Zari
{{short description|Thread}}
{{other uses}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2007}}
File:'Sari' from Varanasi (north-central India), silk and gold-wrapped silk yarn with supplementary weft brocade.jpg' from Varanasi (Banaras), silk and gold-wrapped silk yarn with supplementary weft brocade (zari)]]
Zari (or jari) is an even thread traditionally made of fine gold or silver used in traditional Indian, Bangladeshi and Pakistani garments, especially as brocade in saris etc.{{cite book |title=The sari: styles, patterns, history, techniques|author= Linda Lynton|publisher=H.N. Abrams |year=1995|isbn=0-8109-4461-8 }} This thread is woven into fabrics, primarily silk, to make intricate patterns and elaborate designs of embroidery called zardozi. Zari was popularised during the Moghul era; the port of Surat was linked to the Meccan pilgrimage route which served as a major factor for re-introducing this ancient craft in India.{{Cite web|last=Lall|first=Anusha|title=Traditional Embroideries|url=https://www.yourlibaas.com/blogs/fashion/10-traditional-embroideries-of-india|access-date=23 Jul 2020|website=yourlibaas|date=20 July 2020 }}
Zari is the main decorative material in most silk saris and ghararas. It is also used in other garments made of silk, like lehengas (skirts), cholis (blouses), kurtas, and dhotis.
Manufacture
The etymological root of the word is Persian.{{cite web|url=http://www.abuhaleeqa.net/m_s_data/data/bisht.htm|title=البشت في الخليج العربي|website=www.abuhaleeqa.net}}{{cite web|url=https://www.desiroyale.com/blogs/news/36505345-the-fascinating-heritage-of-zardozi-embroidery|title=The fascinating heritage of Zardozi Embroidery|first=Desi|last=Royale}}{{cite book|author1=Éva Ágnes Csató|author2=Bo Isaksson|author3=Carina Jahani|title=Linguistic Convergence and Areal Diffusion: Case Studies from Iranian, Semitic and Turkic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qdA1K3E66UgC&q=zari+persian+gold+thread&pg=PA175|year=2005|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-30804-5|page=175}}{{cite book|author=Angus Stevenson|title=Oxford Dictionary of English|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=anecAQAAQBAJ&q=zari+persian+gold+thread&pg=PA2064|date=19 August 2010|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-957112-3|page=2064}}
Zari is basically a brocade of tinsel thread meant for weaving and embroidery. It is manufactured by winding or wrapping (covering) a flattened metallic strip made from pure gold, silver or slit metallised polyester film, on a core yarn, usually of pure silk, viscose, cotton, nylon, polyester, P.P., mono/multi filament, wire, etc. Nowadays, it can broadly be divided into three types. Real zari, imitation zari, and metallic zari.
Real Zari is made from fine silver or gold thread is drawn from silver or gold alloys, which is flattened by passing it under equal pressure rotating rollers. The flattened silver threads are wound on the base yarn that is usually made of silk. These spools with silk and silver threads are further flattened for electroplating. The threads are then plated with gold by the process of electroplating. The lustre of the gilded threads is further increased by passing them through a brightener. These threads are then wound on a reel.
In ancient times, when precious metals were cheaply and easily available,{{Citation needed|date=February 2018}} only real zari threads were produced. Due to industrial revolution and invention of electroplating process, imitation techniques came into existence to cut the cost of precious metals. As copper is the most malleable and ductile metal after gold and silver, silver electroplated copper wire replaced pure silver. Various modern colours and chemicals are used to create/impart a golden hue instead of pure gold. The precious metals and copper too became dearer due to huge demand in various modern industries. Thus, a cheap and durable alternative was invented with non-tarnishing properties. Metallic zari came into vogue replacing traditional metals like gold, silver & copper. This non-genuine modern zari is light in weight & more durable than earlier editions. Also, it has the sought after properties of resistance to tarnishing and knotting.
Imitation zari is made when copper wires are drawn from copper alloys. It then undergoes a similar process, except in this case, they are electroplated with silver and then wound around the base yarn, and reeled. This type of zari is less expensive than pure zari, as silver electroplated copper is more economical.
Metallic sari is a modernized version of ari and it replaces traditional metals like gold, silver and copper. It is resistant, durable and light in weight. It is non-tarnishing and maintains its lustre for a considerable period of time.{{cite web|last1=PolkaCoffee|first1=RedPolka|title=The History & Manufacturing of Zari|url=http://www.redpolka.com/polkacoffee/Design/threads-of-gold-the-charm-of-india-zari-work|website=RedPolka.com|publisher=Repolka}}{{cite web|last1=Kanwal Jahan|first1=Process of Thread Making|title=Process of Thread Making|url=https://kanwaljahan.wordpress.com/articles/process-of-thread-making/|website=kanwaljahan.wordpress.com|date=8 January 2012|publisher=Kanwal Jahan}}{{cite web|last1=Discovered India|first1=Zari|title=Zari|url=http://www.discoveredindia.com/gujarat/culture-in-gujarat/arts-and-crafts-of-gujarat/textile/zari.htm|website=discoveredindia}}
Zari is used in various forms such as Zardozi, Kataoki Bel,{{cite web|last1=It's all about Arts & Crafts|first1=Craft and The Artisans|title=Katoki Bel|url=http://www.craftandartisans.com/zari-zardozi-tinsel-embroidery.html|website=Craft and The Artisans}} Mukaish,{{cite web|last1=Mukesh or Mukeish|first1=Utsavpedia|title=Mukesh or Mukeish|url=http://www.utsav-pedia.com/traditional-embroidery-design-of-mukesh-or-mukeish/|website=Utsavpedia}} Tilla or Marori Work,{{cite web|last1=All About Zari|first1=My Textile Notes|title=Tilla or Marori Work|url=http://mytextilenotes.blogspot.in/2011/04/all-about-zari.html|website=My Textile Notes|date=22 April 2011}} Gota Work,{{cite web|last1=An Encyclopaedia on Crafts of India|first1=Handmade in India|title=An Encyclopaedia on Crafts of India|url=http://www.cohands.in/handmadepages/book91.asp?t1=91&lang=English|website=CoHands}} and Kinari Work.
Surat in the state of Gujarat on the west coast of India is the world's largest producer of all types of zari namely threads, cantile, laces, ribbons, borders, trims, fringes, edges, cordonettes, cords, etc. The art of zari making has been inherited from father to son for many centuries. It is recognised as one of the ancient handicrafts by the government of India. Women from different communities & artisans produce zari for weaving, embroidery, crocheting, braiding, etc. Additionally,
there are approximately 100,000 child laborers producing Zari in India, sometimes (but not always) under conditions of debt bondage or otherwise unpaid work.{{Cite web|url=https://www.dol.gov/agencies/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-products?combine=&tid=All&field_exp_good_target_id=All&items_per_page=10&order=name&sort=asc&page=3|title = List of Products Produced by Forced or Indentured Child Labor | U.S. Department of Labor}}
Kalabattun
Kalabattun is an ancient term for metallic threads, such as gold-wrapped threads, that are used in a variety of brocade and embroidery arts.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QqYIAAAAQAAJ&q=Kalabattun&pg=PA133|title=Various Census of India|date=1883|pages=138|language=en}}{{Cite book|last=King|first=Brenda M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vqua3eovs7kC&q=Abrawan&pg=PR16|title=Silk and Empire|date=2005-09-03|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-6700-6|pages=xvii|language=en}}
Quality of pure Zari
245 grams of Zari is called one mark. It contains 191 grams of silver (78 percent), 51.55 grams of silk (21 percent), and 2.45 grams of gold (1 percent).{{cite web
| url = https://www.dinamalar.com/news/tamil-nadu-district-news-kancheepuram/news/191603
| title = அழிவை நோக்கி காஞ்சி பட்டு
| last =
| first =
| date = 2011-02-20
| website = dinamalar.com
| publisher =
| access-date =2024-11-09
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References
Further reading
- Banaras brocades, by Anand Krishna, Vijay Krishna, All India Handicrafts Board. Ed. Ajit Mookerjee. Crafts Museum, 1966.
{{Clothing in South Asia}}