Yazh
{{Short description|Musical instrument}}{{About|the instrument|the Sri Lankan city named after the instrument|Jaffna}}{{see also|Ancient veena|Ancient Tamil music}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox instrument
| name = Yazh
| image = 2024-03-22 Burmis Swam, Villadi Yaaz, Villadi Naadmandal in Raja Dinkar Kelkar Museum, Pune.jpg
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| caption = Three recreations of historical harps: Villadi Yaaz (center), Burmis Swam (left), Villadi Naadmandal (right).
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| names =
| classification = String instrument
| hornbostel_sachs = 322.11
| hornbostel_sachs_desc = arched harp
| inventors =
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| related = {{bulleted list|African harp|Pin (Cambodian harp)|Saung (Burmese harp)|harp-style Vina}}
| musicians = Tharun Sekar
| articles =
}}
The yazh ({{langx|ta|யாழ்}}, also transliterated yāḻ, {{IPA|ta|jaːɻ|pron}}) is a harp used in ancient Tamil music. It was strung with gut strings that ran from a curved ebony neck to a boat or trough-shaped resonator, the opening of which was a covered with skin for a soundboard. At the resonator the strings were attached to a string-bar or tuning bar with holes for strings that laid beneath of the soundboard and protruded through. The neck may also have been covered in hide.{{cite encyclopedia |author = Alastair Dick|editor-last= Sadie |editor-first=Stanley |entry= Yāl|encyclopedia= The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments |year=1984 |id= Volume 3 |page=881 }}{{cite web |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100210134738/http://www.rso.cornell.edu/spicmacay/spicmacay_files/home_files/instr.html |archive-date= 10 February 2010 |url=http://www.rso.cornell.edu/spicmacay/spicmacay_files/home_files/instr.html |title=Musical instruments played in India |publisher=Chapter of SPICMACAY, Cornell University|access-date=16 November 2011 |quote= The yazh is an ancient Dravidian instrument, somewhat like a harp. It was named for the fact that the tip of stem of this instrument was carved into the head of the animal yaali (vyala in Sanskrit). The yazh was an open-stringed polyphonous instrument, with a wooden boat-shaped skin-covered resonator and an ebony stem. It was tuned by either pegs or rings of gut moved up and down the string...was displaced by the veena in the middle ages}}{{cite news|title=Celebrating unheard melodies|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/magazine/article974391.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=25 December 2010|location=India |quote=Yazh (a form of harp)...Notes (svaras) are known as Narambu. Narambu are the gut strings used in the Yazh. Each string of the Yazh was tuned to one note therefore this association of Narambu to note.}}
The arched harp was used in India since at least the 2nd century B.C.E., when a woman was sculpted with the instrument in a Buddhist artwork at Bhārut.{{cite book|author=Catherine Ludvík|title=Sarasvatī, Riverine Goddess of Knowledge: From the Manuscript-carrying Vīṇā-player to the Weapon-wielding Defender of the Dharma|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4lsYKIXBOK0C&pg=PA227|year=2007|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=978-90-04-15814-6|pages=227–229}} Both the Indian harp-style veena and the Tamil yazh declined starting in about the 7th century C.E., as stick-zither style veenas rose to prominence.
While use of the instrument died out in centuries past, artworks have preserved some knowledge of what the instruments looked like. Luthiers have begun to recreate the instrument.
Characteristics
The instruments were built between 1 and 3 feet tall. Strings made of goat intestine were stretched and shaped to differing thicknesses for different notes. Bodies were carved from local woods, including emmaram (red wood) or pala maram (jackfruit) wood, and today red cedar is used. Soundboards were made of goatskin, glued to the body with a paste made of tamarind seeds. The sound bar beneath the soundboard, which the strings anchor to, was glued to the instrument's body with a lacquer called Arakku.
File:Kinnara playing a yazh, Kailasanathar Temple in Kanchipuram, India, ca 8th century CE.jpg
Harps are tuned to musical scales, with each string being tuned to one note in the scale. According to literature, Tamil land was divided into five regions, each having its own scale (Paan) and variant of the instrument.{{cite web |title= Yazh: rebirth with a twist|last= Rajeswari |first= Janani |access-date=1 October 2022|website=The Verandah Club|quote= ...five major types of Yazh based on the number of strings: Sengotti Yazh (seven strings to play seven swaras); Sagoda Yazh (14 strings); Makara Yazh (19 strings), Periyazh (containing 21-29 strings which was closer to the Veena on which one can play 27 notes) and the Seeryazh...ancient literature divided the land into five forms: Marutham, Mullai, Paalai, Neidhal and Kurunji. "It is believed that each of the regions had a Paan (ancient scale of music) and also a Yazh that was unique to it," says Tharun. |url= https://theverandahclub.com/article/yazh-rebirth-with-a-twist-287}}
The Tamil poet Thiruvalluvar mentions yazh in his work Thirukkural.{{cite book |title=Tamil culture |editor=Xavier S. Thani Nayagam |publisher=Tamil Literature Society, Academy of Tamil Culture |date=1966 |series=Tamil (Indic people) |volume=12 |pages=208, 209 |language=en, ta}} Many major Tamil classical literary masterpieces written during Sangam period have mentioned the yazh. Silappatikaram, written by a Tamil Chera prince Ilango Adigal, mentions four kinds of yazhs:{{cite book |last=Rangarajan |first=Haripriya |title=Jainism: art, architecture, literature & philosophy |editor1=Haripriya Rangarajan |editor2=G. Kamalakar |editor3=A. K. V. S. Reddy |editor4=M. Veerender |editor5=K. Venkatachalam |publisher=Sharada Publishing House |date=2001 |series=Religion / Jainism |page=142 |isbn=9788185616773 |language=en, ta}}
- Peri yazh – 21-29 strings – large yazh
- Makara yazh – 19 strings – makara yazh
- Cakota yazh – 14 strings
- Cenkotti yazh – 7 strings
The Tamil book Perumpāṇāṟṟuppaṭai says the strings of a yazh should not have any twists in them. Other Tamil literature which have mentions on yazh are Seevaga Sindhamani and Periya Puranam.{{cite news |title=On the basics of conservation |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/12/04/stories/2009120450960100.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125072123/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/12/04/stories/2009120450960100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 January 2013 |date=4 December 2009 |newspaper=The Hindu |location=India}} In modern times Swami Vipulananda has written a book of scientific research in Tamil called the Yazh Nool, detailing 6 different yazh harps.{{Cite web |url=http://tamilnation.co/hundredtamils/vipulananda.htm |title=One hundred Tamils of the 20th century: Swami Vipulananda (1892–1947)}}
=Body shape=
The instrument may have a relationship with the mythological yali, the word for which (யாழி) is linguistically similar to the word for this arched harp (முகம்). Whatever relationship the words may or may not have linguistically, some researchers believe the mythological yali was carved into the tip of the yazh harp's neck. The relationship between a stringed instrument and the yali is not limited to this Tamil instrument, but also was mentioned by Śārṅgadeva in his Sangita Ratnakara as a feature of the ekatantri stick-zither veena.{{cite web |title= Varieties of Veena |website= SARASWATHI VEENA(SARASWATI VEENA) |url=https://theveena.com/?page_id=445 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002114656/https://theveena.com/?page_id=445 |archive-date=2022-10-02 |quote= [paraphrased-translation placed online of parts of the Sangeeta Ratnakara of Sarngadeva]}} The modern Saraswati veena retains this feature.{{cite journal |title= An Introduction to the Vina |author= Karaikudi S. Subramanian |journal= Asian Music |volume= 16 |issue= 2 |date=Spring–Summer 1985 |pages= 9–13, 19 |publisher= University of Texas Press |doi = 10.2307/833772 |jstor= 833772 |url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/833772|url-access= subscription }}
Other types of yazh are:
- Mayil Yazh – "resembling a peacock"{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaimuseum.org/draft/gallery/02/01/musinst2.htm |title=Musical Instruments |page=2 |publisher=Government Museum, Chennai, India |access-date=16 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927234750/http://www.chennaimuseum.org/draft/gallery/02/01/musinst2.htm |archive-date=27 September 2011 }}
- Vil Yazh – "shaped like a bow"{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaimuseum.org/draft/gallery/02/01/musinst3.htm |title=Musical Instruments |page=3 |publisher=Government Museum, Chennai, India |access-date=16 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927234851/http://www.chennaimuseum.org/draft/gallery/02/01/musinst3.htm |archive-date=27 September 2011 }}
The animal used in creating the instrument has an effect on its sound, affecting the instrument's dimensions which changes its sound. The shapes are both culturally aesthetic and lend themselves to incorporating the golden ratio curve into the arch of the instrument.
Literature
There is a city named for the yazh in the story of its founding, Jaffna, known in Tamil as Yazhpanam. A Sri Lankan Tamil legend recounts that a blind man Panan played on the Yazh so beautiful that he was given land from a king, which he named after himself, literally meaning "town of harper".{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VSUeAAAAIAAJ |title=Ceylon Sessional Papers |last=Pārlimēntuva |first=Ceylon |date=1957-01-01 |publisher=Government Press |language=en}}{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S4_domy-aYsC&q=yalpanam&pg=PA4 |title=A Hand Book to the Jaffna Peninsula and a Souvenir of the Opening of the Railway to the North |last = Katiresu |first = Subramanier| date = 2004-01-01 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=9788120618725 |language=en}}{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k9DpMY206bMC |title=Ancient Jaffna: Being a Research into the History of Jaffna from Very Early Times to the Portuguese Period |last1=Rasanayagam |first1=C. |last2=Rasanayagam |first2=Mudaliyar C. |date=1993-01-01 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=9788120602106 |language=en}}
Not only seen in literature, Yazh are found in sculptures in the Darasuram and Thirumayam temples in Tamil Nadu and also in Amaravathi village, Guntur district.{{cite news |title=Recreating treasures of the past |url=http://www.hindu.com/ms/2007/12/26/stories/2007122650010100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821054545/http://www.hindu.com/ms/2007/12/26/stories/2007122650010100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 August 2008 |date=26 December 2007 |newspaper=The Hindu |location=India}}
The yazh was played in Madurai Meenakshi Amman Temple in early centuries. It was mentioned in ShaivaThirumurai 11th Pathigam. It was also played by the musician and poet Panapathirar ({{langx|ta|பாணபத்திரர்}}) who is mentioned in religious devotional stories.
Gallery
File:Yaarl.jpg|Modern reproduction of a Yazh, an instrument used in Ancient Tamil music. This reproduction has a yali head carved into the curved neck.
File:Yaaz.jpg|Modern recreations of the yazh/yal
File:Makarayazh woman.jpg|Modern illustration of Makara yal (Tamil: மகரயாழ்).
File:யாழ் மீட்டும் பெண்.png|Woman playing a yal.
File:Virkodi Yazh.jpg|Virkodi yazh or vil yazh. A music theory proposes that a hunters bow was inspiration for the first stringed instruments in India. This is from Tamil Nadu.
External links
- [https://www.bbc.com/tamil/arts-and-culture-63031069 BBC video showing the instrument being played.]
- [https://www.thehindu.com/society/a-veena-shaped-like-a-tortoise-vies-with-one-shaped-like-a-peacock-in-this-pune-museum/article24592527.ece/amp/ News article with prominent photo of Makara yazh]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20170729045035/http://www.dailynews.lk/2017/06/21/features/119512/how-jaffna-got-name-yarlpanam Brief history of Jaffna and the yazh, Daily News, Sri Lankha]
- [https://www.joinpaperplanes.com/design-and-living/redesigning-the-yazh-ancient-string-instrument/ News story on re-creating yazh]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20210607000504/https://www.dtnext.in/news/topnews/2020/10/15003020/1256576/city-architect-redesigns-forgotten-musical-instruments.vpf Photo and news clip of modern re-created yazh]
- [https://thesouthfirst.com/featured/sangam-literature-inspired-fusion-song-harmonises-tamil-nadus-yazh-and-armenias-duduk/ Music featuring Yazh]
References
{{Portal|India|Music}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Indian musical instruments}}