Wind power in Denmark

File:El-v-01 ubt.jpeg, 2004]]Danish inventor Poul la Cour experimented, taught and constructed wind power projects around the year 1900.Lyngsø-Petersen, Erik. "[http://www.e-pages.dk/ingarkiv/8614/16 Poul la Cour og hans tid]" Ingeniøren, 6 September 1985Hansen, Hans Christian (1985): "Poul la Cour, grundtvigianer, opfinder og folkeoplyser." Doctoral thesis in Danish with an English summary. [http://www.bog-ide.dk/productsamples/9788759398937.pdf Extract] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913225402/http://www.bog-ide.dk/productsamples/9788759398937.pdf |date=13 September 2016 }}

As concerns over global warming grew in the 1980s, Denmark found itself with relatively high carbon dioxide emissions per capita, primarily due to the coal-fired electrical power plants that had become the norm after the 1973 and 1979 energy crises.{{cite web|author = Soren Krohn|title = Wind Energy Policy in Denmark: Status 2002|url = http://www.windpower.org/media(492,1033)/wind_energy_policy_in_denmark%3a_status_2002.pdf|publisher = Danish Wind Industry Association|date = 22 February 2002|access-date = 8 September 2007|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927011857/http://www.windpower.org/media%28492%2C1033%29/wind_energy_policy_in_denmark%3A_status_2002.pdf|archive-date = 27 September 2007|url-status = dead}} Renewable energy became the natural choice for Denmark, decreasing both dependence on other countries for energy and global warming pollution.

Many countries tried to subsidise green technology such as wind power, and most failed to make it a viable industry. The Danish system was an exception, providing 30% of initial capital cost in the early years which was gradually reduced to zero, but still maintaining a feed-in tariff.Sørensen, Bent. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Y17FoN2VUEwC Renewable energy: its physics, engineering, use, environmental impacts, economy, and planning aspects] page 762. Academic Press, 2004. {{ISBN|0-12-656153-2}}, {{ISBN|978-0-12-656153-1}} Retrieved: 6 November 2010. The capital cost subsidy was reduced to 20% in June 1985, when wind turbines received DKK 50 million per year. Other renewable energy forms received 37 million.[http://www.e-pages.dk/ingarkiv/8614/2 Møller løber med støtten], Ingeniøren, 6 September 1985 The research institution Teknologisk Institut identified many specific improvement needs, pushing development from ad hoc to systemised solutions.[http://www.e-pages.dk/ingarkiv/8614/4 Opfind noget til en vindmølle], Ingeniøren, 6 September 1985

On 29 March 1985, one year before the Chernobyl disaster, the Danes passed a law forbidding the construction of nuclear power plants. In the process, the Danish grassroots movement had a substantial role. The Danish Anti-nuclear Movement's (OOA) smiling-sun logo "Atomkraft, Nej Tak" ("Nuclear Power, No Thanks") spread worldwide, and the renewable alternatives were promoted by the Danish Organisation for Renewable Energy (OVE).

Denmark adopted a target of cutting carbon emissions by 22% from 1988 levels by 2005. Planning of wind power was deliberately streamlined by authorities to minimise hurdles.[http://www.energymatters.com.au/index.php?main_page=news_article&article_id=992 Streamline Renewable Energy Policy and make Australia a World Leader] Energy Matters, 11 August 2010. Retrieved 6 November 2010.

In June 2005, the Danish government published Energy Strategy 2025, which replaced the previous strategy from 1996. The strategy formulates policy projects that are intended to accelerate the expansion of wind power and restructure the electricity market. {{cite web|url=https://discomap.eea.europa.eu/map/Data/Milieu/OURCOAST_097_DK/OURCOAST_097_DK_Doc3_EnergyStrategy2025.pdf|title=Energy Strategy 2025|page=|author=|publisher=The Danish Ministry of Transport and Energy|date=2005|access-date=2023-12-23}}

{{cite web|url=https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-policies-of-iea-countries-denmark-2011-review |title= Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Denmark 2011|page=|author=|publisher= International Energy AgencyEnergistyrelsen|date=2012|access-date=2023-11-02}}

The Danish government also succeeded in drawing up energy agreements from 2008 to 2011 with broad-based support, which included the most far-reaching and effective programs for the expansion of wind energy to date.Arnold, David (2021). Windkraft in Dänemark: Eine Governance-Erfolgsgeschichte mit Nachahmungspotential? , p. 83 et seqq.

The parties agreed that the share of renewable energies in Danish energy consumption should be 20 % in 2011. The price for wind energy was also increased in the agreement. The parties also agreed to construct new offshore wind turbines with a capacity of 400 MW by 2012. The agreement introduced a compensation scheme for residents living near wind turbines, a scheme for purchase rights and a guarantee fund.{{cite web|url=https://ens.dk/sites/ens.dk/files/Vindenergi/promotion_of_renewable_energy_act_-_extract.pdf |title=Renewable Energy Act|page=|author=|publisher=Danish Energy Agency|date=2008|access-date=2023-11-15}}

After the government expressed the long-term vision of a Denmark 100% independent of reliance on fossil fuels{{cite web|url=https://www.nordicenergy.org/figure/ambitious-climate-targets-and-visions-for-all-nordic-countries/100-renewable-energy-supply/ |title= Denmark: 100% renewable energy supply|page=|author=|publisher= Nordic Energy Research|date=2015|access-date=2024-01-01}} during the current agreement, in independent commission on climate change policy proposed detailed recommendations in September 2010 on how this vision can be achieved. This led to Energy Strategy 2050 a year later. The strategy consists of three tracks, as one of them focusses on more renewable energy with onshore and offshore wind power. It included tenders for over 1000 MW in offshore including Kriegers Flak in the Baltic Sea. Kriegers Flak is also used to connect Denmark and Germany with a 400MW cable, through the German Baltic 2 Offshore Wind Farm,{{cite web|url=http://ing.dk/artikel/verdens-foerste-offshore-elnet-bliver-en-realitet-i-oestersoeen-179020 |title=Verdens første offshore elnet bliver en realitet i Østersøen|work=Ingeniøren|date=25 September 2015}} and it is the wind farm with the lowest guaranteed price (øre/kWh) for large offshore wind farms in Denmark.{{cite web|url=http://www.rechargenews.com/wind/1189175/vattenfall-wins-kriegers-flak-with-record-euro-4990mwh|title=Vattenfall wins Kriegers Flak with record €49.90/MWh|date=9 November 2016|access-date=30 December 2023}} In addition, the distance requirements for wind turbines were evaluated and revised. Such subsidies as compensation schemes for residents living near onshore windmills lost relevance and the offshore area was taken into focus.{{cite web|url=https://ens.dk/sites/ens.dk/files/Globalcooperation/the_danish_energy_model.pdf|title= The Danish Energy Model: Energy Strategy 2050 |page=|author=|publisher= Energistyrelsen|date=2011|access-date=2023-11-12}}

Ever since the first energy agreement with outstanding consensus in parliament in 2008, Denmark grew their wind power share in domestic electricity production from 19% to 55% in 2019.{{cite web |url=https://ens.dk/en/our-services/statistics-data-key-figures-and-energy-maps/annual-and-monthly-statistics |title=Annual and monthly statistics |author= |date=1 May 2020 |website=ens.dk |publisher=Danish Energy Agency |access-date=1 January 2024 }}

For the policy approach, one may note the adoption of incrementalism that helps this to be developed ahead of other more rational approaches such as those adopted by USA and UK. See the use of Wind Power development in the example section of Incrementalism.

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| image1 =[http://www.emd.dk/files/windres/images/Resmap_100m-5red.jpg Wind map of Denmark] [https://web.archive.org/web/20140420014156/http://www.emd.dk/files/windres/images/Resmap_100m-5red.jpg Archive]

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Denmark has relatively modest average wind speeds in the range of 4.9–5.6 m/s measured at 10 m height. Onshore wind resources are highest in the western part of the country, and on the eastern islands with coastlines facing south or west. Wind is higher in autumn and winter and lower in summer, and Denmark also has about 2.3 GW of solar power.{{cite web |last1=Hildebrandt |first1=Sybille |title=Nettilslutning af solceller er steget med 20 procent {{!}} GridTech (PRO) |url=https://pro.ing.dk/gridtech/artikel/nettilslutning-af-solceller-er-steget-med-20-procent |website=pro.ing.dk |publisher=Ingeniøren |language=da |date=20 September 2022}}{{cite web |title=MILJØRAPPORT 2020 |url=https://energinet.dk/-/media/21E802CB83624279B6727A60DE9FC26A.pdf |publisher=Energinet.dk |year=2020}} The country has very large offshore wind resources, and large areas of sea territory with a shallow water depth of 5–15 m, where siting is most feasible. These sites offer higher wind speeds, in the range of roughly 8.5–9.0 m/s at 50 m height.[http://www.managenergy.net/products/R1467.htm Case Study: Wind energy in Denmark] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725044348/http://managenergy.net/products/R1467.htm |date=25 July 2008 }}. Managenergy.net. Retrieved 11 June 2011. There have been no major problems from wind variability, although there is a temporary problem resulting from the connection of a large bloc of wind power from offshore wind farms to a single point on a weak section of the transmission network.Diesendorf, Mark (2007). Greenhouse Solutions with Sustainable Energy, UNSW Press, p. 121. The wind resource over Denmark was mapped in 1999 by EMD International A/S and Risø National Laboratory. The mapping was made using a 200 m grid resolution using the models in WindPRO and WAsP. The results were validated on more than 1200 wind turbines nationwide.[http://www.emd.dk/windres: Danish Wind Resource Map (1999). Available online at www.emd.dk/windres] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719123650/http://www.emd.dk/windres%3A |date=19 July 2011 }}. Emd.dk. Retrieved 11 June 2011.

Denmark is connected by transmission line to other European countries (e.g. Cross-Skagerrak)Gellert, Bjarne Christian. [http://www.energinet.dk/EN/ANLAEG-OG-PROJEKTER/Generelt-om-elanlaeg/Sider/Elforbindelser-til-udlandet.aspx Electricity interconnections] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130209200636/http://www.energinet.dk/EN/ANLAEG-OG-PROJEKTER/Generelt-om-elanlaeg/Sider/Elforbindelser-til-udlandet.aspx |date=9 February 2013 }} Energinet.dk, 22 August 2011. Retrieved 6 December 2011. at an electricity interconnection level (transmission capacity relative to production capacity) of 44% in 2015,"[http://ec.europa.eu/priorities/energy-union/docs/interconnectors_en.pdf Achieving the 10% electricity interconnection target] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225022701/http://ec.europa.eu/priorities/energy-union/docs/interconnectors_en.pdf |date=2015-12-25 }}" page 2-5. European Commission, 25 February 2015. Note: Slovakia has 61% and Hungary has 29% and increased since then. Denmark has also retained 6 GW of its traditional power plants, therefore it does not need to install additional peak-load plants to balance its wind power. Instead, it purchases additional power from its neighbours when necessary. With some strengthening of the grid, Denmark plans to increase wind's share even further.Diesendorf, Mark (2007). Greenhouse solutions with sustainable energy, UNSW Press, pp. 121–22. In 2010 the plan was to reach 50% of consumption in 2020{{harvnb|Lund|2010|p=21}} "Denmark has a strategy to raise this share to 50 percent and the necessary measures are in the process of being implemented". (which was almost met), and up to 84% in 2035.Lindboe, page 3

Analysts expect the cost of wind power to be 30 øre/kWh and its handling cost to be 15 øre/kWh, being lower than coal and natural gas at 55 øre/kWh minimum.Lindboe, page 6 Due to their inability to follow load wind power gets a lower price.Lindboe, page 14

Danish district heating plants use 100 petajoule/year,Lindboe, page 29 but little of this consumption is from 180 MW of electrode boilers installed in powerplants or 374 MW of large heat pumps.{{cite web |last1=Bernth |first1=Martin |title=Fjernvarmens varmepumpe-kapacitet er næsten firdoblet i år |url=https://ing.dk/artikel/fjernvarmens-varmepumpe-kapacitet-naesten-firdoblet-aar-241922 |website=Ingeniøren |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201221030937/https://ing.dk/artikel/fjernvarmens-varmepumpe-kapacitet-naesten-firdoblet-aar-241922 |archive-date=21 December 2020 |language=da |date=20 December 2020 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live}} The boilers are only used to soak up the powerplant's own electricity when prices are negative, to avoid paying tax.Wittrup, Sanne. "[http://ing.dk/artikel/dong-vores-kraftvaerker-bruger-allerede-billig-vindmoellestroem-i-elpatroner-173488 Dong: Vores kraftværker bruger allerede billig vindmøllestrøm i elpatroner]" Ingeniøren, 15 January 2015. Retrieved January 2015.Blarke, Morten Boje. "[http://smartvarme.dk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3046&Itemid=80 Liste over el-drevne varmepumper i fjernvarmen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119095338/http://smartvarme.dk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3046&Itemid=80 |date=2016-01-19 }}" SmartVarme.dk, 12 February 2014. Retrieved January 2015.Capion, Karsten. "[http://www.danskenergi.dk/Analyse/Analyser/09_MulighederFjernvarmeDecentraleOmraader.aspx Analyse nr. 9 – Mulighederne for den fremtidige fjernvarmeproduktion i decentrale områder] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208211010/http://www.danskenergi.dk/Analyse/Analyser/09_MulighederFjernvarmeDecentraleOmraader.aspx |date=2015-12-08 }}" Danish Energy, 15 January 2014. Retrieved 15 January 2015.{{cite web|url=http://www.danskenergi.dk/Aktuelt/Arkiv/2015/Oktober/15_10_16B.aspx |title=Dansk Energi – Stor interesse for reduceret pulje til grøn fjernvarme|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160131050236/http://www.danskenergi.dk/Aktuelt/Arkiv/2015/Oktober/15_10_16B.aspx |archive-date=31 January 2016|url-status=dead}} Expansion of wind powered district heating is calculated to be economically efficient without taxes.Lindboe, page 7Blarke, Morten Boje. "[http://www.fleksenergi.dk/Files/Billeder/FleksEnergi%20pr%C3%A6sentationer/blarke-17april-intro.pdf Store eldrevne varmepumper]{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}" Aalborg University, 17 April 2013. Retrieved January 2015.Wittrup, Sanne. "[http://ing.dk/artikel/varmepumper-kunne-have-oeget-vaerdien-af-vindstroem-med-175-mia-paa-fem-maaneder-176678 Varmepumper kunne have øget værdien af vindstrøm med 1,75 mia. på fem måneder]" Ingeniøren, 8 June 2015. Retrieved 29 October 2015.

The number of household heat pumps has stalled at 70,000 in 2015 due to tax-free wood pellets, and the goal of 300,000 small heat pumps in 2035 is unlikely to be reached, reducing the value of more wind power unless electricity tax is reduced.{{cite web|url=http://ing.dk/artikel/sloevt-varmepumpemarked-truer-elektrificering-af-varmeforsyningen-183058 |title=Sløvt varmepumpemarked truer elektrificering af varmeforsyningen |author=Sanne Wittrup|work=Ingeniøren |date=25 March 2016|access-date=26 March 2016}}

File:Wind in Denmark 1977 2011 large.png

File:Wind power installed capacity and generation in Denmark.svg

As of 2023, the total installed wind power capacity in Denmark was 7,510 MW, of which 4,860 MW were onshore and 2,650 MW were offshore.{{Cite web |title=Energy-Charts |url=https://energy-charts.info/charts/installed_power/chart.htm?l=en&c=DK&year=2023 |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=energy-charts.info}}

At the end of 2015, Denmark's total installed capacity for wind power stood at 5,070 MW.

Denmark has the highest proportion of wind power in the world. In 2015, Denmark produced 42% of electricity from wind,{{cite web|url=http://www.euractiv.com/sections/climate-environment/denmark-breaks-its-own-world-record-wind-energy-321002 |title=Denmark breaks its own world record in wind energy|work=EurActiv – EU News & policy debates, across languages|date=15 January 2016}} up from the 2014 record of 39% of total power consumption. For the month of January 2014, that share was over 61%. The month of lowest wind power share was July at 23%. Denmark also had 548 MW of solar power{{cite web|title=Global Market Outlook for Photovoltaics 2014–2018|url= http://www.epia.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Publications/EPIA_Global_Market_Outlook_for_Photovoltaics_2014-2018_-_Medium_Res.pdf |website=epia.org|publisher=EPIA – European Photovoltaic Industry Association|access-date=12 June 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140625154728/http://www.epia.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Publications/EPIA_Global_Market_Outlook_for_Photovoltaics_2014-2018_-_Medium_Res.pdf |archive-date=25 June 2014|page=34|url-status=dead}} (790 MW in late 2015).{{Cite web|url= http://ing.dk/artikel/kaempe-solcelleparker-slar-bunden-ud-af-energiforlig-181991 |title=Kæmpe solcelleparker slår bunden ud af energiforlig|date=5 February 2016}} A peak generation period occurred on 21 December 2013 when the wind share was 102%, and for 1 hour the share was 135%.

In 2005, Denmark had an installed wind power capacity of 3,127 MW, which produced 23,810 TJ (6.6 TW·h) of energy, giving an actual average production of 755 MW at a capacity factor of 24%.{{cite web |title= Danish Annual Energy Statistics 2008 |url= http://www.ens.dk/en-US/Info/FactsAndFigures/Energy_statistics_and_indicators/Annual%20Statistics/Documents/Energy%20Statistics%202008.pdf |access-date= 31 July 2010 }}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

In 2009, Denmark's wind capacity grew to 3,482 MW; most of the increase came from the 209 MW Horns Rev 2 offshore wind farm, which was inaugurated on 17 September 2009 by Crown Prince Frederik.Matthew McDermott. [http://www.treehugger.com/files/2009/09/denmark-inaugurates-worlds-largest-offshore-wind-farm-horns-rev-2.php "Denmark Inaugurates World's Largest Offshore Wind Farm – 209 MW" Treehugger.] In 2010, capacity grew to 3,752 MW, and most of the year's increase came from the Rødsand II off-shore wind farm.

On 22 March 2012, a coalition of parties representing 95% of all members of the Danish parliament agreed that the Danish state would increase the country's offshore wind capacity by 1,500 MW.{{cite web|url=http://ing.dk/artikel/sa-er-energiforliget-pa-plads-127865 |title=Så er energiforliget på plads |language=da |publisher=Ingeniøren |date=22 March 2012 |access-date=17 April 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://www.ens.dk/sites/ens.dk/files/supply/renewable-energy/wind-power/offshore-wind-power/new-nearshore-wind-tenders/nearshore_tender_ewea_barcelona.pdf |title=Offshore investments in Denmark|publisher=Danish Energy Agency|date=14 March 2014|author=Therese Kofoed Jensen, Adviser, Danish Energy Agency|access-date=17 April 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140418220727/http://www.ens.dk/sites/ens.dk/files/supply/renewable-energy/wind-power/offshore-wind-power/new-nearshore-wind-tenders/nearshore_tender_ewea_barcelona.pdf |archive-date=18 April 2014|url-status=dead}} The 1,500 MW extra capacity was achieved by constructing several offshore wind farms; the 400 MW Anholt wind farm in 2014, the 407 MW Horns Rev 3 in the North Sea at 77 øre/kWhWittrup, Sanne. "[http://ing.dk/artikel/saa-er-det-afgjort-svenske-vattenfall-skal-bygge-danmarks-naeste-havmoellepark-174419 Svenske Vattenfall skal bygge Danmarks næste havmøllepark ] {{Webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150226223508/http://ing.dk/artikel/saa-er-det-afgjort-svenske-vattenfall-skal-bygge-danmarks-naeste-havmoellepark-174419 |date=2015-02-26 }}" Ingeniøren, 26 February 2015. Retrieved 26 February 2015. in 2019,{{cite web|url=https://www.energinet.dk/DA/ANLAEG-OG-PROJEKTER/Anlaegsprojekter-el/Havmoelleparken-Horns-Rev-3/Sider/default.aspx |title=Horns Rev 3 havmøller|language=da|publisher=Energinet.dk |date=7 April 2014|access-date=17 April 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140418235900/https://www.energinet.dk/DA/ANLAEG-OG-PROJEKTER/Anlaegsprojekter-el/Havmoelleparken-Horns-Rev-3/Sider/default.aspx |archive-date=18 April 2014|url-status=dead}}{{cite web | url=https://group.vattenfall.com/dk/vores-forretning/vindprojekter-i-danmark/horns-rev-3 | title=Horns Rev 3 | publisher=Vattenfall | language=da | access-date=25 August 2019 }} and the Kriegers Flak at 37.2 øre/kWh with a capacity of 600 MW in the Baltic Sea close to the borders of Germany and Sweden in 2021. Kriegers Flak is also used to connect Denmark and Germany with a 400MW cable, through the German Baltic 2 Offshore Wind Farm, and Energinet ordered electrical equipment in early 2016.{{cite web|url=http://www.energinet.dk/DA/ANLAEG-OG-PROJEKTER/Nyheder/Sider/Energinet-dk-koeber-komponenter-til-Kriegers-Flak-Havmoellepark.aspx |title=Energinet.dk køber komponenter til Kriegers Flak Havmøllepark|publisher=Energinet.dk|access-date=20 January 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160130111330/http://www.energinet.dk/DA/ANLAEG-OG-PROJEKTER/Nyheder/Sider/Energinet-dk-koeber-komponenter-til-Kriegers-Flak-Havmoellepark.aspx |archive-date=30 January 2016|url-status=dead}}{{cite web |url=http://www.energinet.dk/EN/ANLAEG-OG-PROJEKTER/Nyheder/Sider/Kontrakt-paa-hovedkomponent-til-ny-tysk-dansk-elforbindelse-.aspx |title=Core component ordered for new German-Danish interconnector |publisher=Energinet.dk |access-date=10 March 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160311072146/http://www.energinet.dk/EN/ANLAEG-OG-PROJEKTER/Nyheder/Sider/Kontrakt-paa-hovedkomponent-til-ny-tysk-dansk-elforbindelse-.aspx |archive-date=11 March 2016 |url-status=dead }} Eight groups applied for pre-qualification for Kriegers Flak,Wittrup, Sanne. "[http://ing.dk/artikel/rekord-otte-selskaber-vil-bygge-mega-havmoellepark-i-oestersoeen-179194 Otte selskaber vil bygge mega-havmøllepark i Østersøen ]" Ingeniøren, 1 October 2015. Retrieved 2 October 2015. of which 7 were approvedWittrup, Sanne. "[http://ing.dk/artikel/danmark-tiltraekker-masser-af-nye-konsortier-til-kaempe-havmoellepark-179801 Danmark tiltrækker masser af nye konsortier til kæmpe havmøllepark ]" Ingeniøren, 28 October 2015. Retrieved 28 October 2015. – 3 more than the 4 companies approved to compete for Horns Rev 3,Wittrup, Sanne. "[http://ing.dk/artikel/raadgiver-om-milliarddyr-havmoellepark-horns-rev-3-er-en-godbid-174144 Horns Rev 3 er en godbid]" Ingeniøren, 16 February 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2015. both having more bidders than the single bidder for Anholt. By 2018, Danish offshore wind farms had average 40% capacity factor. Newer farms had higher CF than older.{{cite web |title=Capacity factors at Danish offshore wind farms – Energy Numbers |url=https://energynumbers.info/capacity-factors-at-danish-offshore-wind-farms |website=energynumbers.info |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220120105735/https://energynumbers.info/capacity-factors-at-danish-offshore-wind-farms |archive-date=20 January 2022 |date=1 March 2019 |url-status=live}}

Offshore operators are required to secure a decommissioning fee.{{cite web |last1=Wittrup |first1=Sanne |title=Aldrende havmølleparker åbner marked for klog nedrivning |url=https://ing.dk/artikel/aldrende-havmoelleparker-aabner-marked-klog-nedrivning-182308 |website=Ingeniøren |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211031190135/https://ing.dk/artikel/aldrende-havmoelleparker-aabner-marked-klog-nedrivning-182308 |archive-date=31 October 2021 |language=da |date=20 February 2016 |url-status=live}}

Wind power output reduces spot market prices in general via the Merit Order effect; in 2008 this caused a net reduction of pre-tax electricity prices (balancing the increase from the feed-in law).{{harvnb|Lund|2010|p=6}} "The cost of wind power is paid solely by the electricity consumers and the net influence on consumer prices was as low as 1–3 percent on average in the period 2004–2008. In 2008, the net influence even decreased the average consumer price, although only slightly."

{{Image frame|width=400|align=right|pos=bottom|content=

File:Breaking wave at pier at sunset, Nørre Vorupør, Denmark, 2015-07-09-5617.jpg

As Denmark continues to install additional capacity, they continue to set new production records. This is a natural consequence of capacity growth. On 9 July 2015, in the evening, unusually strong wind conditions resulted in 116% of national electricity consumption being produced by wind farms and at 3 am the next morning at low demand, wind production exceeded 140% of current demand.{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/jul/10/denmark-wind-windfarm-power-exceed-electricity-demand |title=Wind power generates 140% of Denmark's electricity demand|author=Arthur Neslen|work=The Guardian|date=10 July 2015}}{{update inline|date=December 2021|reason=several records since 2015}}{{cite web |title=Solar and wind records |url=https://energidataportal.dk/visualizations/solar-and-wind |website=ENERGI DATA PORTAL |language=en}}

{{See also|List of offshore wind farms in Denmark|List of offshore wind farms in the North Sea|List of offshore wind farms in the Baltic Sea}}

The 1,000 MW Thor offshore wind (a $2.5 billion project scheduled for 2027 in the North Sea) was agreed in December 2021. 5 of 6 bidders bid the same price of 0.01 øre/kWh, and drew lots to find the winner (RWE) for a Contract for difference,{{cite web |last1=Bernth |first1=Martin |title=Tysk energiselskab skal bygge Danmarks første støttefrie havvindmøllepark {{!}} GridTech PRO |url=https://pro.ing.dk/gridtech/artikel/tysk-energiselskab-skal-bygge-danmarks-foerste-stoettefrie-havvindmoellepark |website=pro.ing.dk |publisher=Ingeniøren |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211201152133/https://pro.ing.dk/gridtech/artikel/tysk-energiselskab-skal-bygge-danmarks-foerste-stoettefrie-havvindmoellepark |archive-date=1 December 2021 |language=da |date=1 December 2021 |url-status=live}} which included connection costs and a potential DKK 2.8 billion (€377m) payment to the state.{{cite web |last1=Franke |first1=Andreas |title=RWE secures concession for 1 GW Thor wind farm off Danish coast |url=https://www.spglobal.com/platts/en/market-insights/latest-news/electric-power/120121-rwe-secures-concession-for-1-gw-thor-wind-farm-off-danish-coast |website=spglobal.com |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211204093649/https://www.spglobal.com/platts/en/market-insights/latest-news/electric-power/120121-rwe-secures-concession-for-1-gw-thor-wind-farm-off-danish-coast |archive-date=4 December 2021 |language=en |date=1 December 2021 |url-status=live}}{{cite web |last1=Foxwell |first1=David |title=RWE wins contract to build Thor, Denmark's largest offshore windfarm |url=https://www.rivieramm.com/news-content-hub/rwe-wins-contract-to-build-thor-denmarks-largest-offshore-windfarm-68738 |website=Riviera |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209162023/https://www.rivieramm.com/news-content-hub/rwe-wins-contract-to-build-thor-denmarks-largest-offshore-windfarm-68738 |archive-date=9 December 2021 |language=En |date=1 December 2021 |url-status=live}} The similar bids raised questions about the suitability of the auction.{{cite web |last1=Richard |first1=Craig |title='We need new auction model after Thor offshore wind lottery' – Wind Denmark |url=https://www.windpowermonthly.com/article/1736129/we-need-new-auction-model-thor-offshore-wind-lottery-%E2%80%93-wind-denmark |website=windpowermonthly.com |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211218225807/https://www.windpowermonthly.com/article/1736129/we-need-new-auction-model-thor-offshore-wind-lottery-%E2%80%93-wind-denmark |archive-date=18 December 2021 |language=en |date=17 December 2021 |url-status=live}} Three days after the auction, the Parliament agreed on a further 2 GW offshore wind by 2031 due to the success of the Thor auction.{{cite web |title=Partier er enige om at fordoble strøm fra havvind |url=https://www.kristeligt-dagblad.dk/danmark/partier-er-enige-om-fordoble-stroem-fra-havvind |website=Ritzau |publisher=Kristeligt Dagblad |language=da |date=4 December 2021}}

In early June 2023, an agreement was made by Germany and Denmark to link the Danish island of Bornholm's wind energy producing capacity to the mainland by the early 2030s, with a minimum capacity of 3 gigawatts.{{Cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/germany-denmark-sign-offshore-wind-power-cooperation-deal-2023-06-01/ | title=Germany, Denmark sign offshore wind power cooperation deal | website=www.reuters.com | publisher=Reuters| date=2023-06-01}}

{{external media

|image1= [https://ing.dk/sites/ing/files/soendervig_strand_vattenfalls_visualisering.jpg Visualization of North Sea nearshore turbines], near Hvide Sande }}

In addition 6 nearshore wind farms with a total capacity of up to 450 MW are scheduled along with 50 MW of experimental offshore wind farms. The nearshore differ from conventional offshore in having the being close enough to the coast to have the transformer on land, decreasing cost. The first 350 MW were called for tenders in 2015, with a maximum price of 70 øre/kWh.Wittrup, Sanne. "[http://ing.dk/artikel/discount-udbud-af-350-mw-havmoeller-skudt-i-gang-174270 Discount-udbud af 350 MW havmøller skudt i gang ]" Ingeniøren, 20 February 2015. Retrieved 22 February 2015.{{Cite web |url=http://www.ens.dk/sites/ens.dk/files/supply/renewable-energy/wind-power/offshore-wind-power/new-nearshore-wind-tenders/enotices_ach-2015-024183-f10-en.pdf |title=New nearshore wind tenders |access-date=22 February 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150222232833/http://www.ens.dk/sites/ens.dk/files/supply/renewable-energy/wind-power/offshore-wind-power/new-nearshore-wind-tenders/enotices_ach-2015-024183-f10-en.pdf |archive-date=22 February 2015 |url-status=dead }}{{Cite web |url=http://www.ens.dk/undergrund-forsyning/vedvarende-energi/vindkraft-vindmoller/havvindmoller/kystnaere-havmolleparker |title=Kystnære havvindmøller | Energistyrelsen |access-date=24 January 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160122163224/http://www.ens.dk/undergrund-forsyning/vedvarende-energi/vindkraft-vindmoller/havvindmoller/kystnaere-havmolleparker |archive-date=22 January 2016 |url-status=dead }} Vattenfall bid the lowest price for the 350 MW nearshore farms at 47,5 øre/kWh in September 2016,{{cite web|url=https://ing.dk/artikel/rekordlav-pris-vattenfall-vinder-kystmoelleudbud-med-475-oere-pr-kwh-186741 |title=Rekordlav pris: Vattenfall vinder kystmølleudbud med 47,5 øre pr. kWh|work=Ingeniøren |date=12 September 2016|access-date=12 September 2016}} but the political situation was unclear.{{cite web|url=https://ing.dk/artikel/analyse-350-mw-kystmoeller-klemt-hoejpolitisk-spil-186702 |title=ANALYSE: 350 MW kystmøller klemt i højpolitisk spil|work=Ingeniøren |date=12 September 2016|access-date=12 September 2016}}

In addition to the offshore projects, a further 500 MW additional net capacity of onshore windfarms is expected to be constructed until 2020. The 500 MW of additional net capacity is the expected result of the scrapping of 1,300 MW capacity from obsolete wind turbines combined with the simultaneous building of 1,800 MW capacity of modern wind turbines – a process also known as repowering.{{cite web |url=http://www.kebmin.dk/sites/kebmin.dk/files/klima-energi-bygningspolitik/dansk-klima-energi-bygningspolitik/energiaftale/Faktaark%203%20Udbygning%20med%20vind.pdf |title=Markant udbygning af vindenergi |language=da |publisher=Klima-, Energi- og Bygningsministeriet |date=27 March 2012 |access-date=20 April 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140421082550/http://www.kebmin.dk/sites/kebmin.dk/files/klima-energi-bygningspolitik/dansk-klima-energi-bygningspolitik/energiaftale/Faktaark%203%20Udbygning%20med%20vind.pdf |archive-date=21 April 2014 |url-status=dead }}

In 2020, Denmark produced 16.3 TWh of wind power, of which 15 TWh (91.8%) were consumed in Denmark, measured hourly. A further 0.8 TWh of wind power were imported.{{cite web |title=Miljødeklarering af 1 kWh el, 2020 |url=https://energinet.dk/-/media/675C0B04547A4F75930A130E8346E266.pdf |publisher=Energinet.dk |date=1 June 2021}}

In 2017, annual wind power production corresponded to about 43% of electricity consumed in Denmark.{{Cite web|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/newslens/2018/0111/932573-denmark-wind-farm/ |title = Denmark on track to have 50% renewable energy by 2030|publisher = Raidió Teilifís Éireann|date = 11 January 2018}} The proportion of this that is actually consumed in Denmark has been disputed, as the larger hydropower resources of Norway (and to some extent, Sweden) is used as grid storage with low loss. Hydropower can rapidly reduce generation whenever wind farms are generating power, saving water for later, and can export electricity to Denmark when wind power output drops. Short term, Denmark imports electricity from Norway during daytime and exports in nighttime. Long term, Denmark imports electricity in summer and exports in winter. Wind is higher in autumn and winter, when consumption is also high. This service of timeshifting production and consumption is also found around the world in pumped-storage hydroelectricity balancing coal and nuclear plants.

For timeshifting trade with Norway, Denmark exports at DKK 157/MWh and imports at DKK 212/MWh. The correlation is low between wind power in Norway and Denmark.Hannele Holttinen, Simo Rissanen, Xiaoli Larsen, Anne Line Løvholm. "[http://www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/technology/2013/T96.pdf Wind and load variability in the Nordic countries]" pages 20, 25, 53. VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, 2013. Quote: "correlation between Finland and Denmark, and Norway and Denmark is almost non-existent"
"Wind power production is higher during autumn and winter in all countries and the Nordic region."
"in Denmark where the production is at the highest level in the afternoons from 1 to 5 pm" Market price sometimes falls to near or below zero, particularly in high winds and low consumption.{{cite press release

|url = http://www.nordpoolspot.com/Market_Information/Exchange-information/No162009-Nord-Pool-Spot-implements-negative-price-floor-in-Elspot-from-October-2009-/

|title = Nord Pool Spot implements negative price floor in Elspot from October 2009

|date = 4 February 2009

|publisher = Nord Pool Spot

|access-date = 14 April 2010

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100815210621/http://www.nordpoolspot.com//Market_Information//Exchange-information//No162009-Nord-Pool-Spot-implements-negative-price-floor-in-Elspot-from-October-2009-/

|archive-date = 15 August 2010

|url-status = dead

}} In 2014, there were 46 hours with negative prices, costing DKK 37.7 million.{{cite web|url=http://ing.dk/artikel/elkunder-betalte-377-millioner-kr-til-overfloedig-groen-stroem-i-2014-174129 |title=Elkunder betalte 37,7 millioner kr. til overflødig grøn strøm i 2014|work=Ingeniøren|date=16 February 2015}} In 2015, negative prices occurred in 65 hours in West Denmark and 36 hours in East Denmark – less than 1% of the time. Danish prices are mainly negative when German prices are even more negative;{{cite web |title=2021 slår rekord i grøn strøm fra solen |url=https://energinet.dk/Om-nyheder/Nyheder/2021/12/31/Sol-slog-rekord-i-2021 |website=energinet.dk |language=da}} 90% of curtailment happens as a request from German power producers, and represents 2% (or DKK 80 million in 2018) of wind power production.{{cite web |last1=Hinrichsen |first1=Michael Bilde |title=Stoppede vindmøller er kommet for at blive {{!}} Dansk Energi |url=https://www.danskenergi.dk/nyheder/stoppede-vindmoeller-er-kommet-blive |website=www.danskenergi.dk |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211030224336/https://www.danskenergi.dk/nyheder/stoppede-vindmoeller-er-kommet-blive |archive-date=30 October 2021 |language=da |date=4 December 2019 |url-status=live}} In most years, curtailment mainly happened at thermal power plants, but became mostly by wind turbines in 2020.{{cite web |title=Statistik over specialregulering |url=https://energinet.dk/El/Systemydelser/Nyheder-om-systemydelser/Statistik-over-specialregulering-2020 |website=energinet.dk |language=da |date=11 January 2021 }} In 2019, Germany paid for curtailment of 420 GWh of Danish wind power, and the number increased to 1,463 GWh in 2020 (plus 1,066 GWh for thermal power), earning DKK 522 million.{{cite web |last1=Andreasen Rasch |first1=Sebastian |title=Når tyskerne betaler: Mere end tre gange så meget vindmøllestrøm gik til spilde i 2020 |url=https://www.tvmidtvest.dk/midt-og-vestjylland/naar-tyskerne-betaler-mere-end-tre-gange-saa-meget-vindmoellestroem-gik-til-spilde-i-2020 |website=TV MIDTVEST |language=da |date=28 January 2021 }}

The 24-hour period of 2 September 2015 was the first occasion when most electricity came from wind, and no central power plants were running in West Denmark, while grid stability was maintained by compensators.

Denmark is generally a transit country for electricity trade between the much larger markets in Norway, Sweden, Germany and Netherlands (COBRAcable),[http://www.energinet.dk/DA/El/Nyheder/Sider/TyskeelprisersmitterafiVestdanmark.aspx Tyske elpriser smitter af i Vestdanmark] {{Webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160308130049/http://www.energinet.dk/DA/El/Nyheder/Sider/TyskeelprisersmitterafiVestdanmark.aspx |date=8 March 2016 }} Energinet.dk, 19. november 2010[https://www.energinet.dk/DA/KLIMA-OG-MILJOE/Miljoerapportering/Sider/Import-og-eksport.aspx Import og eksport] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308120711/https://www.energinet.dk/DA/KLIMA-OG-MILJOE/Miljoerapportering/Sider/Import-og-eksport.aspx |date=8 March 2016 }} Energinet.dk, 30 April 2015 and plans to add cables to England (Viking Link) as well, further increasing the function of being a crossroads for electricity.

From 2005 to 2010, claims of up to 40% of wind power being exported have been made{{who|date=December 2021}},

{{cite web

|url= http://www.wind-watch.org/documents/wp-content/uploads/dk-analysis-wind.pdf

|title= Analysis of Wind Power in the Danish Electricity Supply in 2005 and 2006

|date= 8 October 2007|publisher= Techconsult

|quote= It is often said that wind power covers ca. 20% of Danish electricity consumption. It is more correct to say that the production of power by Danish wind turbines corresponds to about 20% of electricity demand. But a considerable part of the wind energy produced is exported to neighbouring countries and thus does not cover any part of Danish electricity consumption. (...) For the whole country the degree of cover in 2005 was 13.6% (not 18.7% as stated by the Wind Turbine Industry), and in 2006 it was 10.3%, not 17%.

|access-date= 4 April 2009 }} Translation of "Analyse af Vindkraft i Dansk Elforsyning 2005 og 2006", [http://www.wind-watch.org/documents/analysis-of-wind-power-in-the-danish-electricity-supply-in-2005-and-2006/ Summary].{{cite journal|url= http://www.thomastelford.com/journals/DocumentLibrary/CIEN.158.2.66.pdf|title= Why Wind Power Works in Denmark|last= Sharman|first= Hugh|date= May 2005|journal= Proceedings of ICE, Civil Engineering|publisher= Thomas Telford, Ltd.|pages= 66–72|access-date= 4 April 2009|archive-date= 29 January 2011|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110129080102/http://www.thomastelford.com/journals/DocumentLibrary/CIEN.158.2.66.pdf|url-status= dead}} countered by claims that only 1% was exported.{{harvnb|Lund|2010|pp=20–21}} "the wind export in 2008 was only 61 GWh, equal to approx. 1 percent of the wind power production"

According to the first argument, power in excess of immediate demand is exported to neighbouring countries at lower prices. Part of the benefit of this goes to Denmark's northern neighbours: when Denmark exports power, it is sold at the spot market price which must be lower than at the importing market to be transmitted.

According to the second argument, the correlation between exports and wind power is weak, and a similar correlation exists with conventional thermal plants running partly for district heating; meanwhile, causal analysis shows that export from Denmark typically occurs as a consequence of the merit order effect, when large thermal plants have reserve capacities at times the spot market price of electricity is high.

In any case, the export price is the intermediate between the prices of the two areas, so the exporting TSO (Energinet) uses the profit to relieve tariffs[http://www.nordpoolspot.com/reports/Bottleneck-income/ TSO Congestion rent] {{webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101121094120/http://nordpoolspot.com/reports/Bottleneck-income/ |date=21 November 2010 }} Nord Pool Spot. Retrieved 24 September 2010. at around DKK 500 million per year.[http://politiken.dk/oekonomi/2050/energi/ECE2842978/danske-forbrugere-tjener-styrtende-paa-vindstroem/ Danske forbrugere tjener styrtende på vindstrøm] Politiken, 16 September 2015. Wind power organisations state that Denmark exports power at a higher price than it imports at."[https://web.archive.org/web/20130914130523/http://www.videnomvind.dk/nyhedsarkiv/vi-saelger-vores-el-dyrere-end-vi-koeber-den,-naar-vi-handler-med-vores-nabolande.aspx Denmark sells power at a higher price than we buy]" VidenOmVind, 25 May 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2013.

File:Vestas Turbine.JPG

The Danish wind turbine industry is the world's largest.{{Citation needed|date=February 2017}} Around 90% of the national output is exported, and Danish companies accounted for 38% of the world turbine market in 2003, when the industry employed some 20,000 people and had a turnover of around 3 billion euro.[http://www.scandinavica.com/culture/nature/wind.htm The world's leader in Wind Power], Scandinavica.com, published 2004. Retrieved 22 June 2007. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125015219/http://www.scandinavica.com/culture/nature/wind.htm |date=25 January 2018 }} The return on investment dropped from near 20% before the financial crisis, to 10% some years later.{{cite web|url=http://finans.dk/finans/erhverv/ECE8031837/Indtjeningsfest-i-vindm%C3%B8lleindustrien/?ctxref=ext|title=Indtjeningsfest i vindmølleindustrien|author=KASPER BRØNDGAARD ANDERSEN|date=20 September 2015}}[http://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/dk/Documents/financial-services/Analyse-vindm%C3%B8llebranchen-2014-Deloitte.pdf Analyse af leverandører til vindindustrien. Markedsudvikling 2013] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094015/http://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/dk/Documents/financial-services/Analyse-vindm%C3%B8llebranchen-2014-Deloitte.pdf |date=4 March 2016 }}, page 5. Deloitte The Danish wind turbine industry had a turnover of DKK 84 billion in 2014.{{cite web|url=http://ing.dk/artikel/vindmoellebranchen-tilbage-paa-sporet-efter-krisen-176438|title=Vindmøllebranchen tilbage på sporet efter krisen|work=Ingeniøren|date=28 May 2015}}

The biggest wind turbine manufacturers with production facilities in Denmark are Vestas and Siemens Wind Power.{{Citation needed|date=February 2017}}

The development of wind power in Denmark has been characterised by a close collaboration between publicly financed research and industry in key areas such as research and development, certification, testing, and the preparation of standards.{{cite web

|url = http://risoe.dk/Research/sustainable_energy/wind_energy.aspx

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071012050431/http://risoe.dk/Research/sustainable_energy/wind_energy.aspx

|url-status = dead

|archive-date = 12 October 2007

|title = Wind energy: A visionary match

|publisher = Risø National Laboratory

|access-date = 31 July 2010

}} For example, in the 1980s, a large number of small Danish companies were developing wind turbines to sell to California, and the Danish Risø laboratory provided test facilities and certification procedures. These resulted in reliable products and the rapid expansion of the Danish turbine manufacturing industry.Boyle, 2004, p. 414. Components are tested at LORC in Odense, and new large prototype turbines between 4–8 MW (including some non-Danish ones) are being tested at Østerild. Limited production turbines (four Siemens 7MW with 66kV cabling) are to be supported at Nissum Bredning at a cost of DKK 300m, partially financed by local people.Korsgaard Nielsen, Michael. "[http://www.business.dk/energi/vestjyder-faar-havvindmoellepark-til-300-mio.-kroner Vestjyder får havvindmøllepark til 300 mio. kroner]" Berlingske, 10 February 2016{{Cite web|url=https://www.4coffshore.com/windfarms/nissum-bredning-denmark-dk44.html|title=Nissum Bredning Vind Offshore Wind Farm - Fully Commissioned - Denmark | 4C Offshore|website=www.4coffshore.com}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.4coffshore.com/news/danish-pilot-to-cut-operating-costs-nid3286.html|title=Danish pilot to cut operating costs|website=4c Offshore}}

{{ external media

| float =right

| image1 =[https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/images/d/d6/Electricity_prices_for_non-household_consumers%2C_first_half_2019_%28EUR_per_kWh%29.png EU industry electricity prices]

| image2 =[https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/images/3/34/Electricity_prices_for_household_consumers%2C_first_half_2019_%28EUR_per_kWh%29F1.png EU household electricity prices]

}}

{{Pie chart

| thumb = right

| caption = How price of consumer electricity is composed

| other =

| label1 =Cost

| value1 =32

| color1 =yellow

| label2 =PSO

| value2 =9

| color2 =aqua

| label3 =Tolls and VAT

| value3 =59

| color3 =brown

}}

Denmark's electricity costs (including PSO; costs for cleaner energy) are average in the EU,[http://www.ens.dk/sites/ens.dk/files/energistyrelsen/Nyheder/2015/notat_elprismetode_30062015_web.pdf Forbedring af den nationale elprisstatistik for erhverv] page 7. Danish Energy Agency[https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Electricity_price_statistics#Electricity_prices_for_household_consumers Electricity price statistics] EuroStat, November 2019[http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/images/a/ad/Halfyearly_electricity_prices_%28EUR_kWh%29.png Electricity prices (table)] Eurostat, October 2015 but taxes increase the price to the highest in Europe.[https://web.archive.org/web/20150105081258/http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Electricity_and_natural_gas_price_statistics Electricity and natural gas price statistics] EuroStat, May 2015. The tax money is a considerable income for the state, and changing the composition of the taxes towards a "greener" mix is difficult. According to a government official, the majority of taxes are not based on environment concerns,{{cite web|url=https://ing.dk/artikel/baggrund-derfor-er-omlaegning-af-energiafgifter-en-svaer-oevelse-183416 |title=Derfor er omlægning af energiafgifter en svær øvelse|work=Ingeniøren|date=12 April 2016|access-date=17 April 2016|quote=The main part of tolls are not based on environment concerns}} in contrast to the DKK 5 billion per year in PSO-money for cleaner energy, paid by electricity consumers to producers of clean electricity. These tolls are not available for government consumption."[http://www.ens.dk/sites/ens.dk/files/energistyrelsen/Nyheder/2014/pso-fremskrivning_2014_19052014.pdf Fremskrivning af PSO-udgifter]" page 6+17. Danish Energy Agency, 19 May 2014. Retrieved 17 January 2015.

Actual consumer-paid incentives (PSO) to new wind turbines depend on year of commission, but is generally around 25 øre (3.4 eurocent) per kWh for a limited number of hours, although support is discounted if combined price exceeds 58 øre/kWh. PSO is also used for biomass, solar, and district heating; total PSO was DKK 5.8 billion in 2013, of which DKK 3.2 billion went to wind power. In 2015, the cost of power was only 32% of the price, while PSO was 9%, and tolls and VAT the remaining 59%.[http://csr.dk/afgiftsstruktur-g%C3%B8r-el-langt-dyrere-end-olie Afgiftsstruktur gør el langt dyrere end olie] CSR.dk, 29 February 2016 In 2021, the Thor offshore contract was the first time a developer had to pay connection costs in Denmark, and also pay the state.

Wind power displaces coal, oil and gas to some degree, reducing running cost for fossil fuels. Consumption of coal was more than halved from 1990 to 2020.[http://www.ens.dk/sites/ens.dk/files/info/tal-kort/statistik-noegletal/aarlig-energistatistik/energistatistik_2014.pdf Energy statistics, 2014] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121123923/http://www.ens.dk/sites/ens.dk/files/info/tal-kort/statistik-noegletal/aarlig-energistatistik/energistatistik_2014.pdf |date=21 January 2016 }} page 12 Wind power reduces price variability slightly.Mauritzen, Johannes. "[http://hdl.handle.net/11250/164251 Windonomics : empirical essays on the economics of wind power in the Nordic electricity market]" page 32. Thesis from Norwegian School of Economics, 2012. [http://brage.bibsys.no/xmlui/handle/11250/164250 Handle page]. Quote: "wind power has the effect of lowering intraday variability for both the entire Nordic system price as well as in the two Danish price areas"

;Criticism

In 2009, the think tank Institute for Energy Research (IER) commissioned the Danish think-tank CEPOS (Centre for Political Studies) to report on electricity exports from Denmark and the economic impact of the Danish wind industry. The resulting report states that Danes pay the highest residential electricity rates in the European Union (mostly for government revenue, but partly to subsidise wind power), and that the cost of saving a ton of carbon dioxide between 2001 and 2008 has averaged 647 DKK (€87, US$124). It also estimated that 90% of wind industry jobs were transferred from other technology industries, and states that as a result Danish GDP is 1.8 billion DKK (US$270 million) lower than it would have been without wind industry subsidies of 1.7–2.6 billion DKK (roughly $320M – $480M) yearly in 2001–2005.{{cite web |url=http://www.cepos.dk/fileadmin/user_upload/Arkiv/PDF/Wind_energy_-_the_case_of_Denmark.pdf |title=Wind Energy: The Case of Denmark |access-date=17 August 2010 |first1=Hugh |last1=Sharman |first2=Henrik |last2=Meyer |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100521003920/http://www.cepos.dk/fileadmin/user_upload/Arkiv/PDF/Wind_energy_-_the_case_of_Denmark.pdf |archive-date=21 May 2010 |url-status=dead }}

The report was later heavily criticised.{{Cite web|url=https://jv.dk/artikel/kul-og-olielobby-betalte-cepos-rapport-2010-3-18 |title=Kul- og olielobby betalte Cepos-rapport|last=Ritzau|date=18 March 2010 |website=jv.dk|language=en|access-date=15 January 2020}}

The Danish engineering magazine Ingeniøren claimed that the report was ordered and paid for by the American oil and coal lobby through IER.Andersen, Kasper Brøndgaard. "[http://ing.dk/artikel/omstridt-cepos-rapport-var-betalt-af-kul-og-olielobby-107415 Omstridt CEPOS-rapport var betalt af kul- og olielobby] [https://translate.google.dk/translate?sl=da&tl=en&js=y&prev=_t&hl=da&ie=UTF-8&u=http%3A%2F%2Fing.dk%2Fartikel%2Fomstridt-cepos-rapport-var-betalt-af-kul-og-olielobby-107415&edit-text= Disputed CEPOS report was paid for by coal and oil lobby] Ingeniøren, 18 March 2010. Retrieved January 2015.

Later, several Danish researchers and professors from all technical universities in Denmark wrote a joint response to the report, refuting it.{{harvnb|Lund|2010|pp=}} "the results of the CEPOS study are in general not correct"{{Cite web |url=http://www.energyplanning.aau.dk/Publications/DanishWindPowerPFB.pdf |title=Danish Wind Power - Export and Cost |access-date=13 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123151701/http://www.energyplanning.aau.dk/Publications/DanishWindPowerPFB.pdf |archive-date=23 November 2015 |url-status=dead }}

The report from CEPOS was even brought to government level, where minister of Climate and Energy Lykke Friis discredited the work done by CEPOS and the report.Andersen, Kasper Brøndgaard. "[http://ing.dk/artikel/107463-lykke-friis-cepos-rapport-giver-fortegnet-billede-af-vindkraft Lykke Friis: CEPOS-rapport giver »fortegnet« billede af vindkraft] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211211208/http://ing.dk/artikel/107463-lykke-friis-cepos-rapport-giver-fortegnet-billede-af-vindkraft |date=11 February 2011 }} Ingeniøren, 19 March 2010. Retrieved January 2015.

The World Nuclear Association estimates that the report was IER's response to US president Obama's 2009 Earth Day speech in Newton, Iowa, claiming that the United States could generate 20% of its electricity from wind by 2030, as Denmark already was.{{cite web|url=http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Country-Profiles/Countries-A-F/Denmark/ |title=Nuclear Energy in Denmark

|publisher= World Nuclear Association|access-date=7 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305010703/http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-a-f/denmark.aspx |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=live

|quote=the CEPOS report was funded by American Institute of Energy Research .. and seems to be aimed at addressing the analogy made by President Barack Obama in his 22 April 2009 Earth Day speech, where he cited the example of Denmark and claimed that, by 2030, the USA could generate 20% of its electricity from wind}}Obama, Barack. "[https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-newton-ia Remarks by the President in Newton, IA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126115050/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-newton-ia |date=2017-01-26 }}" White House Office of the Press Secretary, 22 April 2009. Quote: "Even as we're conserving energy, we need to change the way we produce energy.

Today, America produces less than 3 percent of our electricity through renewable sources like wind and solar – less than 3 percent. Now, in comparison, Denmark produces almost 20 percent of their electricity through wind power."

{{Main|Wind turbine cooperative}}

To encourage investment in wind power, families were offered a tax exemption for generating their own electricity within their own or an adjoining municipality.{{cite web|author=Paul Gipe|title= Community-Owned Wind Development in Germany, Denmark, and the Netherlands |url= http://www.wind-works.org/cms/index.php?id=61&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=506&cHash=fcb13537bd5b8ec990858ce72560f0e2|publisher = Wind Works|year = 1996|access-date=21 June 2007}} While this could involve purchasing a turbine outright, more often families purchased shares in wind turbine cooperatives which in turn invested in community wind turbines. By 1996 there were around 2,100 such cooperatives in the country. Opinion polls show that this direct involvement has helped the popularity of wind turbines, with some 86% of Danes supporting wind energy when compared with existing fuel sources.

The role of wind turbine cooperatives is not limited to single turbines. The Middelgrunden offshore wind farm – with 20 turbines the world's largest offshore farm at the time it was built in 2000 – is 50% owned by the 10,000 investors in the Middelgrunden Wind Turbine Cooperative, and 50% by the municipal utility company,{{cite web |author1=Hans Christian Sørensen |author2=Lars Kjeld Hansen |author3=Jens H. Mølgaard Larsen |title=Middelgrunden 40 MW offshore wind farm Denmark: Lessons Learned |url=http://www.emu-consult.dk/includes/middelgrunden_munich.pdf |publisher=SPOK Consult |year=2002 |access-date=21 June 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060820062226/http://www.emu-consult.dk/includes/middelgrunden_munich.pdf |archive-date=20 August 2006 }} as is the Avedøre near-shore turbines.

By 2001 over 100,000 families belonged to wind turbine cooperatives, which had installed 86% of all the wind turbines in Denmark.{{cite web|author=Jens H. Larsen, Copenhagen Environment and Energy Office|title= The world's largest off-shore windfarm, Middelgrunden 40 MW |url= http://www.middelgrunden.dk/MG_UK/news/updated_news.htm|publisher = Middelgrunden Wind Turbine Co-operative|year = 2001|access-date=21 June 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070817144938/http://middelgrunden.dk/MG_UK/news/updated_news.htm |archive-date = 17 August 2007}} By 2004 over 150,000 were either members or owned turbines, and about 5,500 turbines had been installed, although with greater private sector involvement the proportion owned by cooperatives had fallen to 75%. The cooperative model has also spread to Germany and the Netherlands.

The island of Samsø erected 11 one-megawatt, land-based wind turbines in 2000, followed by ten offshore 2.3 MW wind turbines completed in 2003. Together with other renewable energy measures, this community of 4,200 achieved fame,Kolbert, Elizabeth. (7 January 2009) [http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/07/07/080707fa_fact_kolbert?currentPage=all A Reporter at Large: The Island in the Wind]. The New Yorker. Retrieved 2011-06-11. claiming that it is the largest carbon neutral settlement on the planet.[http://www.dw.com/en/denmarks-carbon-neutral-island/a-15419440 Denmark's carbon-neutral island], Deutsche Welle, 27 September 2011

This claim exploits the general understanding that one can neglect carbon-dioxide and other pollution from fossil fuel consumption (cars, imported electricity, heating for houses, etc.), If the yearly average electricity production from sustained sources is higher than the total energy consumed.{{citation needed|date=January 2015}} However, the government of Samsø is addressing the fossil fuel consumption issue in motoring – they've decided that all traffic on Samsø is to go electric.

{{Portal|Denmark|Energy|Renewable energy}}

{{div col|colwidth=25em}}

• List of offshore wind farms in Denmark
• List of offshore wind farms in the North Sea
• List of offshore wind farms in the Baltic Sea
• Vestas V164
• Renewable energy in Denmark
• Energy in Denmark
• Electricity sector in Denmark
• Solar power in Denmark
• Biofuel in Denmark
• Hydrogen energy plant in Denmark
• Danish Organisation for Renewable Energy (OVE)
• Nordic energy market

{{div col end}}

{{Reflist|30em}}

• {{cite book

|last=Lund |first=Henrik|title=Danish Wind Power Export and Cost

|url=https://vbn.aau.dk/files/38593365/Danish_Wind_Power_Export_and%20Cost.pdf

|series=CEESA (Coherent Energy and Environmental System Analysis) Research Project

|isbn=978-87-91830-40-2

|date=19 February 2010

|publisher=Department of Development and Planning, Aalborg University

|access-date=2 November 2011

|display-authors=etal}}

• Lindboe, Hans Henrik&, János Hethey. "[http://www.dkvind.dk/html/nyheder/2014/pdf/041114_rapport.pdf Vindintegration i Danmark]" Ea Energianalyse, November 2014. Retrieved January 2015. [http://www.ea-energianalyse.dk/projects-danish/1424_integration_af_vindkraft.html Source] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119095338/http://www.ea-energianalyse.dk/projects-danish/1424_integration_af_vindkraft.html |date=19 January 2016 }}

• Petersen, Flemming (2018). Da Danmark fik vinger: vindmøllehistorien 1978–2018 {{ISBN|8789270053}}, {{ISBN|9788789270050}}
• Boyle, Godfrey (2004). Renewable energy: Power for a sustainable future, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-926178-4}}

{{Commons category}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20180714210820/http://www.windpower.org/en/ Danish Wind Industry Association]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20070710190331/http://www.nawindpower.com/naw/e107_plugins/content/content.php?content.921 NREL Signs MOU With Riso National Laboratory]
• [http://www.windsofchange.dk Danish Wind Energy development 1975–1995 by Blade Pioneer Erik Grove-Nielsen]
• {{cite web

|url = http://www.cepos.dk/fileadmin/user_upload/Arkiv/PDF/Wind_energy_-_the_case_of_Denmark.pdf

|title = Wind Energy — The Case of Denmark

|last = Sharman

|first = Hugh

|date = September 2009

|publisher = Center for Politiske Studier (CEPOS)

|access-date = 14 April 2010

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100521003920/http://www.cepos.dk/fileadmin/user_upload/Arkiv/PDF/Wind_energy_-_the_case_of_Denmark.pdf

|archive-date = 21 May 2010

|url-status = dead

}}

{{Wind power by country}}

{{Portal bar|Denmark|Renewable energy}}