Style should be consulted when in doubt.

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Article structure

:See also: Plant article template

Use the format of any one of our featured articles for inspiration on how to write a good plant-related article.

Useful templates<span class="anchor" id="Templates"></span>

=Infoboxes=

=Barnstar=

{{tlx|The Plantae Barnstar|put your message here ~~~~|alt}}

{{The Plantae Barnstar|put your message here ~~~~|alt}}

=Other=

  • {{tl|WikiProject Plants}} for use on talk pages for project assessment
  • {{tl|Botanist}} for use in botanist-related articles where the person has authored plant names
  • {{tl|expert needed}} ({{expert needed|Plants}}) for use in plants articles needing expert attention
  • {{tl|Missing species}} for finding information about plant articles
  • {{tl|Plant common name}} to flag a disambiguating article about a common name shared by two or more plants
  • {{tl|User WikiProject Plants}} to identify editors who are members of WikiProject Plants
  • {{tl|InvitePlants}} for invitation to join this WikiProject
  • {{tl|Collab-plant}} to update current collaboration

Wiki Resources

Websites

=Classification=

For angiosperm taxoboxes, we generally prefer APG IV, although exceptions may be made if more recent information is available.

  • Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2003). An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 141, 399–436. available here : [http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/118872219/HTMLSTART Available online]. Out of date for some groups; see APG III or next reference for more up-to-date information based on research since 2003.
  • [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/ Angiosperm Phylogeny Website] : incorporates the latest taxonomic research; continuously updated.
  • Plants of the World Online (POWO) : [https://powo.science.kew.org/ website]. Maintained by Kew. Not for use with pteridophytes (lycophytes and ferns); continuously updated.
  • Catalogue of Life : similar to POWO; advantage is historical databases are accessible online back to 2005; not just plants; original source for about 60% of the flora data is [https://www.worldplants.de/ World Plants].
  • [https://www.worldplants.de/ World Plants] :
  • The [http://www.tropicos.org/namesearch.aspx TROPICOS database] is searchable by species, and where this is available, will give the accepted classification, and the degree to which it is accepted. Also lists authors, synonyms and homonyms. Far from complete.
  • [http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/pfamilies.htm Vascular Plant Families] – a systematic and alphabetical index of the non-flowering and the flowering plant families with the Cronquist system and the phylogenetic system of Judd et al. (2002) (i.e. APG)
  • [http://plants.usda.gov/index.html USDA/NRCS PLANTS Database] – Not complete, but nice. Resource for some PD images, although not all are PD. Common names listed may not be widely used, or widely used only in the USA. Not an especially good source for taxonomy (better is GRIN, below, and some of the others here).
  • [https://www.delta-intkey.com/angio/index.htm L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval.] https://www.delta-intkey.com/ – Unique resource, updated to about 1998 (note that especially the lists of genera are outdated) – includes classifications of Cronquist; Dahlgren; Dahlgren, Clifford and Yeo; and APG (i.e. APG I, of 1998)
  • [http://www.ipni.org International Plant Names Index] (IPNI)
  • IPNI, [http://www.ipni.org/ipni/query_author.html authors search] Note that the author database is separate from the plant name databases: the author database is authoritative. The plant name databases are "as is" and should be used as a search aid (invaluable as such) rather than as any kind of authority.
  • [http://www.forestryimages.org/ Forestry Images] a lot of images of plants released under creative commons 3.0.
  • USDA [https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomysearch GRIN Taxonomy for Plants]
  • [https://www.conifers.org/ Gymnosperm Database] – very good coverage of gymnosperms ([https://www.conifers.org/zz/gymnosperms.php Taxonomy page])
  • [http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb/ ILDIS (International Legume Database & Information Service)] A database of legume taxonomy, includes synonyms and accepted names, common names and detailed bibliographies for many species.

:Likewise, the following sites can help find taxonomic authors and abbreviations:

  • [http://www.anbg.gov.au/cpbr/databases/apni.html Australian Plant Name Index] (APNI)
  • [http://www.itis.gov/index.html Integrated Taxonomic Information System]. Not an especially good source for taxonomy (better is GRIN, above, and some of the others here).
  • [http://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page Wikispecies]
  • ICNafp [https://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php Shenzhen Code]
  • [http://botany.si.edu/references/codes/props/index.cfm IAPT Proposals and Disposals] – Check on the status and history of a certain taxon name, e.g. when it was proposed for conservation or rejection, when the issue was resolved, etc.
  • [http://plantarium.ru Plantarium Database] – a systematic index of the non-flowering and the flowering plant of Eurasia (mostly ex-USSR), more than 7700 illustrated taxa (in Latin and Russian). For English use [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fplantarium.ru%2F Google Translator].
  • [http://fossilplants.info/index.htm International Fossil Plants Name Index]
  • [https://www.inaturalist.org iNaturalist], a crowdsourced database of observations of plants and animals. Contains some freely licensed photos but also copyrighted works.

=Pteridophyte classification=

Wikipedia articles generally follow the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group (PPG) system for ferns and lycophytes. {{As of|2020|March}}, this is the 2016 PPG I system, supported by a very large number of pteridophyte researchers.

  • The orginal paper can be used down to genera (see {{citation |author=PPG I |year=2016 |title=A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns |journal=Journal of Systematics and Evolution |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=563–603 |doi=10.1111/jse.12229}}), although there have been some changes since that appear to have good support.
  • The only database that uses PPG and goes down to species appears to be [https://www.worldplants.de/world-ferns/ferns-and-lycophytes-list World Ferns]. It's regularly updated and the author has responded well to queries.
  • Unfortunately, Kew has decided to use the 2019 GLOVAP system for ferns. This is an extreme lumping system; for example the whole of PPG's subfamily Grammitidoideae with 33 genera and some 900 species is sunk into one huge genus Grammitis. Hence Plants of the World Online should not be used for lists of species, taxoboxes or article titles for ferns and lycophytes, although its position must, of course, be mentioned in the text. For a discussion of the "lumping" approach, see {{Citation | doi = 10.12705/673.1| issn = 1996-8175| volume = 67| issue = 3| pages = 473–480| last1 = Schuettpelz| first1 = Eric| last2 = Rouhan| first2 = Germinal| last3 = Pryer| first3 = Kathleen M.| last4 = Rothfels| first4 = Carl J.| last5 = Prado| first5 = Jefferson| last6 = Sundue| first6 = Michael A.| last7 = Windham| first7 = Michael D.| last8 = Moran| first8 = Robbin C.| last9 = Smith| first9 = Alan R.| title = Are there too many fern genera?| journal = Taxon| date = 2018}}, and sources referenced there.
  • World Flora Online is in the process of converting to PPG and getting its taxonomy consistent with World Ferns, scheduled for the December 2024 update (see [https://about.worldfloraonline.org/tens/pteridophyte-phylogeny-group PPG on WFO])
  • PPG II was originally planned for Fall 2024, but due to efforts to integrate with WFO, this has slipped to 2025 (see [https://pteridogroup.github.io/ PPG on Github])

= Non-paywalled journals =

See the caveats on primary sources at WP:PRIMARY (although these journals sometimes run review articles, which are secondary sources, or an article starts by summarizing previous research).

  • Issues of [http://www.amjbot.org/ American Journal of Botany] older than about a year are not paywalled
  • [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ PubMed Central] is a large repository of non-paywalled articles which covers some botanical subjects
  • All issues of the [https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/tnzb20/current New Zealand Journal of Botany] are available for free
  • All issues of the [https://newzealandecology.org/ New Zealand Journal of Ecology] are available for free

=Online searchable flora databases by country or region=

==Africa==

  • {{cite web

| url = http://www.ville-ge.ch/musinfo/bd/cjb/africa/recherche.php

| title = Search AFPD

| accessdate =

| format = HTML

| work = African Plants Database

| publisher = South African National Biodiversity Institute, the Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève and Tela Botanica

}}

  • {{cite web

| url = http://posa.sanbi.org/searchspp.php

| title = Plants of Southern Africa – an online checklist

| accessdate =

| format = HTML

| work = POSA Plants of Southern Africa

| publisher = SANBI: South African National Biodiversity Institute

}}

  • {{cite web

| url = http://sibis.sanbi.org

| title = SIBIS: SANBI Integrated Biodiversity Information System

| accessdate =

| format = HTML

| work = SIBIS

| publisher = SANBI South African National Biodiversity Institute

}}

  • {{cite web

| url = https://prota.prota4u.org/

| title = PROTA4U

| accessdate =

| format = HTML

| work = PROTA4U

| publisher = Plant Resources of Tropical Africa

}}

==Australia==

  • National - [https://www.ala.org.au Atlas of Living Australia]
  • National - [https://avh.ala.org.au/#tab_simpleSearch The Australasian Virtual Herbarium]
  • National - [https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/search/names Australian Plant Name Index]
  • New South Wales - [https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/ PlantNET]
  • Northern Territory - [https://eflora.nt.gov.au/search FloraNT]
  • Queensland - [https://apps.des.qld.gov.au/species-search/?&kingdom=plants WildNet]
  • South Australia - [https://www.flora.sa.gov.au/factsheets.html eFloraSA]
  • Tasmania - [https://flora.tmag.tas.gov.au/index.html Flora of Tasmania online]
  • Victoria - [https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au VicFlora]
  • Western Australia - [https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au FloraBase]
  • [http://www.anbg.gov.au/win/index.html What’s Its Name? (a concise database of plant names & name changes for Australia)] – no longer active. Site may be found on archive.org but search function won't work

==Brazil==

  • [http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/2010/ Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil] (select English or Portuguese version)

==British Isles==

  • [https://www.brc.ac.uk/plantatlas/ Online Atlas of the British and Irish flora]

==Canada==

  • [http://www.efloras.org/search_page.aspx?flora_id=1 Flora of North America] (eFloras.org)
  • [https://nature.ca/aaflora/data/index.htm Flora of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago]

==Chile==

  • [http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=60 Flora of Chile (eFloras.org)]

==China==

  • [http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=2 Flora of China (eFloras.org)] (online taxon pages)
  • Flora of China (flora.huh.harvard.edu) [http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/mss/alphabetical_families.htm Complete Family List] (with PDFs for each family or tribes of large families)

==Ecuador==

  • [http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/ecuador/search.shtml Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Ecuador ]
  • [http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=201 Trees and shrubs of the Andes of Ecuador (eFloras.org)]

==Europe==

  • {{cite web

| url = https://europlusmed.org/

| title = Euro+Med PlantBase

| accessdate =

|author1=Euro+Med PlantBase Secretariat |author2=

|name-list-style=amp | authorlink =

| format = HTML

| work = Euro+Med PlantBase

| publisher = Berlin Botanical Garden and Botanical Museum

}}

==Madagascar==

  • [http://www.tropicos.org/project/mada Madagascar Catalogue (eFloras.org)]

==Marquesas Islands==

  • [http://botany.si.edu/pacificislandbiodiversity/marquesasflora/query.cfm Flora of the Marquesas Islands (Smithsonian National Museum of Natural history)]

==Nepal==

  • [http://www.floraofnepal.org/onlineflora Flora of Nepal]
  • [http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=110 Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal (eFloras.org)]

==New Caledonia==

  • [http://www.endemia.nc Endémía: Faune et Flore de Nouvelle-Calédonie] (in French)
  • [http://www.endemia.nc/en Endémía: Fauna and Flora of New Caledonia] (in English)

==New Zealand==

  • {{cite web

| url = http://floraseries.landcareresearch.co.nz/pages/Search.aspx

| title = Search Flora of New Zealand Series

| accessdate =

| author = Landcare Research New Zealand Limited

| format = HTML

| work = New Zealand Plant Names Database

| publisher = Landcare Research Allan Herbarium and New Zealand Plant Names Database

}}

  • {{cite web

| url = https://www.nzpcn.org.nz/

| title = New Zealand Plant Conservation Network

| accessdate =

| author = NZPCN

| format = HTML

| work = New Zealand Plant Database

| publisher =

}}

==Nicaragua==

  • [http://mobot.mobot.org/W3T/Search/Nicaragua/projsflnic.html Flora de Nicaragua (TROPICOS)] (in Spanish)

==Pacific islands==

  • [http://www.hear.org/Pier/ Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk] Lists many/most invasive non-natives including where they are found (includes Indian ocean islands but I don't think continental Australia, Japan, Korea, etc.)

==Pakistan==

  • [http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=5 Flora of Pakistan (eFloras.org)]

==Papua New Guinea==

  • [http://www.pngplants.org/search.htm Plants of Papua New Guinea]

==Peru==

  • [http://www.tropicos.org/project/pec TROPICOS-Peru Checklist]

==Poland ==

  • {{cite web

| url = http://info.botany.pl/czek/check.htm

| title = VASCULAR PLANTS OF POLAND A Checklist

| accessdate =

|author1=Mirek Z. |author2=Piękoś-Mirkowa H. |author3=Zając A. |author4=Zając M. | work = The PLANTS Database

| publisher = Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Science

}}

==United States==

  • {{cite web

| url = http://plants.usda.gov/index.html

| title = USDA/NRCS PLANTS Database

| accessdate =

| author = Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS)

| authorlink = Natural Resources Conservation Service

| format = HTML

| work = The PLANTS Database

| publisher = United States Department of Agriculture

}}

  • [http://www.efloras.org/search_page.aspx?flora_id=11 Flora of Missouri (eFloras.org)] – this is a species list
  • [http://www.efloras.org/search_page.aspx?flora_id=1 Flora of North America] (eFloras.org) – includes discussions of classifications, habitat, etc. Only covers some plant families – see the [http://hua.huh.harvard.edu/FNA/publ-sched-summary.shtml publication schedule]
  • [https://fsus.ncbg.unc.edu/ Flora of the Southeastern United States] by Alan S. Weakley
  • [https://collections.nmnh.si.edu/search/botany/ Smithsonian herbarium archive], when you click on or hover over individual images, look at the header; the ones with "Usage Statement:CC0" at the bottom of the header are public domain, as Creative Commons zero means no rights reserved. As many other herbarium databases are copyrighted, this means the Smithsonian herbarium archive is a good source if you need to find an herbarium sample for uploading to Wikimedia Commons. (In February 2020, the Smithsonian placed 2.8 million images into CC0.[https://creativecommons.org/2020/02/27/smithsonian-releases-2-8-million-images-data-into-the-public-domain-using-cc0/])
  • Herbarium databases vary in their licensing from public domain to non-commercial-only. Non-commercial-only images are generally unacceptable for Wikipedia. A listing of the copyright licenses for various herbaria can be found here[http://swbiodiversity.org/seinet/collections/misc/collprofiles.php] and here[http://midwestherbaria.org/portal/collections/misc/collprofiles.php].
  • Wild Flowers Worth Knowing. Don't rely on this for taxonomy (such as the scientific name of each species), but much of the historical and descriptive information is still applicable.
  • [http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ Fire Effects Information System] for forest understory plants. Goes beyond responses to fire to also cover ecology, habitats, etc.
  • [http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/table_of_contents.htm Sylvics Manual] for trees.
  • [http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/wildland_shrubs.htm Wildland Shrubs of the United States and its Territories: Thamnic Descriptions], General Technical Report IITF-WB-1, Edited by John K. Francis
  • [http://botany.si.edu/pacificislandbiodiversity/hawaiianflora/query2.cfm Flora of the Hawaiian Islands (Smithsonian National Museum of Natural history)]

==Zimbabwe==

  • [http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/index.php Flora of Zimbabwe]

=Glossaries=

  • [http://fmhibd.library.cmu.edu/HIBD-DB/FNA/findrecords.php Categorical Glossary for the Flora of North America Project] – searchable online glossary
  • [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/TROPICOS/Meso/Glossary/termfr.html Flora Mesoamericana English-Spanish Glossary] – useful when translating Spanish botanical sources

To do

=Stubs=

You can always expand one (or more) of these stubs.

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  • {{tl|Inga-stub}} – {{cl|Inga stubs}}
  • {{tl|Malpighiales-stub}} – {{cl|Malpighiales stubs}}
  • {{tl|Calophyllaceae-stub}} – {{cl|Calophyllaceae stubs}}
  • {{tl|Clusiaceae-stub}} – {{cl|Clusiaceae stubs}}
  • {{tl|Euphorbiaceae-stub}} – {{cl|Euphorbiaceae stubs}}
  • {{tl|euphorbia-stub}} – {{cl|Euphorbia stubs}}
  • {{tl|Malpighiaceae-stub}} – {{cl|Malpighiaceae stubs}}
  • {{tl|Passifloraceae-stub}} – {{cl|Passifloraceae stubs}}
  • {{tl|Phyllanthaceae-stub}} – {{cl|Phyllanthaceae stubs}}
  • {{tl|Salicaceae-stub}} – {{cl|Salicaceae stubs}}
  • {{tl|Violaceae-stub}} – {{cl|Violaceae stubs}}
  • {{tl|Malvales-stub}} – {{cl|Malvales stubs}}
  • {{tl|Dipterocarpaceae-stub}} – {{cl|Dipterocarpaceae stubs}}
  • {{tl|Myrtales-stub}} – {{cl|Myrtales stubs}}
  • {{tl|Melastomataceae-stub}} – {{cl|Melastomataceae stubs}}
  • {{tl|Myrtaceae-stub}} – {{cl|Myrtaceae stubs}}
  • {{tl|Oxalidales-stub}} – {{cl|Oxalidales stubs}}
  • {{tl|Polygalaceae-stub}} – {{cl|Polygalaceae stubs}}
  • {{tl|Rosales-stub}} – {{cl|Rosales stubs}}
  • {{tl|Moraceae-stub}} – {{cl|Moraceae stubs}}
  • {{tl|Rhamnaceae-stub}} – {{cl|Rhamnaceae stubs}}
  • {{tl|Ulmaceae-stub}} – {{cl|Ulmaceae stubs}}
  • {{tl|Sapindales-stub}} – {{cl|Sapindales stubs}}
  • {{tl|Anacardiaceae-stub}} – {{cl|Anacardiaceae stubs}}
  • {{tl|Meliaceae-stub}} – {{cl|Meliaceae stubs}}
  • {{tl|Rutaceae-stub}} – {{cl|Rutaceae stubs}}
  • {{tl|Santalales-stub}} – {{cl|Santalales stubs}}
  • {{tl|Saxifragales-stub}} – {{cl|Saxifragales stubs}}
  • {{tl|Crassulaceae-stub}} – {{cl|Saxifragales stubs}}
  • {{tl|Saxifragaceae-stub}} – {{cl|Saxifragales stubs}}
  • {{tl|Algae-stub}} – {{cl|Algae stubs}}
  • {{tl|Chlorophyceae-stub}} – {{cl|Chlorophyceae stubs}}
  • {{tl|Fruit-stub}} – {{cl|Fruit stubs}}
  • {{tl|Wine-grape-stub}} – {{cl|Wine grape stubs}}
  • {{tl|Tree-stub}} – {{cl|Tree stubs}}
  • {{tl|Conifer-stub}} – {{cl|Conifer stubs}}
  • {{tl|Fabaceae-tree-stub}} – {{cl|Fabaceae tree stubs}}
  • {{tl|Fruit-tree-stub}} – {{cl|Fruit tree stubs}}
  • {{tl|Vegetable-stub}} – {{cl|Vegetable stubs}}
  • {{tl|Botany-stub}} – {{cl|Botany stubs}}
  • {{tl|Plant-disease-stub}} – {{cl|Plant disease stubs}}
  • {{tl|Virus-plant-disease-stub}} – {{cl|Viral plant disease stubs}}
  • {{tl|Horticulture-stub}} – {{cl|Horticulture stubs}}
  • {{tl|Agri-stub}} – {{cl|Agriculture stubs}}
  • {{tl|Botanist-stub}} – {{cl|Botanist stubs}}

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