Yus

File:Yus.svg

File:Evolution of cursive Cyrillic small yus into ya.svg

File:Handwritten Little Yus.svg

File:Beard token.jpg token from 1705 containing Ѧ]]

All modern Slavic languages that use the Cyrillic alphabet have lost the nasal vowels (at least in their standard varieties), making yus unnecessary.

Big yus was a part of the Bulgarian alphabet until 1945. However, by then, in the eastern dialects, the back nasal was pronounced the same way as ъ {{IPA|[ɤ]}}. Since the new Soviet-sponsored regime wanted to break with the one which it replaced at the end of WWII and closer align the official language with Russian, which was closer to the eastern dialects and had already removed its Big Yus, the western pronunciations were deemed unliterary, and the letter was gone.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}

There were some Bulgarian and Macedonian dialects spoken around Thessaloniki and Kastoria in northern Greece (Kostur dialect, Solun dialect) that still preserve a nasal pronunciation e.g. {{IPA|[ˈkɤ̃de ˈɡrẽdeʃ ˈmilo ˈt͡ʃẽdo]|lang=bg}} ({{lang|bg|Къде гредеш, мило чедо?}}; "Where are you going, dear child?"), which could be spelled pre-reform as "{{lang|bg|Кѫдѣ грѧдешъ, мило чѧдо?}}" with big and little yus.

On a visit to Razlog, in Bulgaria's Pirin Macedonia, in 1955, the Russian dialectologist Samuil Bernstein noticed that the nasal pronunciation of words like {{IPA|[ˈrɤ̃ka]|lang=bg}} (hand), {{IPA|[ˈt͡ʃẽdo]|lang=bg}} (child) could still be heard from some of the older women of the village. To the younger people, the pronunciation was completely alien; they would think that the old ladies were speaking Modern Greek.October 27, 1955 entry in Bernstein's diary, [http://macedonia.kroraina.com/sb2/sb_1955.htm Зигзаги памяти]. Bernstein transcribed the words as рънка, чендо.

In Russia, the little yus came to be pronounced as an iotated {{IPA|/ja/}} ({{lang|ru|я}}) in the middle or at the end of a word and therefore came to represent that sound also elsewhere;{{citation needed|reason=The letter Yus was already deleted from the Russian Alphabet!|date=March 2023}} the modern letter {{lang|ru|я}} is an adaptation of its cursive form of the 17th century, enshrined by the typographical reform of 1708. (That is also why {{lang|ru|я}} in Russian often corresponds to nasalized {{lang|pl|ę}} in Polish; cf. Russian {{lang|ru|пять}}; Polish {{lang|pl|pięć}}.)

In Polish, which is a Slavic language written in the Latin alphabet, the letter Ę ę has the phonetic value of little yus, and Ą ą has that of big yus. The iotated forms are written ię/ję and ią/ją, respectively. However, the phonemes written ę and ą are not directly descended from those represented by little and big yus but developed after the original nasals merged in Polish and then diverged again. (Kashubian, the closest language to Polish, uses the letter ã instead of ę.)

Little and big yuses can also be found in the Romanian Cyrillic alphabet, used until 1862. Little yus was used for {{IPA|/ja/}} and big yus for unknown vowels, transcribed in later Romanian as {{IPA|/ɨ/}} and {{IPA|/ə/}}. Now Romanian uses the Latin alphabet and {{IPA|/ɨ/}} is written Îî or Ââ. {{IPA|/ə/}} is written as Ăă.

One of the first transcriptions of the big yus as î in Romanian is found in Acatist (1801, Sibiu) by Samuil Micu-Klein.

Little yus in the Slovak alphabet has been substituted by a (desať, načať), e (plesať), iotated ia (žiadať, kliatba, mesiac), ie (bdieť) and ä in several cases (pamäť, päť, svätý). Big yus is transliterated and pronounced as u, or accented ú (budeš, muž, mučeník, ruka, navyknúť, pristúpiť, púť, usnúť). Iotated, and closed iotated form of little yus occur as ja (e.g. jazyk, svoja, javiť, jasle).{{clear left}}

In Ruthenian language, little yus was used to transcribe the sound ja (as in руска(ѧ) мова ("Ruthenian language") or ѧзыкъ ("language")). This evolved into and corresponded with the letter я in the descendant languages of Belarusian, Ukrainian, and Rusyn.

The Interslavic language, a zonal, constructed, semi-artificial language based on Proto-Slavic and Old Church Slavonic modified based on the commonalities between living Slavic languages, allows (though does not encourage it for intelligibility purposes) to use both the little and big yus when writing in the scientific variety of its Cyrillic script. The letters correspond directly to their etymological values from Proto-Slavic, but do not retain the nasal pronunciation, instead going for one aiming to convey the "middle-ground" sounds found in etymologically corresponding letters in living Slavic languages. The little yus corresponds to the Latin letter "ę", while the big yus to "ų" in the etymological Latin script.

The iotated versions are not part of the standard scientific vocabulary, where the yuses are instead accompanied by the Cyrillic letter "ј", also used in the modern Serbian and Macedonian alphabets, though their use is optionally permissible for aesthetic reasons if one opts for using the more standard iotated vowels in their writing, so that consistency is preserved.

As of May 2019, no official "scientific Cyrillic" is endorsed by the Interslavic Commission for the reason that while Latin is easier to modify by simply adding diacritics, Cyrillic requires completely distinct graphemes. That is very likely to significantly hamper intelligibility for first-time readers, so yuses should not be used in writing when aiming to convey an easily understandable message.

• Я я : Cyrillic letter Ya
• Ѣ ѣ : Cyrillic letter Yat
• Ę ę : Latin letter E with ogonek - a Polish and Lithuanian letter
• Ą ą : Latin letter A with ogonek - a Polish and Lithuanian letter

{{anchor|Code positions}}

{{charmap

|0466|name1=Cyrillic Capital Letter
Little Yus

|0467|name2=Cyrillic Small Letter
Little Yus

|0468|name3=Cyrillic Capital Letter
Iotified Little Yus

|0469|name4=Cyrillic Small Letter
Iotified Little Yus

}}

{{charmap

|046A|name1=Cyrillic Capital Letter
Big Yus

|046B|name2=Cyrillic Small Letter
Big Yus

|046C|name3=Cyrillic Capital Letter
Iotified Big Yus

|046D|name4=Cyrillic Small Letter
Iotified Big Yus

}}

{{charmap

|A65A|name1=Cyrillic Capital Letter
Blended Yus

|A65B|name2=Cyrillic Small Letter
Blended Yus

}}

{{charmap

|A658|name1=Cyrillic Capital Letter
Closed Little Yus

|A659|name2=Cyrillic Small Letter
Closed Little Yus

|A65C|name3=Cyrillic Capital Letter
Iotified Closed Little Yus

|A65D|name4=Cyrillic Small Letter
Iotified Closed Little Yus

}}

{{charmap

|2DFD|name1=Combining Cyrillic Letter
Little Yus

|2DFE|name2=Combining Cyrillic Letter
Big Yus

|2DFF|name3=Combining Cyrillic Letter
Iotified Big Yus

}}

{{cite web |url=http://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0400.pdf |title=Cyrillic: Range: 0400–04FF |work=The Unicode Standard, Version 6.0 |year=2010 |page=41 |access-date=2011-10-31}}

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Category:Cyrillic ligatures