William Grimes (former slave)

{{Short description|African-American barber and writer (c. 1784–1865)}}

{{Infobox writer

| name = William Grimes

| birth_date = c. 1784

| birth_place = King George County, Virginia

| death_date = August 20, 1865 (about 81)

| death_place = New Haven, Connecticut

| nationality = American

| spouse = Clarissa Caesar Grimes

| notable_works = Life of William Grimes, the Runaway Slave (1825) and (1855)

| caption = Illustration of William Grimes

| resting_place = Grove Street Cemetery, New Haven, Connecticut

| occupation = Barber, American publisher

}}

William Grimes (c. 1784 – August 20, 1865) was an African-American barber and writer who authored what is considered the first narrative of a formerly enslaved American, Life of William Grimes, the Runaway Slave, published in 1825,{{cite book|last= Grimes |first= William |authorlink=William Grimes (ex-slave)|title= Life of William Grimes, the Runaway Slave. Written by Himself |series= North American Slave Narratives (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) |year= 1825|location= New York |url= http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/grimes25/menu.html|access-date= 2021-01-18}} with a second edition published in 1855.{{cite book|last1= Smith |first1= Venture |last2= Mars |first2= James |last3= Grimes |first3= William |last4= Offley |first4= G. W. |last5= Smith |first5= James L. |title= Five Black lives: the autobiographies of Venture Smith, James Mars, William Grimes, the Rev. G. W. Offley, [and] James L. Smith. |year= 1855 |publisher= Wesleyan University Press |isbn= 9780819540362 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=HiB3AAAAMAAJ |access-date= 2017-03-15}} Another revised edition was published by one of his descendants in 2008.{{cite book|editor1-last= Andrews |editor1-first= William L. |editor2-last= Mason |editor2-first= Regina E. |title=Life of William Grimes, the Runaway Slave |date= 2008-06-27 |publisher= Oxford University Press |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=BIXlFJVjljIC |isbn=9780199711147|edition= revised |access-date=19 January 2016}} Grimes escaped slavery by boarding on a ship called Casket, which sailed from Savannah, Georgia to New York City. He then walked to Connecticut from New York City to begin his life as a free man. Grimes lived in Stratford, Norwalk, Fairfield, Bridgeport and Stratford Point alongside New Haven and Litchfield, Connecticut following his escape from slavery. New Haven was where Grimes eventually settled to live out his final days.

Biography

Grimes was born into slavery in King George County, Virginia, in 1784.{{cite web

|last=Williamson

|first=Jenn|

title=Summary of Life of William Grimes, the Runaway Slave. Written by Himself

|url=http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/grimes25/summary.html|access-date=2016-01-18|website=North American Slave Narratives|publisher=University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill}}{{cite news|date=21 August 1865|title=Old Grimes is Dead!|edition=2nd|page=3|newspaper=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/50253826|access-date=19 January 2016|quote=New Haven, Aug. 21: William Grimes, better known as "Old Grimes", a quaint darkey, once a slave, known to all our citizens and to thousands of Yale College graduates, died in this city yesterday, at an advanced age, probably ninety years.}} In column 5. His father was Benjamin Grymes, Jr., a wealthy plantation owner; Grimes' mother was a slave on a neighboring plantation. Benjamin Grymes, Jr., the father of William Grimes was the great-grandson of William Fitzhugh. Fitzhugh was the founder of Eagles's Nest plantation located in King George County, Virginia. Benjamin Grymes, Jr., volunteered for Grayson's Continental Line Regiment in the American Revolutionary army and eventually received the rank of Lieutenant in 1777.

Grimes was enslaved by at least ten different enslavers in Virginia, Maryland, and Georgia. He worked as a house servant, valet, field worker, stable boy, and coachman. In 1815, at the age of 30, Grimes escaped from slavery by stowing away on the ship Casket that sailed from Savannah, Georgia to New York City.{{Cite web |title=William Grimes, 1784-1865 Life of William Grimes, the Runaway Slave. Written by Himself. |url=https://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/grimes25/menu.html |access-date=2022-12-05 |website=docsouth.unc.edu}} He then travelled by foot from New York City to New Haven, Connecticut.

Grimes settled in New Haven, Connecticut, where he was a successful barber. His clients included students from nearby Yale University and Litchfield. Grimes married Clarissa Caesar in 1817 in New Haven by Reverend Samuel Merwin.{{Cite web |title=William Grimes, 1784-1865 Life of William Grimes, the Runaway Slave. Written by Himself. |url=https://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/grimes25/menu.html |access-date=2022-12-05 |website=docsouth.unc.edu}} They had eighteen children together, but only twelve survived until adulthood.{{Cite book |last=Finkelman |first=Paul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cCMbE4KKlX4C&q=clarissa&pg=RA1-PA124 |title=Encyclopedia of African American History, 1619-1895: From the Colonial Period to the Age of Frederick Douglass Three-volume Set |date=2006-04-06 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=978-0-19-516777-1 |language=en}}

The 1820 United States census indicates that Grimes was the head of a seven-member household in Litchfield. Following this, Grimes rented his barbershop in Litchfield and moved to New Haven where he worked as a barber, grocer, and furniture merchant. It is noted that Grimes lived in many cities in Connecticut. These cities being Stratford, Norwalk, Fairfield, Bridgeport and Stratford Point alongside New Haven and Litchfield.

In 1823, Grimes' last enslaver tracked him down and demanded that he pay for his freedom. His former enslaver would have him arrested and forced back into slavery if Grimes were to refuse.

After living four years in Litchfield, Grimes moved back to New Haven. Where he lived the rest of his years.{{Cite book |last=Finkelman |first=Paul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cCMbE4KKlX4C&q=clarissa&pg=RA1-PA124 |title=Encyclopedia of African American History, 1619-1895: From the Colonial Period to the Age of Frederick Douglass Three-volume Set |date=2006-04-06 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=978-0-19-516777-1 |language=en}} Clarissa Caesar, his wife, then left for California because she and Grimes split some time before writing his second edition. Grimes gives no information as to why this occurred. However, he mentions that only his youngest child is still with him at that time and does not know where any other child of his is.{{Cite web |title=Summary of Life of William Grimes, the Runaway Slave, Brought Down to the Present Time. |url=https://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/grimes55/summary.html |access-date=2022-11-22 |website=docsouth.unc.edu}}

Grimes was still listed as living in New Haven in the 1830 and 1840 United States census.{{Cite journal |last=Ashton |first=Susanna |date=2012 |title=Slavery, Imprinted: The Life and Narrative of William Grimes |url=https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=english_pubs |journal=Clemson University |pages=126–139 |via=TigerPrints}}

In the 1860 United States census, William Grimes was listed as the head of an eight-person household in New Haven, while his occupation is shown as a lottery dealer.{{Cite web |title=William Grimes, 1784-1865 Life of William Grimes, the Runaway Slave. Written by Himself. |url=https://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/grimes25/menu.html |access-date=2022-12-05 |website=docsouth.unc.edu}}

Purchasing of Freedom in Litchfield

Grimes became a known figure in Litchfield and New Haven, Connecticut while living there. Through his multiple jobs of barbering, furniture trading, and errand running for students, he was able to network with students, faculty, and politicians in the communities. This connection with members of each community caused Grimes' recent enslaver to learn where Grimes was. Feeling that the community of Litchfield was smaller and the political landscape would be more in his favor if his recent enslaver came looking for him, Grimes moved to Litchfield.

In 1823, Francis Harvey Welman, Grimes' last enslaver, tracked him down and demanded Grimes must pay for his freedom with "my house and land, all I had," or else face arrest and re-enslavement. The following year, in April 1824, Grimes officially purchased his freedom for 500 dollars.{{Cite web |title=William Grimes, 1784-1865 Life of William Grimes, the Runaway Slave. Written by Himself. |url=https://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/grimes25/menu.html |access-date=2022-12-05 |website=docsouth.unc.edu}} Grimes had to mortgage his property and take on debt to pay for his freedom. However, the people with whom he was connected and friends in Litchfield were able to help him with his negotiation of the price for his freedom. Grimes had no choice but to pay and wrote his memoir in hopes of recovering his finances. Grimes fled New Haven to live in Litchfield, Connecticut due to his former enslaver tracking him down.

Family

A great-great-great-granddaughter of Grimes, Regina Mason, was an editor of the 2008 edition of Grimes' book. Mason talked about her ancestor's life in an interview with Terry Gross on the Fresh Air radio program on January 18, 2016.{{cite interview |last= Mason |first= Regina E. |interviewer= Terry Gross |title= When Ancestry Search Led To Escaped Slave: 'All I Could Do Was Weep' |type=Interview: audio |url= https://www.npr.org/2016/01/18/463164866/when-ancestry-search-led-to-escaped-slave-all-i-could-do-was-weep |website= NPR |date= 2016-01-18 |access-date= 2016-01-19}} Fresh Air radio program.{{cite interview |last= Mason |first= Regina E. |interviewer= Terry Gross |title= When Ancestry Search Led To Escaped Slave: 'All I Could Do Was Weep' |type=Interview: transcript |url= https://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=463164866 |website= NPR |date= 2016-01-18 |access-date= 2016-03-04}} Fresh Air radio program. A 2017 film by Sean Durant entitled Gina's Journey: The Search for William Grimes documents her experiences tracking down information about Grimes over fifteen years. It includes reenactments of scenes from both Mason's and Grimes's lives with narration by Keith David.{{cite web |title=Gina's Journey: The Search for William Grimes |url=https://www.ginasjourney.com/ |access-date=24 February 2020}}

Death

Grimes died on August 20, 1865, about 81 years old, in New Haven, Connecticut. On his death, his obituary was published as far away as Brooklyn, New York. He was then laid to rest in Grove Street Cemetery, located near Yale University. Clarissa Caesar Grimes, his wife, died on December 15 in San Francisco. Following this, she was laid to rest in New Haven with her husband.{{Cite web |title=William Grimes, 1784-1865 Life of William Grimes, the Runaway Slave. Written by Himself. |url=https://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/grimes25/menu.html |access-date=2022-12-05 |website=docsouth.unc.edu}}

Slave narratives

= Life of William Grimes, the runaway slave =

William Grimes published his first slave narrative, Life of William Grimes, the runaway slave, in 1825 to recover finances. His slave narrative provides great detail of his life until 1825. This slave narrative was published only months after he purchased his freedom. Grimes also published an updated version of his autobiography in 1855.

Grimes felt a second publishing of his slave narrative would be best because the first edition of his slave narrative is considered the first one by many, which caused him to lose out on monetary gains. The second version provides an update of his life until 1855 while also counterbalancing the bitterness put forth in his first slave narrative.{{Cite web |title=Summary of Life of William Grimes, the Runaway Slave. Written by Himself |url=https://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/grimes25/summary.html |access-date=2022-12-05 |website=docsouth.unc.edu}} However, his second release of a slave narrative did receive a much different reception from the first. The abolitionist press at the time did not reference the second edition in any newspapers.

Notes

{{reflist|refs=

{{cite web|title=Summary of Life of William Grimes|url=http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/grimes25/summary.html|website=Documenting the American South|publisher=University of North Carolina|access-date=19 January 2016}}

}}

External links

[http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/grimes25/menu.html Text of Grimes' memoir]
{{cite book|last= Grover |first= Kathryn |title= The Fugitive's Gibraltar: Escaping Slaves and Abolitionism in New Bedford, Massachusetts |date= 2001-07-12 |publisher= University of Massachusetts Press |pages= 86–92 |isbn= 9781558492714 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YpbkfRdFAAAC&q=%22William+Grimes%2C+a+fugitive+who%22+Grimes&pg=PA86}}
{{cite book|editor-last= Gates |editor-first= Henry Louis Jr. |editor-link= Henry Louis Gates, Jr. |editor2= Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham |title= African American Lives |date= 2004-03-23 |publisher= Oxford University Press |pages= 357–358 |isbn= 9780199882861 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=3dXw6gR2GgkC&q=%22Grimes+%28under+three%22+Grimes&pg=PA357}}
{{cite book|editor-last= Gates |editor-first= Henry Louis Jr. |editor2= Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham |title= African American National Biography |date= 2008-02-18 |publisher= Oxford University Press |pages= 653–654 |isbn= 9780195160192 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=qCkOAQAAMAAJ&q=%22GRIMES,+William+(1784%22+%22and+children+to+support%22}}
{{cite journal|last= Winter |first= Kari J. |title= Life of William Grimes, the Runaway Slave (review) |journal= African American Review |volume= 43 |number= 2–3 |date= Summer–Fall 2009 |pages= 509–511 |doi= 10.1353/afa.2009.0027 |s2cid= 162046274 |url= http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/afa/summary/v043/43.2-3.winter.html}}
{{cite book|last= Snodgrass |first= Mary Ellen |author-link= Mary Ellen Snodgrass |title= The Underground Railroad: An Encyclopedia of People, Places, and Operations |date= 2015-03-26 |publisher= Routledge |isbn= 9781317454168 |pages= 235–236 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=RmqsBwAAQBAJ&q=%22Coachboy+William+Grimes+made+a+dangerous+flight+from+southern+slavery+to+freedom%22&pg=PT799}}
{{cite web |last= Hinks |first= Peter |title= William Grimes |website= Underground Railroad |publisher= Oxford University Press |access-date= 2016-01-27 |url= http://aasc.oupexplore.com/undergroundrailroad/#!/people/william-grimes |archive-date= 2016-12-03 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161203021909/http://aasc.oupexplore.com/undergroundrailroad/#!/people/william-grimes |url-status= dead }}