Xukuruan languages
{{Short description|Proposed language family of Brazil}}
{{Infobox language family
| name = Xukuruan
| altname = Shukuru
| ethnicity =
| region = Brazil
| familycolor = American
| family = Proposed to be one of the world's primary language families?
| child1 = Xukurú {{extinct}}
| child2 = Paratió {{extinct}}
| child3 = ?Garanhun {{extinct}}
| glotto = xuku1239
| glottoname = Xukurú
| linglist = xuku
}}
Image:Alagoas.png and Sergipe states, Brazil]]
The Xukuruan languages are a language family proposed by Loukotka (1968) that links two languages of eastern Brazil.{{cite book |last=Loukotka |first=Čestmír |authorlink=Čestmír Loukotka |title=Classification of South American Indian languages |url=https://archive.org/details/classificationof0007louk |url-access=registration |publisher=UCLA Latin American Center |year=1968 |location=Los Angeles}}[https://web.archive.org/web/20081128095529/http://butler.cc.tut.fi/~fabre/BookInternetVersio/Dic=Xukuru.pdf Xukuru] Alain Fabre (2005). Diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pueblos indígenas sudamericanos. The languages are:
Loukotka (1968) also lists the unattested Garañun (Garanhun), an extinct, undocumented language once spoken in the Serra dos Garanhuns.
Vocabulary
=Pompeu (1958)=
These word lists of language varieties from the Serra do Urubá (also known as the Serra do Arorobá or Serra do Ororubá, located in the municipality of Pesqueira, Pernambuco) are reproduced from Pompeu Sobrinho (1958).Pompeu Sobrinho, Thomaz. 1958. [https://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/biblio%3Apompeu-1958-desconhecidas/Pompeu_1958_LinguasTapuiasDesconhecidasNE_BA2n1.pdf Línguas Tapuias desconhecidas do Nordeste: Alguns vocabulários inéditos]. Boletim de Antropologia (Fortaleza-Ceará) 2. 3-19.
Below is a vocabulary collected by Domingos Cruz in Pesqueira, Pernambuco from his informant Rodrigues de Mendonça, who was originally from the Serra do Urubá:
:
| class="wikitable sortable"
! Portuguese gloss !! "Serra do Urubá" | |
| cabeça (head) | kreká, kri, ká |
| cabeça de vaca (cow head) | kreká memêngo |
| chapéu (hat) | kriákugo, kriá |
| chuva (rain) | kraxixi |
| comida (food) | kringó |
| comida boa (good food) | kringó konengo |
| cachaça (liquor) | irínka |
| bom, boa (good) | konengo |
| chefe, mais velho (boss, older) | taióp |
| deus (God) | tupá |
| faca grande (big knife) | xaníko |
| faca pequena (small knife) | saquarék |
| homem (man) | xiakrók |
| homem branco (white man) | karé |
| homem índio (Indian man) | xenunpe |
| homem defeituoso (deformed man) | jajú |
| fome (hunger) | xurák |
| inimigo (enemy) | aredirí |
| ir embora (go away) | nuntógo |
| mulher (woman) | krippó |
| milho (corn) | xigó |
| nevoeiro (fog) | batukin |
| lua (moon) | limolago |
| sol (sun) | oraci |
| pedra (stone) | krá |
| pedra (em cima da terra) [stone (on top of the earth)] | krá xixí |
| pé (foot) | poiá |
| defeito (defect) | guxú |
| pé defeituoso (defective foot) | poiá guxú |
| ruim (bad) | aguá, pigó |
| homem branco ruim (bad white man) | karé aguá |
| homem branco bom (good white man) | karé konengo |
| O inimigo vem aí. (The enemy is coming.) | arediri arediri |
Vocabulary collected by Domingos Cruz from his informant Pedro Rodrigues, who was originally from the sitio of Gitó in the Serra do Urubá:
:
| class="wikitable sortable"
! Portuguese gloss !! Gitó variety | |
| aguardente (liquor) | orinka |
| aldeiamento (village) | taiopo maritáro |
| arco (arma) [bow (weapon)] | tamaingú, temaigú |
| carne (meat) | inxi, ixi |
| fome (hunger) | xurák |
| negro (homem) (black man) | taká |
| cabra (goat) | krexkuák jãtarinta |
| negra (black) | taká jipu |
| onça (jaguar) | jetôme |
| raça, tribo (race, tribe) | xekurú |
| marinheiro (estrangeiro) [sailor (foreigner)] | karé irut |
| carne (meat) | inxin |
| comedor de carne (meat eater) | inzin aragogú |
| mentiroso (liar) | jupegúgo |
| lua (moon) | limolágo |
| sol (sun) | orací |
| deus (God) | tupá |
| Nossa Senhora (Our Lady (Virgin Mary)) | Tamaipí |
Vocabulary collected by José Joaquim in Rio Branco, Pernambuco of a language spoken in the Serra do Urubá:
:
| class="wikitable sortable"
! Portuguese gloss !! "Serra do Urubá" | |
| bom dia (good morning) | degómen |
| cacete (club) | kirí, quirí |
| cabeça (head) | krêkió |
| batata (potato) | baká, koxó |
| altar (altar) | oiô |
| canela (tíbia) (shin, tibia) | gatí |
| canela fina (fine shin) | gatirí |
| cachaça (liquor) | urínka |
| ? () | urinka karóba |
| mão (hand) | kêerakê |
| dedo (finger) | atirí, tirí |
| nariz (nose) | korõzó |
| espiga (milho) [ear (of corn)] | tók, tóque |
| fumo, tabaco (smoke, tobacco) | mãjá |
| Como vai? (How are you?) | adeusá |
| livro (book) | quatirá |
| fino (thin) | irí |
| longe (far) | tigí |
| ir embora (go away) | ombêira |
| livrar-se (get rid of) | muntógo |
| feijão (bean) | jejá |
| cara, rosto (face) | nãí |
| cara feia (ugly face) | naiogo |
| negro (homem) (black man) | taka |
| olhar (look) | antiá |
| pano (cloth) | mití (?) |
| pano velho (farrapo) (old cloth, rag) | takó |
| mandioca ou macaxeira (cassava or manioc) | xaká |
| milho (corn) | xigó |
| vertir (pour, spill) | tadí |
| roupa (clothes) | kunãgo |
| roupa nova (new clothes) | tiliká |
| roupa velha (old clothes) | takó |
| girau (turned) | koiá |
| livro (book) | katirá, quatirá |
| tamboeira (de milho) (poorly sprouted corn) | boró tiga |
| espiga de milho (corn cob) | tiga gugá |
References
{{Reflist}}
Sources
- {{cite book |last=Moseley |first=C. |title=Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-135-79640-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p-7ON7Rvx_AC&pg=PT263 |access-date=2025-02-09}}
{{NE Brazil languages}}
{{South American languages}}