Zebra spider

Female zebra spiders are 5–9 mm long, while males are 5–6 mm.{{cite web |url=http://www.arkive.org/zebra-spider/salticus-scenicus/#text=All |title=Zebra spider (Salticus scenicus) |publisher=ARKive |access-date=September 22, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100727050424/http://www.arkive.org/zebra-spider/salticus-scenicus/#text=All#text=All |archive-date=2010-07-27 |url-status=dead }} Male zebra spiders have distinctly larger chelicerae than females. Spiders in the family Salticidae have especially enlarged anterior median eyes, though the anterior and posterior lateral eyes are also large when compared to the very small posterior median eyes. In total there are eight eyes, with the very large anterior median eyes primarily responsible for its excellent binocular vision. These small spiders are black with white hairs that form stripes.

Zebra spiders are widespread across Europe, North America, and North Asia,{{Cite web |date=2022-04-17 |title=Salticus scenicus (Clerck, 1757) |url=https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NBNSYS0000008756 |access-date=2022-04-17 |website=nbnatlas.org}} where they are found throughout the Holarctic.

This species is naturally associated with open habitats such as rock faces, shingle beaches and occasionally the trunks of trees.{{Cite web |date=2022-04-17 |title=Summary for Salticus scenicus (Araneae) |url=https://srs.britishspiders.org.uk/portal.php/p/Summary/s/Salticus+scenicus |access-date=2022-04-17 |website=srs.britishspiders.org.uk}} Due to their preference for open, vertical habitats they are often found living in proximity to humans in urban habitat such as on garden fences and the walls of buildings.{{Cite book |last1=Bee |first1=Lawrence |last2=Oxford |first2=Geoff |last3=Smith |first3=Helen |title=Britain's Spiders: A Field Guide |edition=Fully Revised and Updated Second |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2020 |isbn=9780691211800 |oclc=1230909843 |page=42}} Spiders have also been known to enter houses, where they can often be found living in the corner of windowsills.{{Cite web |last=Duncan |first=James |date=2020-05-05 |title=Species of the day: Zebra Spider |url=https://sussexwildlifetrust.org.uk/news/species-of-the-day-zebra-spider |access-date=2022-04-17 |website=sussexwildlifetrust.org.uk}}

File:Salticus scenicus eating Sitticus pubescens.jpg]]

Zebra spiders tend to hunt smaller spiders and other arthropods. They have been observed feeding on mosquitos that are almost twice their length. They have also been observed taking on prey items up to 3 times the length of the spider, such as some of the smaller species of moth. Like other jumping spiders, these spiders use their large front eyes to locate and stalk their prey. They move slowly towards their prey until they are close enough to pounce on top of their victim, and their hunting behaviour has been described as cat-like. Using their acute eyesight, they are able to accurately judge the distances they need to jump.

They orient towards prey detected by their lateral eyes whenever the angle subtended by such prey exceeds 5.5°. The velocity of the prey is not involved in the determination of reactive distance, but only moving objects elicit orientation. The probability that orientation is followed by stalking is a function of both prey size and velocity. The zebra spider's stalk velocity declines progressively as it nears its (stationary) prey.{{Cite journal |author=Lawrence M. Dill |year=1975 |title=Predatory behavior of the zebra spider, Salticus scenicus (Araneae: Salticidae) |journal=Canadian Journal of Zoology |volume=53 |issue=9 |pages=1284–1289 |doi=10.1139/z75-153 |url=http://rparticle.web-p.cisti.nrc.ca/rparticle/AbstractTemplateServlet?journal=cjz&volume=53&msno=z75-153|url-access=subscription }}

Before jumping, they glue a silk thread to the surface that they are jumping from so that if they miss the target, they can climb up the thread and try again - However, they may 'abseil' with a silk thread if they wish to descend from a height safely, for instance they have been documented 'abseiling' from ceilings. They ignore unappetising insects such as ants.

There are no extensor muscles at the 'hinge joints' of the spider leg; joint extension in the legs is controlled by haemocoelic blood pressure. The most significant evidence that this extension is due to hydraulic forces is that the leg spines become erect during the jump, a result of increased body pressure which can be demonstrated on many spiders. The zebra spider's jump is almost entirely due to the sudden straightening of the fourth pair of legs. The mean jumping velocity is estimated to be between {{convert|0.64|-|0.79|m/s|abbr=on}}.{{cite journal |author=D. A. Parry & R. H. J. Brown |year=1959 |title=The jumping mechanism of salticid spiders |journal=Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=654–664 |doi=10.1242/jeb.36.4.654 |url=http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/reprint/36/4/654.pdf }}

This species breeds during the spring and summer months.{{Cite web |date=2022-04-29 |title=Salticus scenicus |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Salticus_scenicus/ |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=animaldiversity.org/}} When a male and female spider meet, the male will conduct a courtship dance. The dance involves waving their front legs, pedipalps and moving their abdomen up and down.{{Cite web |date=2022-04-29 |title=Zebra Spider |url=https://eol.org/pages/1214203/articles |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=eol.org}} During the courtship dance males use their striped markings to signal that they wish to mate with the female. The courting ritual relies heavily on eyesight. The better the dance the more likely the female will want to mate. Males must be careful when approaching a female as they can risk being attacked or even mistaken as a prey species. If the female is impressed with the male's dance she will allow the male to approach. The female will crouch and allow the male to climb on top of her. Male spiders use a pair of leg-like appendages called pedipalps to transfer sperm to the female during the mating process. Females will stay with their egg sacs and will guard the young after they hatch. After the spiderlings have had their second moult they will leave the mother and fend for themselves.

Salticus scenicus was one of the spiders included in Carl Alexander Clerck's 1757 work Svenska Spindlar / Aranei Suecici, the starting point for spider names in zoological nomenclature.{{cite web |url=http://research.amnh.org/iz/spiders/catalog/SALTICIDAE.html |title=Salticidae |date=June 7, 2010 |work=The World Spider Catalog, Version 11.0 |author=Norman I. Platnick |author-link=Norman I. Platnick |publisher=American Museum of Natural History}} Clerck originally called the species Araneus scenicus, and Carl Linnaeus, in the 1758 edition of Systema Naturae named it Aranea scenica; the specific epithet {{lang|la|scenicus}} means "actor".{{cite web |url=http://www.nicksspiders.com/nicksspiders/salticusscenicus.htm |title=Salticus scenicus |publisher=Nick's Spiders of Britain and Europe |access-date=September 22, 2010 |author=Nick Loven}} Since then a number of synonyms have been published:

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• Araneus scenicus
• Aranea scenica
• Aranea albo-fasciata
• Aranea fulvata
• Attus scenicus
• Attus candefactus
• Epiblemum faustum
• Attus scenicoides
• Calliethera histrionica
• Calliethera scenica
• Calliethera aulica
• Salticus albovittatus
• Attus histrionicus
• Callithera alpina
• Callietherus histrionicus
• Epiblemum histrionicum
• Salticus histrionicus
• Epiblemum scenicum
• Calliethera goberti
• Calliethera albovittata

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• {{Commons-inline|italic=1}}
• {{Wikispecies inline|Salticus scenicus|Salticus scenicus}}

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Category:Salticidae

Category:Spiders of Europe

Category:Spiders of Asia

Category:Spiders of North America

Category:Holarctic spiders