Xakriabá language
{{Short description|Extinct Macro-Je language of Brazil}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Xakriabá
| region = Minas Gerais
| states = Brazil
| extinct = 1864
| ethnicity = Xakriabá people
| familycolor = macro-je | fontcolor = white
| fam1 = Macro-Jê
| fam2 = Jê
| fam3 = Cerrado
| fam4 = Akuwẽ (Central Jê)
| iso3 = xkr
| glotto = xakr1238
| glottorefname = Xakriaba
}}
Xakriabá (also called Chakriaba, Chikriaba, Shacriaba or Shicriabá){{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605214821/http://www.multitree.org/codes/xkr.html|url=http://www.multitree.org/codes/xkr.html|title=Shakriabá|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 June 2019|publisher=LINGUIST List|access-date=7 November 2024}} is an extinct or dormant Akuwẽ (Central Jê) language (Jê, Macro-Jê) formerly spoken in Minas Gerais, Brazil by the Xakriabá people, who today speak Portuguese. The language is known through two short wordlists collected by Augustin Saint-Hilaire and Wilhelm Ludwig von Eschwege.{{cite thesis|last=Nikulin |first=Andrey |date=2020 |url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Anikulin-2020/Nikulin_2020_Proto-Macro-Je.pdf |title=Proto-Macro-Jê: um estudo reconstrutivo |type=Ph.D. dissertation |location=Brasília |publisher=Universidade de Brasília}}{{rp|14}}
The last confirmed native speaker of the language died in 1864.{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}
Phonology
= Vowels =
= Consonants =
| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" | |
| rowspan="2" |Stop
!voiceless |p |t | |k | |
|---|
| voiced
|b |d | | | |
| rowspan="2" |Fricative
!voiceless | |s |(ʃ) | |h |
| voiced
| |z |(ʒ) | | |
| colspan="2" |Nasal
|m |n | | | |
| colspan="2" |Tap
| |ɾ | | | |
| colspan="2" |Approximant
|w | |(j) | | |
- Sounds [j] is heard from /i/ before other vowels or within diphthongs.
- Sounds [ʃ ʒ] are heard as allophones of /s z/.
- Sounds [tʃ dʒ ɲ] are heard as allophones of /t d n/ when palatalized before /i/.
- [ɡ] can be heard as an allophone of /k/.{{Cite book|last=Rodrigues Mota|first=Liliane|title=Estudo Sobre o Léxico Akwe Xakriabá: Uma Proposta de Escrita e Uma Chamada para a Revitalização da Língua|publisher=Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais|year=2020}}
History
Before 1712, Xakriabá was originally spoken along the São Francisco River near São Romão, Minas Gerais (Saint-Hilaire 2000: 340-341).Saint-Hilaire, Auguste de. 2000. Viagem pelas províncias do Rio de Janeiro e Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte: Editora Itatiaia. The Xakriabá were then forced to migrate after being defeated by {{ill|Matias Cardoso de Almeida|pt}} and other Paulistas from 1690 onwards. In 1819, Saint-Hilaire (1975: 145)Saint-Hilaire, Auguste de. 1975. Viagem à província de Goiás. Belo Horizonte: Editora Itatiaia. noted that the Xakriabá of Triângulo Mineiro region spoke a Xerente dialect.Ramirez, H., Vegini, V., & França, M. C. V. de. (2015). [https://periodicos.sbu.unicamp.br/ojs/index.php/liames/article/download/8642302/19659/ Koropó, puri, kamakã e outras línguas do Leste Brasileiro]. LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas, 15(2), 223 - 277. {{doi|10.20396/liames.v15i2.8642302}}
References
{{Reflist|refs=
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dQt6XWloU10C&q=Xakriab%C3%A1&pg=PA182
|title=Encyclopedia Of The World's Endangered Languages
|author=Christopher Moseley
|publisher=Routledge
|location=London, UK
|year=2007
|isbn=9780700711970
|page=182
}}
}}
{{Languages of Brazil}}
{{Macro-Jê languages}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Xakriaba language}}
Category:Extinct languages of South America
Category:Languages extinct in the 1860s
{{Macro-Jê-lang-stub}}