Za'im system
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The Za'im system, also known as zuama clientelism,{{cite web |title=Zuama Clientelism |url=http://countrystudies.us/lebanon/78.htm |access-date=December 19, 2013}} is a corrupt patronage system in Lebanon. A political boss, known as a Za'im (plural Zuama), is from a leading family in the country's electoral districts. They manipulate elections and distribute political favors and financial rewards to the highest bidder. A za'im can run for office or encourage votes for another to have another in his debt. Votes are often obtained through bribery or force. Individuals elected to parliament view their primary goal to serve the needs of their local clients, neglect any national issues and use parliament to further their regional-sectarian interests. The Za'im dressed in tailored European suits, which misled many visitors at the time."A History of the Modern Middle East." By William L. Cleveland and Martin Bunton. Published by WestView, 2013.{{When|date=June 2018}} According to As'ad AbuKhalil, many Zuama became warlords during the Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990). He has also stated that they are often sponsored by foreign governments, through which foreign embassies play a role in making political decisions in Lebanon.{{cite web |url=https://consortiumnews.com/2018/06/15/the-meaning-of-the-recent-lebanese-election-and-how-hariri-suffered-a-stinging-defeat/|title=The Meaning of the Recent Lebanese Election (and How Hariri Suffered a Stinging Defeat) |last=AbuKhalil |first=As'ad |author-link=As'ad AbuKhalil |date=15 June 2018|website=consortiumnews.com|access-date=16 June 2018}}
People who have been called Zuama
= Living{{When?|date=December 2024}} =
= Dead =
See also
References
Bibliography
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