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Youth Pledge

{{Short description|1928 declaration by Indonesian nationalists}}{{History of Indonesia|||image =|200px}}

File:Youthpledge.jpg

The Youth Pledge ({{langx|id|Sumpah Pemuda}}, {{lit|Youth Oath}}), officially titled as Decision of the Congress of Indonesian Youth (van Ophuijsen spelling {{langx|id|Poetoesan Congres Pemoeda-pemoeda Indonesia}}) is the pledge made by young Indonesians since 28 October 1928, which defined the identity of Indonesians. The decision proclaimed three ideas: one motherland, one nation, and a unifying language.Ricklefs (1982) p177

Background

{{see also|Indonesian National Awakening}}

The first Indonesian youth congress was held in Batavia (now called Jakarta), the capital of the then-Dutch East Indies in 1926. It produced no formal decisions but did promote the idea of a united Indonesia. The dream of Indonesian independence inspired all Indonesian youth to unite their efforts in mobilizing youth organizations into one forum.{{Cite book|title=Pendidikan Pancasila dan Kewarganegaraan kelas 8|volume=2|publisher=Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan|year=2017|isbn=978-602-282-960-7|page=98|url=http://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/7035/1/buku%20siswa%20PPKN_resize.pdf#page=109 |language=id}} At the time, the situation was tense since the Dutch colonial authority had just crushed the joint rebellion between communists and religious groups in Cilegon, Banten, and West Sumatra. Wage Rudolf Supratman, in preparation, composed and recorded the song "Indonesia" (prototype of "Indonesia Raya") with the help of Yo Kim Tjan, owner of Toko Populaire, a music store in Pasar Baru. This was after being rejected by Dutch-owned Firma Odeon and Tio Tek Hong, owner of a vinyl store in Pasar Baru, in fear of the Dutch authority. The music was recorded secretly in Yo Kim Tjan's house near Bilangan Gunung Sahari in 1927.{{cite web | last=Eko | first=Prasetyo | title=Peran Sie Kong Lian dan Pemuda Papua dalam Sumpah Pemuda | website=Tutur Visual - Kompas.id | date=2020-10-28 | url=https://interaktif.kompas.id/baca/peran-sie-kong-lian-dan-pemuda-papua-dalam-sumpah-pemuda/ | language=id | access-date=2022-04-15}}

In October 1928, the second Indonesian youth congress was held in three locations. The first session was held on 27 October 1928 in the Katholieke Jongelingenbond building, where hope was expressed for the congress to inspire the feeling of unity. The second session saw discussions about educational issues held in the Oost Java Bioscoop building. The third and final session on 28 October was held at Jalan Kramat Raya No, 106, which was a house owned by Sie Kong Lian.{{cite web | last=Eko | first=Prasetyo | title=Peran Sie Kong Lian dan Pemuda Papua dalam Sumpah Pemuda | website=Tutur Visual - Kompas.id | date=2020-10-28 | url=https://interaktif.kompas.id/baca/peran-sie-kong-lian-dan-pemuda-papua-dalam-sumpah-pemuda/ | language=id | access-date=2022-04-15}} This event was closed by the hearing of the future Indonesian national anthem Indonesia Raya by Wage Rudolf Supratman played with violin, and sang by Haji Agus Salim's daughter, Theodora Atia "Dolly" Salim, but was modified slightly to not provoke Dutch authority.{{cite web | last=Raditya | first=Iswara N | title=Fakta-fakta Menarik Sejarah Hari Sumpah Pemuda 28 Oktober 1928 | website=tirto.id | date=2021-10-26 | url=https://tirto.id/fakta-fakta-menarik-sejarah-hari-sumpah-pemuda-28-oktober-1928-f6qx | language=id | access-date=2022-04-15}}

The congress was closed with a reading of the youth pledge.{{cite web|url=http://www.museumsumpahpemuda.go.id/2009/12/soempah-pemoeda/ |title=SOEMPAH PEMOEDA |date=Dec 8, 2009 |access-date=October 15, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127123638/http://www.museumsumpahpemuda.go.id/2009/12/soempah-pemoeda/ |archive-date=January 27, 2012 }} Youth Pledge Museum website (Indonesian)Hudaya Latuconsina & Dedi Rafidi (1996) p123

The pledge

In Indonesian, with the original spelling, the pledge reads:

Pertama

Kami poetra dan poetri Indonesia, mengakoe bertoempah darah jang satoe, tanah air Indonesia.

Kedoea

Kami poetra dan poetri Indonesia, mengakoe berbangsa jang satoe, bangsa Indonesia.

Ketiga

Kami poetra dan poetri Indonesia, mendjoendjoeng bahasa persatoean, bahasa Indonesia.

In Indonesian with current spelling:

Pertama

Kami putra dan putri Indonesia, mengaku bertumpah darah yang satu, tanah air Indonesia.

Kedua

Kami putra dan putri Indonesia, mengaku berbangsa yang satu, bangsa Indonesia.

Ketiga

Kami putra dan putri Indonesia, menjunjung bahasa persatuan, bahasa Indonesia.

In English:

Firstly

We the sons and daughters of Indonesia, acknowledge one motherland, Indonesia.

Secondly

We the sons and daughters of Indonesia, acknowledge to be of one nation, the nation of Indonesia.

Thirdly

We the sons and daughters of Indonesia, uphold the language of unity, Indonesian.

First Congress of Indonesian Youth

Original Draft

File:Historical_Indonesian_Youth_Pledge,_Sumpah_Pemuda_in_1928.jpg

The Youth Pledge is a commitment by Indonesian youth from various ethnic groups to unite in Indonesia. However, it turns out that the original script of the Youth Pledge did not mention the Indonesian language but instead used Malay.{{Citation |title=Ternyata Naskah Awal Sumpah Pemuda Menyebut Bahasa Persatuan Adalah Melayu Bukan Indonesia |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIfAOY7KMJE |access-date=2023-11-29 |language=en}}

In the First Indonesian Youth Congress, the proposal for the original Youth Pledge was formulated by Mohammad Yamin.

In Indonesian, with the original spelling, the draft pledge reads:

Pertama

Kami poetra dan poetri Indonesia, mengakoe bertoempah darah jang satoe, tanah air Indonesia.

Kedoea

Kami poetra dan poetri Indonesia, mengakoe berbangsa jang satoe, bangsa Indonesia.

Ketiga

Kami poetra dan poetri Indonesia, mendjoendjoeng bahasa persatoean, bahasa Melajoe.

In English:

Firstly

We the sons and daughters of Indonesia, acknowledge one motherland, Indonesia.

Secondly

We the sons and daughters of Indonesia, acknowledge to be of one nation, the nation of Indonesia.

Thirdly

We the sons and daughters of Indonesia, uphold the language of unity, Malay.

However, the original Youth Pledge sparked a debate. Mohammad Tabrani objected to the third paragraph of the original Youth Pledge, which used Malay. According to him, Malay should be replaced with Indonesian so that the entire formulation includes the name Indonesia at the end.

This debate inevitably led to changes in the wording of the original Youth Pledge. However, initially, there was no agreement on the change of formulation.

Therefore, the proposal for Mohammad Yamin's proposal for the original Youth Pledge was submitted again at the Second Indonesian Youth Congress. The congress took place from 27 to 28 October 1928, in Jakarta. The Second Youth Congress resulted in the Youth Pledge that we still hear today and marked the birth of Indonesian language.

National Day

File:MuseumSumpahPemuda-20-PerhimpunanPelajarPelajarIndonesia.jpg

As of Presidential Decree No. 316 of 1959 dated December 16, 1959, 28 October became non-holiday national day.wikisource article about national day that not holiday

See also

{{portal|Indonesia}}

References

  • Hudaya Latuconsina & Dedi Rafidi (1996) Pelajaran Sejarah untuk SMU Jilid 2 (History for Senior High School Vol. 2). Penerbit Erlangga, Jakarta, {{ISBN|979-411-251-8}}
  • Kahin, George McTurnan (1952) Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia Cornell University Press, {{ISBN|0-8014-9108-8}}
  • Ricklefs (1982), A History of Modern Indonesia, Macmillan Southeast Asian reprint, {{ISBN|0-333-24380-3}}
  • [https://museumsumpahpemuda.kemdikbud.go.id/ Youth Pledge Museum website (Indonesian)]

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Category:Indonesian National Awakening