Xenungulata

Xenungulates are characterized by bilophodont M^1–2 and M_1–2, similar to pyrotheres, and complex lophate third molars, similar to uintatheres. Though other relationships, to arctocyonids for example, have been suggested, no proofs thereof have been found. The foot bones of xenungulates were short and robust and their digits terminated in broad, flat, and unfissured hoof-like unguals, quite unlike any other meridiungulates. The discovery of Etayoa in Colombia{{Harvnb|Villarroel|1987}} made it clear that xenungulates are distinct from other groups: Etayoa lacks lophate molar talonid (in contrast to Carodnia) and, since no distinct lophodonty is present in basal pyrotheres, there is reason to assume that bilophodonty evolved separately in xenungulates and pyrotheres. Xenungulates also show some dental similarity to primitive astrapotheres.{{Harvnb|Rose|2006| loc=Xenungulata, p. 238}}

{{Harvnb|Cifelli|1983}} grouped Carodnia with pyrotheres based on a similarity in astragalus morphology, but later concluded that this observation was incorrect.{{Harvnb|Gingerich|1985|p=131}}

Notoetayoa is most closely related to Etayoa.{{Harvnb|Gelfo|López|Bond|2008| loc=Abstract}}

{{Location map+ | South America

| relief = 1

| width = 270

| caption = Locations of Xenungulata fossils
10px Bogotá Formation
10px Peñas Coloradas Formation
10px Mogollón Formation
10px Itaboraí Formation

| places =

{{Location map~ | South America

| lat_deg = 4.488444

| lon_deg = -74.135694

| mark = Gold pog.svg

| marksize = 12

}}

{{Location map~ | South America

| lat_deg = -4.1

| lon_deg = -80.9

| mark = Orange pog.svg

| marksize = 12

}}

{{Location map~ | South America

| lat_deg = -45.3

| lon_deg = -67.0

| mark = Orange ff8040 pog.svg

| marksize = 12

}}

{{Location map~ | South America

| lat_deg = -22.8

| lon_deg = -42.9

| mark = Brown pog.svg

| marksize = 12

}}

}}

Xenungulata fossils have been found in:[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=43512 Xenungulata] at Fossilworks.org

• Bogotá Formation, Casamayoran, Colombia
• Peñas Coloradas Formation, Riochican, Argentina
• Mogollón Formation, Itaboraian-Riochican, Peru
• Itaboraí Formation, Itaboraian, Brazil

{{Reflist|20em}}

{{Refbegin|30em}}

• {{cite journal |last=Antoine |first=Pierre-Olivier |last2=Billet |first2=Guillaume |last3=Salas Gismondi |first3=Rodolfo |last4=Tejada Lara |first4=Julia |last5=Baby |first5=Patrice |last6=Brusset |first6=Stéphane |last7=Espurt |first7=Nicolas |year=2015 |title=A New Carodnia Simpson, 1935 (Mammalia, Xenungulata) from the Early Eocene of Northwestern Peru and a Phylogeny of Xenungulates at Species Level |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267271471_A_New_Carodnia_Simpson_1935_Mammalia_Xenungulata_from_the_Early_Eocene_of_Northwestern_Peru_and_a_Phylogeny_of_Xenungulates_at_Species_Level |journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=129–140 |access-date=2019-02-13}}
• {{Cite journal

| last = Cifelli | first = Richard

| title = Eutherian tarsals from the late Paleocene of Brazil

| year = 1983 | journal = American Museum Novitates | issue = 2761

| oclc = 10601277 | hdl = 2246/5252

}}{{Harvnb|Cifelli|1983}}

• {{Cite book

| last1 = Fariña | first1 = Richard A.

| last2 = Vizcaíno | first2 = Sergio F.

| last3 = De Iuliis | first3 = Gerry

| title = Megafauna: Giant Beasts of Pleistocene South America

| year = 2013 | publisher = Indiana University Press

| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kUAKgNfiAvoC&pg=PA87 | access-date = 4 May 2013

| isbn = 9780253007193 | oclc = 779244424 }}{{Harvnb|Fariña|Vizcaíno|De Iuliis|2013}}

• {{Cite journal

| last1 = Gelfo | first1 = Javier N.

| last2 = López | first2 = Guillermo M.

| last3 = Bond | first3 = Mariano

| title = A new Xenungulata (Mammalia) from the Paleocene of Patagonia Argentina

| year = 2008 | journal = Journal of Paleontology | volume = 82 | issue = 2 | pages = 329–35

| doi = 10.1666/06-099.1 | s2cid = 131263926

| oclc = 4631927277 }}{{Harvnb|Gelfo|López|Bond|2008}}

• {{Cite book

| last = Gingerich | first = Philip D.

| chapter = South American Mammals in the Paleocene of North America | pages = 123–137

| title = The Great American Biotic Interchange

| editor1-last = Stehli | editor1-first = Francis G.

| editor2-last = Webb | editor2-first = S. David

| series = Topics in Geobiology | volume = 4

| year = 1985 | publisher = Springer

| chapter-url = http://www-personal.umich.edu/~gingeric/PDFfiles/PDG168_SAMammPalNA.pdf | access-date = 4 May 2013

| isbn = 978-1-4684-9183-8 | doi = 10.1007/978-1-4684-9181-4_5 | oclc = 716806225 }}{{Harvnb|Gingerich|1985}}

• {{Cite book

| last = Rose | first = Kenneth David

| title = The beginning of the age of mammals

| year = 2006 | publisher = JHU Press | location = Baltimore

| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3bs0D5ix4VAC

| isbn = 978-0801884726 }}{{Harvnb|Rose|2006}}

• {{Cite journal

| last = Paula Couto | first = Carlos, de

| title = Fossil mammals from the beginning of the Cenozoic in Brazil. Condylarthra, Litopterna, Xenungulata, and Astrapotheria

| year = 1952 | journal = Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History | volume = 99 | pages = 355–394

| oclc = 18189741 | hdl = 2246/417

}}{{Harvnb|Paula Couto|1952}}

• {{Cite journal

| last = Simpson | first = George Gaylord

| title = Descriptions of the oldest known South American mammals, from the Río Chico Formation

| year = 1935 | journal = American Museum Novitates | issue = 793

| series = Publications of the Scarritt Expeditions, no. 24

| oclc = 44083494 | hdl = 2246/2125

}}{{Harvnb|Simpson|1935}}

• {{Cite journal

| last = Villarroel | first = Carlos

| title = Características y afinidades de Etayoa n. gen., tipo de una nueva familia de Xenungulata (Mammalia) del Paleoceno medio (¿) de Colombia

| year = 1987 | journal = Comunicaciones Paleontologicas del Museo de Historia Natural del Montevideo | volume = 1 | issue = 19 | pages = 241–253

| oclc = 18731966 }}{{Harvnb|Villarroel|1987}}

{{Refend}}

{{Meridiungulata|M.|state=collapsed}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q142395}}

Category:Meridiungulata

Category:Paleocene first appearances

Category:Eocene extinctions

Category:Taxa described in 1952

Category:Mammal orders

Category:Prehistoric tetrapod orders