Ya ba

{{Short description|Tablets combining methamphetamine and caffeine}}

{{Italic title}}{{multiple issues|

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| image = Yaba Tablet (Pill) (cropped).jpg

| caption = Yaba tablets

| legal_US = Schedule II{{Cite web |title=Yaba Fast Facts |url=https://www.justice.gov/archive/ndic/pubs5/5048/index.htm |access-date=2022-10-09 |website=www.justice.gov}}

}}

Ya ba ({{langx|th|ยาบ้า}}, {{langx|lo|ຢາບ້າ}}, literally 'crazy medicine') is a drug containing a mixture of methamphetamine and caffeine.{{cite web|title=Yaba Fast Facts|url=https://www.justice.gov/archive/ndic/pubs5/5048/index.htm|website=US National Drug Intelligence Center|publisher=National Drug Intelligence Center|date=June 2003|access-date=2014-11-13|archive-date=2015-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150126023730/http://www.justice.gov/archive/ndic/pubs5/5048/index.htm|url-status=live}}{{cite news | vauthors = Pressley L |date=25 April 2019 |title=Yaba: The cheap synthetic drug convulsing a nation |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/stories-48041414 |work=BBC News |access-date=2019-04-25}} It was formerly known as yama ({{langx|th|ยาม้า}}; literally 'horse drug'). Although it is illegal, it has considerable use in Southeast Asia.{{cite news |vauthors=Hogan L |date=28 July 2018 |title=Myanmar's meth crisis reaches as far as Australia |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-07-29/myanmars-meth-crisis-reaches-australia/10044502 |work=ABC News |archive-date=2019-08-04 |access-date=2019-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804055218/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-07-29/myanmars-meth-crisis-reaches-australia/10044502 |url-status=live }}

It is also known as "baba, guti, B2, L, Loppi, Mango, Gajor, abeg, brightness, bedona, ishtup, apple, patthor, dana, poke, bichi, aeroplane, ghora, chiku and kalojori."

Names

The drug has gone by various names across time and locations.

In Thailand, it went by ya khayan ('hard-working pill'), then as ya maa ('horse medicine'), and then ya ba ('crazy pill') in 1996.{{cite news | vauthors = Glahan S |date=21 June 2016 |title=Time we shook off meth's criminal stigma |url=http://www.bangkokpost.com/archive/time-we-shook-off-meths-criminal-stigma/1015605 |work=Bangkok Post |access-date=2016-12-19}} According to an episode of the television series Drugs, Inc., it is commonly referred to in north Thailand as chocalee, due to its alleged sweet taste and chocolatey smell."Drugs Inc. Bangkok Ice" S7/Ep19 (2015) In Myanmar (formerly Burma), it is also called kyethi (literally, 'button'), athi, and palarkar.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}} In Malaysia it is known as pil kuda (literally, 'horse pill').{{Cite web|title=Chapter Four: The Golden Triangle {{!}} The Star|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/06/27/chapter-four-the-golden-triangle|access-date=2020-09-13|website=www.thestar.com.my|date=27 June 2019 |archive-date=2020-11-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125230139/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/06/27/chapter-four-the-golden-triangle|url-status=live}}{{Cite web| vauthors = Iman K | date=2019-09-24|title=What is 'pil kuda' and why are so many Standard 4 kids using it?|url=https://cilisos.my/what-is-pil-kuda-and-why-are-so-many-standard-4-kids-using-it/|access-date=2020-09-13|website=CILISOS - Current Issues Tambah Pedas!|language=en-US}} The name commonly used for it in the Philippines and Indonesia is shabú.{{Cite web|title=UN: Methamphetamine Output Booming in Southeast Asia|url=https://www.voanews.com/science-health/un-methamphetamine-output-booming-southeast-asia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111140848/https://www.voanews.com/science-health/un-methamphetamine-output-booming-southeast-asia|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 11, 2020|access-date=2020-09-13|website=Voice of America|language=en}} The name commonly used for it in China is ma-goo or ma-guo.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}} In Bangladesh, it is colloquially known as baba, guti, laal, khawon, ‘jinish ’, stuff or maal.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}} Ya ba is sometimes called bhul bhuliya in India.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}

According to the US National Drug Intelligence Center, the drug is most commonly referred to in the US as "crazy medicine" and "Nazi speed".

Description and effects

Ya ba is typically produced in a round pill form. There are many different versions of ya ba, and the most common are red, pink, orange, or lime green in color and carry logos such as "R" or "WY". They are small and round, roughly {{convert|6|mm}} in diameter, which means they can be packed inside a plastic soda straw for easy transportation or in a reusable "mint" container.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}

Ya ba tablets typically are consumed orally and are sometimes flavored like confectionery. Another method of consumption is chasing the dragon, wherein the ya ba tablet is placed on aluminium foil and heated from below, which produces vapors that are then inhaled. The drug also may be administered by crushing the tablets into powder, which is then snorted or mixed with a solvent and injected.

When swallowed in pill form the duration of the drug's effect is 8–16 hours, as compared to 1–3 hours when smoked, while the intensity is considerably reduced.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}} The peak of the drug's effect is followed by a comedown period lasting 6–10 hours, during which the consumer may have difficulty sleeping or eating.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}} Many consumers report that it takes them up to 24 hours after consumption to be able to fall asleep.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}

Typical ya ba consumers are working males, aged 16–40 years. Its use is also common among both female and male sex workers in Thailand and Cambodia.{{cite journal | vauthors = Maher L, Phlong P, Mooney-Somers J, Keo S, Stein E, Couture MC, Page K | title = Amphetamine-type stimulant use and HIV/STI risk behaviour among young female sex workers in Phnom Penh, Cambodia | journal = The International Journal on Drug Policy | volume = 22 | issue = 3 | pages = 203–209 | date = May 2011 | pmid = 21316935 | pmc = 3104095 | doi = 10.1016/j.drugpo.2011.01.003 }}

Production

Myanmar is the largest producer of methamphetamine in the world, with the majority of ya ba found in Thailand being produced in Burma, particularly in the Golden Triangle and northeastern Shan State, which borders Thailand, Laos, and China.{{cite news | vauthors = Thornton P |date=12 February 2012 |title=Myanmar's rising drug trade |url=http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/investigation/279434/myanmar-reforms-mask-meteoric-rise-in-drug-trade |work=Bangkok Post |access-date=2012-02-19}} In 2010, Burma trafficked 1 billion tablets to neighbouring Thailand. Ethnic militias and rebel groups (in particular the United Wa State Army) are responsible for much of this production; however, the Burmese military units are also believed to be heavily involved in the trafficking of the drugs.{{cite web |title=Fire and Ice: Conflict and Drugs in Myanmar's Shan State |url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-east-asia/myanmar/299-fire-and-ice-conflict-and-drugs-myanmars-shan-state |date=8 January 2019 |website=International Crisis Group |access-date=2019-10-19 |format=Report Number 299 |archive-date=2019-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025174114/https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-east-asia/myanmar/299-fire-and-ice-conflict-and-drugs-myanmars-shan-state |url-status=live }}

Global usage

=Rise and fall in popularity in Thailand=

Ya ba tablets were formerly sold legally at fuel stations and used by long-haul drivers to stay awake. The drug was outlawed by the Thai government in 1970.{{cite news | vauthors = Chu L |date=22 September 2002 |title=New club drug more dangerous than Ecstasy: Ya ba methamphetamine 'crazy drug' |work=Ventura County Star |agency=Associated Press |page=A09}}

Law enforcement officials said that as of 2002, most of the drug was produced by the United Wa State Army in Myanmar. It was smuggled from Myanmar across the porous border into Thailand. In 2014, it was reported that Thailand's northeast provinces have seen a 700% increase in the number of people arrested for meth since 2008, according to data from the Narcotics Suppression Bureau.{{cite news |vauthors=Presser L |date=1 December 2014 |title=Drug Addiction Grows on Thai Rubber Farms |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/11/drug-addiction-grows-thai-rubber-farms-2014113074454777879.html |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=2014-12-02 |archive-date=2014-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141203222024/http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/11/drug-addiction-grows-thai-rubber-farms-2014113074454777879.html |url-status=live }} In 2013, authorities counted more than 33,000 meth-related arrests in the northeast. The rapid growth of ya ba use in Isan mirrors that which occurred across Asia, which by 2014 accounted for more than 50 percent of global amphetamine-type stimulant consumers.

On 16 June 2016, the National Council for Peace and Order, the military junta ruling Thailand, stated that it was planning to decriminalise ya ba.{{cite news |title=Justice Minister: ya ba should be excluded from list of narcotic drugs |url=http://englishnews.thaipbs.or.th/justice-minister-ya-ba-excluded-list-narcotic-drugs/ |work=Thai PBS |location=Bangkok |date=16 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160622162156/http://englishnews.thaipbs.or.th/justice-minister-ya-ba-excluded-list-narcotic-drugs/ |archive-date=2016-06-22 |access-date=2016-06-17}}{{cite news |vauthors=Winn P |date=8 September 2016 |title=Thailand is moving closer to decriminalizing meth |url=http://www.pri.org/stories/2016-09-07/thailand-moving-closer-decriminalizing-meth |publisher=Public Radio International (PRI) |access-date=30 October 2016 |archive-date=30 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030212457/http://www.pri.org/stories/2016-09-07/thailand-moving-closer-decriminalizing-meth |url-status=live }}

=Bangladesh=

In 2006, ya ba consumption became common for the poor. Although the extent of ya ba abuse in Bangladesh is not precisely known, seizures of the drug by authorities are frequent.{{cite news |vauthors=Sanaul IT |date=3 June 2013 |title=Bail rejected, 'Yaba king' Amyn Huda in jail |url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/law-amp-rights/2013/jun/03/bail-rejected-%E2%80%98yaba-king%E2%80%99-amyn-huda-jail |work=Dhaka Tribune |access-date=2014-11-13 |archive-date=2015-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150628173830/http://www.dhakatribune.com/law-amp-rights/2013/jun/03/bail-rejected-%E2%80%98yaba-king%E2%80%99-amyn-huda-jail |url-status=live }} It is also believed those who use it on a regular basis are frequently involved in the distribution of the drug, either directly or indirectly.{{cite web |url=http://www.bnionline.net/index.php/feature/kaladan/12209-smuggling-of-yaba-tablets-increasing-day-by-day-in-bangladesh.html |title=Smuggling of Yaba tablets increasing day-by-day in Bangladesh |publisher=Bnionline.net |date=4 December 2011 |access-date=2014-01-18 |archive-date=2014-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140117195743/http://bnionline.net/index.php/feature/kaladan/12209-smuggling-of-yaba-tablets-increasing-day-by-day-in-bangladesh.html |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=http://www.unodc.org/documents/scientific/Global_SMART_UpdateV1_web.pdf |date=24 February 2009 |title=Global Smart Update |author=Kunnen |access-date=2014-05-31 |volume=1 |archive-date=2013-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530010741/https://www.unodc.org/documents/scientific/Global_SMART_UpdateV1_web.pdf |url-status=live }}

Some Burmese Rohingya refugees are hired by drug dealers to smuggle ya ba from Myanmar into Bangladesh.{{cite news |vauthors=Kullab S |date=23 February 2017 |title=The Trouble With Thengar Char |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/bangladesh/2017-02-23/trouble-thengar-char?cid=nlc-fatoday-20170224&sp_mid=53497385&sp_rid=dmljdG9yLnN0ZXBpZW5AZ21haWwuY29tS0 |url-access=subscription |work=Foreign Affairs |access-date=2017-02-25 |archive-date=2017-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806183833/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/bangladesh/2017-02-23/trouble-thengar-char?cid=nlc-fatoday-20170224&sp_mid=53497385&sp_rid=dmljdG9yLnN0ZXBpZW5AZ21haWwuY29tS0 |url-status=live }} In 2016, 359 Burmese were arrested on ya ba-smuggling charges, and up to US$29 million worth of ya ba was seized by the Bangladeshi authorities.

In October 2018 the Bangladeshi government drafted a law which punishes a person who carries a minimum {{convert|200|g|oz|abbr=off}} of ya ba with capital punishment.{{Cite web |date=2018-10-27 |title=Narcotics Control Bill passed with death penalty for dealing yaba |url=https://archive.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/parliament/2018/10/27/narcotics-control-bill-passed-death-penalty-for-smuggling-selling-yaba |access-date=2022-10-09 |website=Dhaka Tribune |archive-date=2022-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009212401/https://archive.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/parliament/2018/10/27/narcotics-control-bill-passed-death-penalty-for-smuggling-selling-yaba |url-status=live }}

=Other countries=

In Malaysia, it is commonly found in the state of Kelantan, on the border with Thailand.

In February 2010 it was reported that increasingly large quantities of ya ba were being smuggled into Israel by Thai migrant workers, leading to fears that its use would spread to the Israeli club scene, where ecstasy use is already common.{{cite news |vauthors=Lappin Y |date=2 February 2010 |title='Nazi speed' smuggled in huge amounts |url=http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Nazi-speed-smuggled-in-huge-amounts |work=The Jerusalem Post |access-date=2014-11-13 |archive-date=2014-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113140750/http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Nazi-speed-smuggled-in-huge-amounts |url-status=live }}

In 2003, the US National Drug Intelligence Center described the drug as having emerging popularity in Asian communities in the US, specifically in California. It was also described as an increasingly popular club drug.