Yodh#Arabic yāʼ

{{Hatnote|See full article: Proto-Sinaitic script}}

Yod originated from a hieroglyphic "hand", or *yad.

D36

Before the late nineteenth century, the letter yāʼ was written without its two dots, especially those in the Levant.

{{Infobox grapheme

| name = Yāʾ ياء

| letter = ي

| variations =

| image =

| imagesize = 200

| imagealt =

| script = Arabic script

| type = Abjad

| typedesc =

| language = Arabic language

| phonemes = {{IPAblink|j}}, {{IPAblink|iː}}

| unicode =

| alphanumber = 4

| number =

| usageperiod =

| children =

| equivalents =

| associates =

| direction = Right-to-left

| fam1 = 𐤉

| fam2 = 𐡉

| fam3 = 

| fam4 = ى

}}

The letter {{lang|ar|ي}} is named {{Transliteration|ar|ALA|yāʼ}} ({{lang|ar|يَاء}}). It is written in several ways depending on its position in the word:

{{Arabic alphabet shapes|ي}}

It is pronounced in four ways:

• As a consonant, it is pronounced as a palatal approximant {{IPA|/j/}}, typically at the beginnings of words in front of short or long vowels.
• A long {{IPA|/iː/}} usually in the middle or end of words. In this case it has no diacritic, but could be marked with a kasra in the preceding letter in some traditions.
• A long {{IPA|/eː/}} In many dialects, as a result of the monophthongization that the diphthong {{IPA|/aj/}} underwent in most words.
• A part of a diphthong, {{IPA|/aj/}}. Then, it has no diacritic but could be marked with a sukun in some traditions. The preceding consonant could have no diacritic or have {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|fatḥa}} sign, hinting to the first vowel in the diphthong, i.e. {{IPA|/a/}}.

As a vowel, yāʾ can serve as the "seat" of the hamza: {{lang|ar|ئ}}

Yāʾ serves several functions in the Arabic language. Yāʾ as a prefix is the marker for a singular imperfective verb, as in {{lang|ar|يَكْتُب}} {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|yaktub}} "he writes" from the root {{lang|ar|ك-ت-ب}} K-T-B ("write, writing"). Yāʾ with a shadda is particularly used to turn a noun into an adjective, called a nisbah ({{lang|ar|نِسْبَة}}). For instance, {{lang|ar|مِصْر}} {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|Miṣr}} (Egypt) → {{lang|ar|مِصْرِيّ}} Miṣriyy (Egyptian). The transformation can be more abstract; for instance, {{lang|ar|مَوْضَوع}} mawḍūʿ (matter, object) → {{lang|ar|مَوْضُوعِيّ}} mawḍūʿiyy (objective). Still other uses of this function can be a bit further from the root: {{lang|ar|اِشْتِرَاك}} ishtirāk (cooperation) → {{lang|ar|اِشْتِرَاكِيّ}} ishtirākiyy (socialist). The common pronunciation of the final {{IPA|/-ijj/}} is most often pronounced as {{IPA|ar|i|}} or {{IPA|ar|iː|}}.

A form similar to but distinguished from yāʾ is the {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|ʾalif maqṣūrah}} ({{lang|ar|أَلِف مَقْصُورَة}}) "limited/restricted alif", with the form {{lang|ar|ى}}. It indicates a final long {{IPA|/aː/}}.

{{further|Aleph#alif_maqsura}}

In Arabic, alif maqṣūrah is the letter yāʼ without its two dots, and it is thus written as:

{{Arabic alphabet shapes|ى}}

However, this letter cannot be used initially or medially in Arabic. The alif maqṣūrah with hamza is thus written as:

{{Arabic alphabet shapes|ئ}}

{{Arabic script sidebar|Pashto|nav=no}}

{{Arabic script sidebar|Persian|nav=no}}

In the Persian alphabet, the letter is generally called ye following Persian-language custom. In its isolated and final forms, the letter does not have dots ({{lang|fa|ی}}), much like the Arabic Alif maqṣūrah or, more to the point, much like the custom in Egypt, Sudan and sometimes Maghreb. On account of this difference, Perso-Arabic ye is located at a different Unicode code point than both of the standard Arabic letters. In computers, the Persian version of the letter automatically appears with two dots initially and medially: ({{lang|fa|یـ ـیـ ـی}}).

{{Arabic alphabet Naskh and Nastaliq shapes|ی}}

In Kashmiri, it uses a ring instead of dots below (ؠ) ({{script/Arabic|ؠ ؠـ ـؠـ ـؠ}}).

{{Arabic alphabet shapes|ؠ}}

In different calligraphic styles like the Hijazi script, Kufic, and Nastaʿlīq script, a final yāʾ might have a particular shape with the descender turned to the right ({{Nastaliq|ـے}}), called {{Transliteration|ar|al-yāʾ al-mardūdah/al-rājiʿah}} ("returned, recurred yāʾ"),{{cite book |last1=Gacek |first1=Adam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GfZYCcOL8dYC&pg=PA29 |title=The Arabic manuscript tradition: a glossary of technical terms and bibliography: supplement |date=2008 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-9004165403 |location=Leiden |page=29}} either with two dots or without them.{{cite book |last1=Yūsofī |first1=Ḡolām-Ḥosayn |title=Encyclopædia Iranica |date=1990 |volume=IV |pages=680–704 |chapter=Calligraphy |chapter-url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/calligraphy |access-date=2015-10-03 |archive-date=2021-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025231747/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/calligraphy |url-status=live }}

In Urdu this is called baṛī ye ("big ye"), but is an independent letter used for /ɛː, eː/ and differs from the basic ye (choṭī ye, "little ye"). For this reason the letter has its own code point in Unicode. Nevertheless, its initial and medial forms are not different from the other ye (practically baṛī ye is not used in these positions).

{{Arabic alphabet Naskh and Nastaliq shapes|ے}}

Hebrew spelling: {{lang|he|יוֹד}} ;[http://morfix.mako.co.il/default.aspx?q=%u05D9%u05D5%u05D3 Morfix.mako.co.il]{{dead link|date=July 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Cite web |url=https://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/05d9/index.htm |title=Fileformat.info |access-date=2018-03-21 |archive-date=2018-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403023927/http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/05d9/index.htm |url-status=live }} colloquial {{lang|he|יוּד}}

;The letter appears with or without a hook on different sans-serif fonts, for example:

• Arial, DejaVu Sans, Arimo, Open Sans: י
• Tahoma, Alef, Heebo: י

In both Biblical and Modern Hebrew, Yod represents a palatal approximant ({{IPAblink|j}}). As a mater lectionis, it represents the vowel {{IPAblink|i}}.

In gematria, Yod represents the number ten.

As a prefix, it designates the third person singular (or plural, with a Vav as a suffix) in the future tense.

As a suffix, it indicates first person singular possessive; av (father) becomes avi (my father).

{{redirect|Double Yod|the use in Yiddish|#Yiddish}}

Two Yods in a row ({{large|{{lang|he|יי}}}}) designate the name of God and in pointed texts are written with the vowels of Adonai, which is done as well with the Tetragrammaton.

As Yod is the smallest letter, much kabbalistic and mystical significance is attached. According to the Gospel of Matthew, Jesus mentioned it during the Antithesis of the Law, when he says: "One jot or one tittle shall in no wise pass from the law, till all be fulfilled." Jot, or iota, refers to the letter Yod; scribes often overlooked it because of its size and position as a mater lectionis. In Modern Hebrew, "tip of the yod" refers to a small and insignificant thing, and someone who "worries about the tip of a yod" is picky and meticulous about minor details.

Much kabbalistic and mystical significance is also attached to it because of its gematria value as ten, which is an important number in Judaism, and its place in the name of God.{{Cite web |url=http://www.inner.org/hebleter/yud.htm |title=Inner.org |access-date=2004-11-06 |archive-date=2023-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522232256/https://www.inner.org/hebleter/yud.htm |url-status=live }}

In Yiddish,{{cite book|last=Weinreich|first=Uriel|date=1992|title=College Yiddish|location=New York|publisher=YIVO Institute for Jewish Research|pages=27–8|author-link = Uriel Weinreich}} the letter yod is used for several orthographic purposes in native words:

• Alone, a single yod {{lang|yi|rtl=yes|י}} may represent the vowel {{IPAblink|i}} or the consonant {{IPAblink|j}}. When adjacent to another vowel, or another yod, {{IPAblink|i}} may be distinguished from {{IPAblink|j}} by the addition of a dot below. Thus the word Yidish 'Yiddish' is spelled {{lang|yi|rtl=yes|ייִדיש}}. The first yod represents [{{IPA|j}}]; the second yod represents [{{IPA|i}}] and is distinguished from the adjacent [{{IPA|j}}] by a dot; the third yod represents [{{IPA|i}}] as well, but no dot is necessary.
• The digraph {{lang|yi|rtl=yes|יי}}, consisting of two yods, represents the diphthong [{{IPA|ej}}].
• A pair of yods with a horizontal line (pasekh) under them, {{lang|yi|rtl=yes|ײַ}}, represents the diphthong [{{IPA|aj}}] in standard Yiddish.
• The digraph consisting of a vov followed by a yod, {{lang|yi|rtl=yes|וי}}, represents the diphthong [{{IPA|oj}}].

In traditional and YIVO Yiddish orthography, loanwords from Hebrew or Aramaic ("loshn koydesh") are spelled as they are in their language of origin. In the Soviet orthography, they are written phonetically like other Yiddish words.

{{Arabic alphabet shapes|ܝ‎}}

{{charmap

|05D9|name1=Hebrew Letter Yod

|064A|name2=Arabic Letter Yeh

|06CC|name3=Arabic Letter Farsi Yeh

|071D|name4=Syriac Letter Yudh

|0809|name5=Samaritan Letter Yut

}}

{{charmap

|1038A|name1=Ugaritic Letter Yod

|10849|name2=Imperial Aramaic Letter Yodh

|10909|name3=Phoenician Letter Yod

}}

{{Reflist}}

{{commons category|Yodh (letter)}}{{Arabic language}}{{Hebrew language}}

{{Northwest Semitic abjad}}

Category:Phoenician alphabet

Category:Arabic letters

Category:Hebrew letters

Category:Urdu letters

Category:Vowel letters