X (charge)
{{short description|Quantum number associated with certain grand unification theories}}
{{unreferenced|date=August 2017}}
{{Flavour quantum numbers}}
In particle physics, the X charge (or simply X) is a conserved quantum number associated with the SO(10) grand unification theory. It is thought to be conserved in strong, weak, electromagnetic, gravitational, and Higgs interactions. Because the X charge is related to the weak hypercharge, it varies depending on the helicity of a particle. For example, a left-handed quark has an X charge of +1, whereas a right-handed quark can have either an X charge of −1 (for up, charm and top quarks), or −3 (for down, strange and bottom quarks).
{{mvar|X}} is related to the difference between the baryon number {{mvar|B}} and the lepton number {{mvar|L}} (that is, {{math|B – L}}), and the weak hypercharge {{math|Y{{sub|W}}}} via the relation:
X charge in proton decay
Proton decay is a hypothetical form of radioactive decay, predicted by many grand unification theories. During proton decay, the common baryonic proton decays into lighter subatomic particles. However, proton decay has never been experimentally observed and is predicted to be mediated by hypothetical X and Y bosons. Many protonic decay modes have been predicted, one of which is shown below:
This form of decay violates the conservation of both baryon number and lepton number, however the X charge is conserved. Similarly, all experimentally confirmed forms of decay also conserve the X charge value.
Values of X charge for known elementary particles
The following table lists the X charge values for the standard model fermions and their antiparticles. Note that the CP conjugate of a fermion has the opposite X charge (e.g. {{physics particle|e|BR=L}} vs. {{physics particle|e|anti=yes|BR=R}}, {{mvar|X}} = −3 vs. +3).
| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
| Particle name | Symbol | Left-handed X charge | Right-handed X charge |
|---|---|---|---|
| Up quark | {{subatomic particle|up quark |link=yes}} | +1 | −1 |
| Charm quark | {{subatomic particle|charm quark |link=yes}} | +1 | −1 |
| Top quark | {{subatomic particle|top quark |link=yes}} | +1 | −1 |
| Down quark | {{subatomic particle|down quark |link=yes}} | +1 | +3 |
| Strange quark | {{subatomic particle|strange quark |link=yes}} | +1 | +3 |
| Bottom quark | {{subatomic particle|bottom quark |link=yes}} | +1 | +3 |
| Electron | {{subatomic particle|electron|link=yes}} | −3 | −1 |
| Muon | {{subatomic particle|muon |link=yes}} | −3 | −1 |
| Tauon | {{subatomic particle|tauon |link=yes}} | −3 | −1 |
| Electron neutrino | {{subatomic particle|electron neutrino |link=yes}} | −3 | −5 |
| Muon neutrino | {{subatomic particle|muon neutrino |link=yes}} | −3 | −5 |
| Tau neutrino | {{subatomic particle|tau neutrino |link=yes}} | −3 | −5 |
| Up antiquark | {{subatomic particle|up antiquark |link=yes}} | +1 | −1 |
| Charm antiquark | {{subatomic particle|charm antiquark |link=yes}} | +1 | −1 |
| Top antiquark | {{subatomic particle|top antiquark |link=yes}} | +1 | −1 |
| Down antiquark | {{subatomic particle|down antiquark |link=yes}} | −3 | −1 |
| Strange antiquark | {{subatomic particle|strange antiquark |link=yes}} | −3 | −1 |
| Bottom antiquark | {{subatomic particle|bottom antiquark |link=yes}} | −3 | −1 |
| Positron | {{subatomic particle|positron |link=yes}} | +1 | +3 |
| Antimuon | {{subatomic particle|antimuon |link=yes}} | +1 | +3 |
| Antitau | {{subatomic particle|antitau |link=yes}} | +1 | +3 |
| Electron antineutrino | {{subatomic particle|electron antineutrino |link=yes}} | +5 | +3 |
| Muon antineutrino | {{subatomic particle|muon antineutrino |link=yes}} | +5 | +3 |
| Tau antineutrino | {{subatomic particle|tau antineutrino |link=yes}} | +5 | +3 |
The next table gives the X charge of the standard model bosons.
| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | ||
| Particle name | Symbol | X-charge |
|---|---|---|
| Photon | {{subatomic particle|Photon |link=yes}} | 0 |
| W boson | {{subatomic particle|W boson |link=yes}} | 0 |
| Z boson | {{subatomic particle|Z boson |link=yes}} | 0 |
| Gluon | {{subatomic particle|gluon |link=yes}} | 0 |
| Higgs boson | {{subatomic particle|Higgs boson |link=yes}} | colspan="2" | −2 |
Although not part of the Standard Model, the GUT X and Y bosons also have zero X charge.