YJ-12

File:侵犯中華民國航空識別區的轟-6.jpg Strategic bomber armed with YJ-12 anti-ship missiles]]

The YJ-12 resembles a lengthened Kh-31-type missile. According to the United States, the air-launched (YJ-12) and ship-launched (YJ-12A) variants have {{cvt|270|nmi|mi km|abbr=on}} ranges.{{sfn|Military and Security Developments Involving the People's Republic of China|2023|p=57}}{{sfn|Military and Security Developments Involving the People's Republic of China|2023|p=58}} Speeds of Mach 2.5 to 4{{cite web |url=http://eng.chinamil.com.cn/news-channels/china-military-news/2015-02/04/content_6340222.htm |title=China's anti-ship missiles YJ-12 and YJ-100 revealed |editor-last1=Renjie |editor-first1=Guo |date=4 February 2015 |website=China Military Online |access-date=13 June 2015 |archive-date=11 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211201300/http://eng.chinamil.com.cn/news-channels/china-military-news/2015-02/04/content_6340222.htm |url-status=dead }} have been reported. The YJ-12 may perform evasive maneuvers to avoid anti-missile threats.{{Cite web|url=https://www.defensenews.com/global/asia-pacific/2016/05/12/china-puts-guam-within-missile-range/ |title=China Puts Guam Within Missile Range |first=Wendell |last=Minnick |date=August 8, 2017 |website=Defense News}}

According to War on the Rocks, a ship has 45 seconds to engage a YJ-12 after sea-skimming missile appears over the horizon and is detected. In 2014, the United States Navy (USN) intended to counter air-launched YJ-12 saturation attacks by destroying Chinese strike aircraft at long range before the missiles are launched; the tactic relies on Cooperative Engagement Capability.{{cite web |url=http://warontherocks.com/2014/07/chinas-most-dangerous-missile-so-far/ |title=China's Most Dangerous Missile (So Far) |last1=Haddick |first1=Robert |date=2 July 2014 |website=War on the Rocks |access-date=19 May 2015}}

In August 2000, the Chinese unveiled a model of an air-launched missile labeled as the YJ-91, resembling the French Air-Sol Moyenne Portée. Later, a similar-looking missile was seen that may have been designated as the YJ-12. The YJ-91 designation ultimately went to the Chinese development of the Russian Kh-31.{{cite web |url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Strategic-Weapon-Systems/YJ-91-YJ-12-China.html |title=YJ-91/YJ-12 (China), Offensive weapons |website=janes.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100202082723/http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Strategic-Weapon-Systems/YJ-91-YJ-12-China.html |archive-date=2 February 2010 |access-date=15 May 2015}}

The YJ-12 appeared at the 2015 China Victory Day Parade,{{cite web |url=http://www.janes.com/article/54029/china-showcases-new-weapon-systems-at-3-september-parade |title=China showcases new weapon systems at 3 September parade |last1=Fisher |first1=Richard D. Jr. |date=4 September 2015 |website=IHS Jane's 360 |access-date=11 December 2015}} indicating that the missile had entered active service since all weapons showcased during the parade are actively inducted prior to the parade.{{Cite web|title = 陈士强：抗战胜利70周年纪念活动充分展示我军战斗力--军事--人民网|url = http://military.people.com.cn/n/2015/0902/c1011-27541163.html|website = military.people.com.cn|access-date = 2015-12-13}}

The YJ-12A was reportedly in development in 2014. The YJ-12A entered service around 2020 aboard refitted Type 051B and Sovremenny-class destroyers of the People Liberation Army Navy.{{cite web |last1=Sutton |first1=H.I. |title=China Increases Potency Of Anti-Carrier Capabilities |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/hisutton/2020/05/01/upgrades-increase-potency-of-chinese-navys-anti-carrier-capabilities/ |website=Forbes |date=1 May 2020 |access-date=30 June 2024}}

The YJ-12B was reportedly deployed to the Spratly Islands around April 2018.{{cite news |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/05/02/china-added-missile-systems-on-spratly-islands-in-south-china-sea.html |publisher=CNBC |date=May 2, 2018 |title=China quietly installed defensive missile systems on strategic Spratly Islands in hotly contested South China Sea |first=Amanda |last=Macias}} They may cover the southern half of the South China Sea when based on three largest Chinese-controlled islands.{{cite web |last1=Stashwick |first1=Steven |title=China deploys anti-ship missiles on islands in the South China Sea |website=The Diplomat |url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/06/chinas-new-missiles-in-the-spratlys-may-be-a-turning-point/ |date=14 June 2018 |access-date=10 March 2023}}

; YJ-12

: Air-launched variant with a {{cvt|270|nmi|mi km|abbr=on}} range.{{sfn|Military and Security Developments Involving the People's Republic of China|2023|p=58}}

; YJ-12A

: Ship-launched variant with a {{cvt|270|nmi|mi km|abbr=on}} range.{{sfn|Military and Security Developments Involving the People's Republic of China|2023|p=57}}

; YJ-12B

: Land-based variant with a {{cvt|250|nmi|mi km|abbr=on}} range.

; CM-302

: Export variant. According to the China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation, it is an anti-ship and land-attack missile with a {{convert|280|km|mi nmi|abbr=on}} range, a {{convert|250|kg|lb|abbr=on}} warhead, and launched from air, land, and naval platforms The missile uses BeiDou satellite navigation, with active radar terminal guidance; the target may be updated by data-link.{{cite web |url=http://www.janes.com/article/65364/china-offers-export-version-of-yj-12-supersonic-anti-ship-missile |title=China offers export version of YJ-12 supersonic anti-ship missile |last1=Tate |first1=Andrew |last2=Gibson |first2=Neil |date=9 November 2016 |website=Jane's Information Group |access-date=21 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112051928/http://www.janes.com/article/65364/china-offers-export-version-of-yj-12-supersonic-anti-ship-missile |archive-date=12 November 2016}}

;{{ALG}}

• Algerian National Navy, CM-302 (land-based){{sfn|The Military Balance|2024|p=344}}

;{{PAK}}

• Pakistan Navy, CM-302 (ship-launched){{sfn|The Military Balance|2024|p=302}}

;{{PRC}}

• People's Liberation Army Air Force{{sfn|The Military Balance|2024|p=260}}
• People's Liberation Army Navy{{sfn|Military and Security Developments Involving the People's Republic of China|2023|p=57}}
• People's Liberation Army Navy Coastal Defense Force{{sfn|Rice|2024|p=16}}

Related development

• YJ-18
• HD-1

Comparable missiles

• {{lwc|Kalibr (missile family)|3M-54 Klub}}
• {{lwc|BrahMos}}
• {{lwc|P-800 Oniks}}
• {{lwc|Future Cruise/Anti-Ship Weapon}}
• {{lwc|ASM-3}}
• {{lwc|Yun Feng}}

{{reflist}}

;Bibliography

{{Refbegin}}

• {{Cite book |author=The International Institute for Strategic Studies |title=The Military Balance 2024 |date=13 February 2024 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-1-032-78004-7 |ref={{sfnref|The Military Balance|2024}}}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Pradun |first1=Vitaliy O. |date=Spring 2011 |title=From Bottle Rockets to Lightning Bolts: China's Missile Revolution and PLA Strategy against U.S. Military Intervention |url=https://www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/23a01071-5dac-433a-8452-09c542163ae8/From-Bottle-Rockets-to-Lightning-Bolts--China-s-Mi.aspx |journal=Naval War College Review |publisher=United States Naval War College |volume=64 |issue=2 |access-date=19 May 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304193001/https://www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/23a01071-5dac-433a-8452-09c542163ae8/From-Bottle-Rockets-to-Lightning-Bolts--China-s-Mi.aspx |url-status=dead }}
• {{Cite report |author=United States Office of the Secretary of Defense |author-link=Office of the Secretary of Defense |title=Military and Security Developments Involving the People's Republic of China |url=https://media.defense.gov/2023/Oct/19/2003323409/-1/-1/1/2023-MILITARY-AND-SECURITY-DEVELOPMENTS-INVOLVING-THE-PEOPLES-REPUBLIC-OF-CHINA.PDF |date=19 October 2023 |ref={{sfnref|Military and Security Developments Involving the People's Republic of China|2023}}}}
• {{Cite web |last=Rice |first=Daniel C. |date=2024-04-08 |title=The PLA Navy Coastal Defense Missile Force |url=https://airuniversity.af.edu/Portals/10/CASI/documents/Research/PLAN/2024-04-081%20PLA%20Navy%20Coastal%20Defense%20Guided%20Missile%20Force.pdf |access-date=2024-06-16 |website=Air University (AU) |language=en-US}}

{{Refend}}

{{Chinese missiles}}

Category:Guided missiles of the People's Republic of China

Category:Anti-ship cruise missiles of the People's Republic of China

Category:Air-to-surface missiles

Category:Weapons of the People's Republic of China

Category:Military equipment introduced in the 2010s

Category:Surface-to-surface missiles of China