Wolio language

{{Short description|Austronesian language spoken in Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia}}

{{Infobox language

|name=Wolio

|altname=Buton

|nativename=

|state=Indonesia

|region=Sulawesi

|speakers=65,000

|date=2004

|ref=e18

|familycolor=Austronesian

|fam2=Malayo-Polynesian

|fam3=Celebic

|fam4=Wotu–Wolio

|fam5=Wolio–Kamaru

|script=Buri Wolio (Arabic script)

|iso3=wlo

|glotto=woli1241

|glottorefname=Wolio

|notice=IPA

}}

Wolio is an Austronesian language spoken in and around Baubau on Buton Island, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. It belongs to the Wotu–Wolio branch of the Celebic subgroup.{{sfnp|Donohue|2004|p=33}}{{sfnp|Mead|2003|p=135}} Also known as Buton, it is a trade language and the former court language of the Sultan at Baubau. Today it is an official regional language; street signs are written in the Buri Wolio alphabet, based on the Arabic script.

Wolio has lexical borrowings from Malay, Arabic, and Dutch.{{sfnp|Anceaux|1988|pp=1}} Local languages of eastern Indonesia, such as Bugis, Makasar, and Ternate, have also been influential.{{sfnp|Anceaux|Grimes|van den Berg|1995|pp=574}} The name "Buton", which also refers generically to various ethnic and linguistic groups of the Buton area,{{sfnp|Anceaux|Grimes|van den Berg|1995|pp=573}} is said to be of Ternatese origin (butu, ‘market; marketplace’).{{Citation |first = Leontine E. |last = Visser |title = The Historical Paths of Sahu Ceremonial Textiles |journal = Archipel. Études interdisciplinaires sur le monde insulindien |year = 2019 |oclc = 8599457798 |issn = 0044-8613 |volume = 98 |pages = 121–150 |doi = 10.4000/archipel.1560 |quote = The island was their “market” or butu in Ternate language. Thus the island became known as Buton.}}{{Citation |first = Leontine E. |last = Visser |year = 1989 | editor-first = Mattiebelle |editor-last = Gittinger |chapter = Foreign Textiles in Sahu Culture |pages = 80–90 |title = To Speak with Cloth: Studies in Indonesian Textiles |url = https://archive.org/details/tospeakwithcloth0000unse |chapter-url = https://archive.org/details/tospeakwithcloth0000unse/page/84 |isbn = 978-0-930741-17-4 |oclc = 20970370 |location = Los Angeles | publisher = Museum of Cultural History, University of California | quote = Because of its strategic geographical position, Buton served as a major stopping place for military and merchant vessels, whence it got the name of “market” after the Ternate word butu for marketplace. }}

Phonology

The five vowels are {{IPA|/i e a o u/}}. The consonant system is characterized by the presence of prenasalized stops, which are treated as a single sound in Wolio.{{sfnp|Anceaux|1988|pp=4–5}}

class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" \|+caption \| Consonants
colspan=3\| ! Labial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal
colspan=3 \| Nasal \| {{IPA link\|m}} \| {{IPA link\|n}} \| {{IPA link\|ɲ}} \| {{IPA link\|ŋ}} \|
rowspan=5\| Plosive ! rowspan=2\| {{small\|voiceless}} ! {{small\|plain}} \| {{IPA link\|p}} \| {{IPA link\|t}} \| {{IPA link\|c}} \| {{IPA link\|k}} \| {{IPA link\|ʔ}}
{{small\|prenasalized}} \| {{IPA\|ᵐp}} \| {{IPA\|ⁿt}} \| {{IPA\|ᶮc}} \| {{IPA\|ᵑk}} \|
rowspan=3\| {{small\|voiced}} ! {{small\|plain}} \| {{IPA link\|b}} \| {{IPA link\|d}} \| {{IPA link\|ɟ}} \| {{IPA link\|g}} \|
{{small\|prenasalized}} \| {{IPA\|ᵐb}} \| {{IPA\|ⁿd}} \| {{IPA\|ᶮɟ}} \| {{IPA\|ᵑg}} \|
{{small\|implosive}} \| {{IPA link\|ɓ}} \| {{IPA link\|ɗ}} \| \| \|
rowspan=2 \| Fricative ! colspan=2 \| {{small\|voiceless}} \| {{IPA link\|f}} \| {{IPA link\|s}} \| \| \| {{IPA link\|h}}
colspan=2 \| {{small\|voiced}} \| {{IPA link\|v}} \| \| \| \|
colspan=3 \| Trill \| \| {{IPA link\|r}} \| \| \|
colspan=3 \| Lateral \| \| {{IPA link\|l}} \| \| \|

class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

|+caption | Consonants

colspan=3|

! Labial

! Alveolar

! Palatal

! Velar

! Glottal

colspan=3 | Nasal

| {{IPA link|m}}

| {{IPA link|n}}

| {{IPA link|ɲ}}

| {{IPA link|ŋ}}

rowspan=5| Plosive

! rowspan=2| {{small|voiceless}}

! {{small|plain}}

| {{IPA link|p}}

| {{IPA link|t}}

| {{IPA link|c}}

| {{IPA link|k}}

| {{IPA link|ʔ}}

| {{IPA|ᵐp}}

| {{IPA|ⁿt}}

| {{IPA|ᶮc}}

| {{IPA|ᵑk}}

rowspan=3| {{small|voiced}}

! {{small|plain}}

| {{IPA link|b}}

| {{IPA link|d}}

| {{IPA link|ɟ}}

| {{IPA link|g}}

| {{IPA|ᵐb}}

| {{IPA|ⁿd}}

| {{IPA|ᶮɟ}}

| {{IPA|ᵑg}}

| {{IPA link|ɓ}}

| {{IPA link|ɗ}}

rowspan=2 | Fricative

! colspan=2 | {{small|voiceless}}

| {{IPA link|f}}

| {{IPA link|s}}

| {{IPA link|h}}

colspan=2 | {{small|voiced}}

| {{IPA link|v}}

colspan=3 | Trill

| {{IPA link|r}}

colspan=3 | Lateral

| {{IPA link|l}}

{{IPA|/b, d, f/}} are found in loans, mostly from Arabic.{{sfnp|Anceaux|1988|p=6}}

Stress is on the penultimate syllable, and only open syllables are allowed.{{sfnp|Anceaux|1988|p=9}}

Grammar

Wolio personal pronouns have one independent form, and three bound forms.{{sfnp|Anceaux|1988|pp=25;27;34;36;42}}

	independent	actor	object	possessive
class="wikitable" \|+caption \| Personal pronouns
1.sg. \| {{lang\|wlo\|iaku}} \|\| {{lang\|wlo\|ku-}} \|\| {{lang\|wlo
aku}}	{{lang\|wlo
ngku}}
1.pl. incl. \| {{lang\|wlo\|ingkita}} \|\| {{lang\|wlo\|ta-}} \|\| {{lang\|wlo
kita}}	{{lang\|wlo
ta}}
1.pl. excl. \| {{lang\|wlo\|ingkami}} \|\| {{lang\|wlo\|ta-}} \|\| {{lang\|wlo
kami}}	{{lang\|wlo
mami}}
2.sg. \| {{lang\|wlo\|ingkoo}} \|\| {{lang\|wlo\|u-}} \|\| {{lang\|wlo
ko}}	{{lang\|wlo
mu}}
2.pl. \| {{lang\|wlo\|ingkomiu}} \|\| {{lang\|wlo\|u-}} \|\| {{lang\|wlo
komiu}}	{{lang\|wlo
miu}}
3. \| {{lang\|wlo\|incia}} \|\| {{lang\|wlo\|a-}} \|\| {{lang\|wlo
a/-ia}}	{{lang\|wlo
na}}

Number is not distinguished in third person. Optionally, plural number can be expressed by means of the plural-marker {{lang|wlo|manga}}: {{lang|wlo|manga incia}} 'they'.{{sfnp|Anceaux|1988|p=36}}

References

Bibliography

{{Cite book |last=Anceaux |first=Johannes Cornelis |author-link=Johannes Cornelis Anceaux |year=1988 |title=The Wolio Language |doi=10.1163/9789004286320 |doi-access=free |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill }}
{{Cite book |first = Johannes Cornelis |last=Anceaux |first2 = Charles E. |last2 = Grimes |first3 = René |last3=van den Berg |chapter = Wolio |editor-first = Darrell T. |editor-last = Tryon |title = Comparative Austronesian Dictionary: An Introduction to Austronesian Studies |year = 1995 |isbn = 978-3-11-088401-2 |pages = 573–584 |doi = 10.1515/9783110884012.1.573 |oclc = 896406022 |series = Trends in Linguistics. Documentation |volume = 10 |location = Berlin/New York |publisher = Walter de Gruyter }}
{{Cite book |last=Donohue |first=Mark |year=2004 |chapter=The pretenders to the Muna-Buton group |editor1=Bowden, J. |editor2=Himmelmann, N. |title=Papers in Austronesian subgrouping and dialectology |pages=21–36 |location=Canberra |publisher=Australian National University |series=Pacific Linguistics 563 |doi=10.15144/PL-563.21 |doi-access=free |hdl=1885/146183 |hdl-access=free }}
{{Cite book |last=Mead |first=David |year=2003 |chapter=Evidence for a Celebic supergroup |editor=Lynch, John |title=Issues in Austronesian historical phonology |pages=115–141 |location=Canberra |publisher=Australian National University |series=Pacific Linguistics 550 |doi=10.15144/PL-550.115 |doi-access=free |hdl=1885/146173 |hdl-access=free }}

Wolio language

Phonology

Grammar

See also

References

Bibliography

Further reading