Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni
{{Short description|Bacterial disease of Prunus plants}}
{{Infraspeciesbox special
| image =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| genus = Xanthomonas
| species = arboricola
| infraspecies_rank1_name = Pathovar
| infraspecies_rank1_abbrev = pv.
| infraspecies_rank1 = pruni
| authority = (Smith) Dye emend. Vauterin et al. 1995
| synonyms =
- X. pruni (Smith) Dowson [nom. inval.]
- X. arboricola pv. pruni (Smith) Dowson
- Pseudomonas pruni Smith 1903
}}
Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni is a bacterial disease of almost all Prunus. The first complete genome was submitted to NCBI in 2019.{{cite web |title=Genome list |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/datasets/genome/?taxon=69929 |website=NCBI |language=en}} Available genomes place it as a member inside Xanthomonas arboricola.{{cite web |title=GCF_041464225.1 Xanthomonas arboricola |url=https://gtdb.ecogenomic.org/genome?gid=GCF_041464225.1 |website=gtdb.ecogenomic.org}}{{cite journal |last1=Garita‐Cambronero |first1=Jerson |last2=Palacio‐Bielsa |first2=Ana |last3=Cubero |first3=Jaime |title=Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni , causal agent of bacterial spot of stone fruits and almond: its genomic and phenotypic characteristics in the X. arboricola species context |journal=Molecular Plant Pathology |date=September 2018 |volume=19 |issue=9 |pages=2053–2065 |doi=10.1111/mpp.12679|pmc=6638108 }}
Hosts
Almost all Prunus spp.
Distribution
Unknown in stonefruit in California until detection in Sacramento and northern San Joaquin Valley in the spring of 2013.{{cite web | title=Bacterial Spot of Almond in California – Update on the Disease and its Management | journal=Sacramento Valley Almond News | date=December 2014 | url=http://www.sacvalleyorchards.com/almonds/foliar-diseases/bacterial-spot-of-almond/ | access-date=2022-05-04 | first1=J. E. | last1=Adaskaveg | first2=B. | last2=Holtz | first3=R. | last3=Duncan | first4=D. | last4=Doll | publisher=UCANR}} {{As of|2017}} it is still restricted to those two areas.{{cite web | url=http://www.ipm.ucanr.edu/agriculture/almond/Bacterial-Spot/ | title=Bacterial Spot / Almond | website=UC Integrated Pest Management (UC IPM) | publisher=UC Agriculture (UC ANR) | date=August 2017}} Also found in almond cultivation in Victoria, Australia.
Detection
Palacio-Bielsa et al., 2011 provides a SYBR Green I-based assay.{{cite book | editor1-last=RajeshKannan | editor1-first=Velu | editor2-last=Bastas | editor2-first=Kubilay Kurtulus | title=Sustainable Approaches to Controlling Plant Pathogenic Bacteria | publication-place=Boca Raton, FL, USA | isbn=978-1-4822-4054-2 | oclc=922843132 | publisher=CRC Press | date=2016 | pages=xv–392}}{{rp|page=90}}
Management
Copper{{cite web | url=http://australianalmonds.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Bacterial-spot-factsheet-on-AV-template-final.pdf | title=Bacterial Spot of Almond (AL16005) | publisher=Agriculture Victoria | first1=Simone | last1=Kreidl | first2=Tonya | last2=Wiechel | first3=Peta | last3=Faulkner | first4=Len | last4=Tesoriero | first5=Jacky | last5=Edwards}} and mancozeb are recommended in California for almonds and have served well elsewhere. No pesticides are registered for almonds anywhere in Australia.
Phage therapy has been heavily studied for X. pruni and some treatments have been very successful.{{cite journal | last1=Nagy | first1=Judit | last2=Király | first2=Lóránt | last3=Schwarczinger | first3=Ildikó | title=Phage therapy for plant disease control with a focus on fire blight | journal=Central European Journal of Biology | publisher=Versita | volume=7 | issue=1 | date=2011-12-25 | issn=2391-5412 | doi=10.2478/s11535-011-0093-x | pages=1–12| doi-access=free }}{{cite journal | last=Varani | first=Alessandro M. | last2=Monteiro-Vitorello | first2=Claudia Barros | last3=Nakaya | first3=Helder I. | last4=Van Sluys | first4=Marie-Anne | title=The Role of Prophage in Plant-Pathogenic Bacteria | journal=Annual Review of Phytopathology | publisher=Annual Reviews | volume=51 | issue=1 | date=2013-08-04 | issn=0066-4286 | pmid=23725471 | doi=10.1146/annurev-phyto-081211-173010 | pages=429–451 | s2cid=207644125}} Civerolo & Keil performed several experiments in the 1970s with {{visible anchor|Xanthomonas pruni phage}} showing that peach and apricot were protected by external applications of solution.{{cite journal | last1=Jones | first1=J.B. | last2=Jackson | first2=L.E. | last3=Balogh | first3=B. | last4=Obradovic | first4=A. | last5=Iriarte | first5=F.B. | last6=Momol | first6=M.T. | title=Bacteriophages for Plant Disease Control | journal=Annual Review of Phytopathology | publisher=Annual Reviews | volume=45 | issue=1 | date=2007-09-08 | issn=0066-4286 | pmid=17386003 | doi=10.1146/annurev.phyto.45.062806.094411 | pages=245–262 | s2cid=5855317}}
=Resistance=
Resistance to copper has occurred. No copper resistance {{as of|August 2017|lc=yes}} in California. Rotation or tank mixing is recommended to forestall resistance.