Zhen Dexiu
{{family name hatnote|Zhen|lang=Chinese}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Zhen Dexiu
| module =
{{Infobox Chinese
|child=yes
|collapse=yes
|c=真德秀
|p=Zhen Dexiu
|w=Chen Te-hsiu
|altname=Courtesy name
|c2=真景元
|p2=Zhen Jingyuan
|w2=Chen Ching-yüan
|altname3=art name
|c3=西山先生
|p3=Xishan xiansheng
}}
| image = File:Zhen Xuanxiu.jpg
| image_size = 150
| alt =
| caption = Zhen Dexiu
| birth_date = {{birth date|1178|10|27|df=y}}
| birth_place = Jian'ou, Pucheng, Nanping, China
| death_date = {{death date and age|1235|5|30|1178|10|27|df=y}}
| death_place =
| other_names = Zhen Jingxi
| occupation = Politician, philosopher
| known_for = Neo-Confucianism
| notable_works =Expanded Meaning of the Great Learning, Heart Mind Classic
}}
Zhen Dexiu ({{zh|c=真德秀|w=Chen Te-hsiu}}; 1178 – 1235) was a Chinese politician and philosopher during the Southern Song dynasty. His Neo-Confucianist views were influential at court and together with his colleague Wei Liaoweng he was instrumental in making Neo-Confucianism the dominant political philosophy of his time.
Life and career
Zhen was born in Pucheng (now part of Fujian province). His original family name was Shen ({{lang|zh|慎}}), but was changed to Zhen ({{lang|zh|真}}) owing to the naming taboo of Emperor Xiaozong.{{cite web|title=Writings of the Orthodox School|url=https://www.wdl.org/en/item/4682/|website=World Digital Library|publisher=Library of Congress|access-date=11 January 2017}} He earned his jinshi qualification in 1199. He held a number of court positions, including Prefect of Quanzhou, Vice Minister of Rites, Minister of Revenue and eventually Vice Counsellor. He was also appointed to the Hanlin Academy.{{cite web|last1=Theobald|first1=Ulrich|title=Persons in Chinese History - Zhen Dexiu 真德秀|url=http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Song/personszhendexiu.html|website=chinaknowledge.de|access-date=11 January 2017}}{{cite book|author=Billy Kee Long So|title=The Economy of Lower Yangzi Delta in Late Imperial China: Connecting Money, Markets, and Institutions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MeajDDSunkEC&pg=PA224|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-50896-4|page=224}} During the early part of his political career Zhen enjoyed the patronage of the Prime Minister Han Tuozhou, despite the latter's opposition to the Neo-Confucianist school of thought that Zhen represented (based on political rivalries with the Neo-Confucian philosopher Zhu Xi). It was not until Han Tuozhou's death that Zhen started to openly advocate the positions of Zhu Xi.{{cite web|last1=Xu|first1=Haoran|title=The Relationship Between Zhen Dexiu and Neo-Confucianism:under the Background of an Imperial Edict Drafter|url=http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-BDZK201605016.htm|website=CNKI|publisher=Journal of Peking University (philosophy of Social Sciences)|access-date=11 January 2017}}{{cite book|author1=Rodney Leon Taylor|author2=Howard Yuen Fung Choy|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Confucianism: A-M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1oCgJ5VR7_kC&pg=PA53|date=January 2005|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8239-4080-6|page=53}} Zhen was widely regarded among his peers as the successor to Zhu Xi's teaching, and was able to overturn the ban on the Cheng-Zhu school implemented during Han's premiership.{{cite book|author=Bettine Birge|title=Women, Property, and Confucian Reaction in Sung and Yüan China (960–1368)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pg8EGvilcLsC&pg=PA183|date=7 January 2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-43107-1|page=183}}
During the reign of Emperor Lizong, he was known for his uprightness and integrity. Shi Miyuan, then the prime minister, saw Zhen as a potential threat to his political monopoly and removed him from the imperial court. Zhen had not returned to the central government until Shi died. During this time, he served as government official in various counties while gaining positive reputation by the people. He died in the year of 1235, several years after his return to the court.History of Song.vol 437.
Philosophy
File:Portraits of Famous Men - Zhen Dexiu.jpg
Zhen was a student of Zhan Tiren (himself a student of Zhu Xi's school), but adapted Zhan's philosophy to incorporate doctrinal elements of Daoism and Buddhism, modernising it and making it more palatable to the politicians of his day. He also included elements of Lu Jiuyuan's "School of the Universal Mind", despite the rivalry between this school and Zhu Xi's. As a result, Neo-Confucianism became the primary philosophy of the Southern Song court. His works continued to be influential long after his death; more than a century later, Song Lian was recommending Zhan's work to the Hongwu Emperor, the founding emperor of the Ming dynasty, who was so impressed that he had the text of Zhan's Expanded Meaning of the Great Learning copied onto the walls of his palace so he could review it daily.{{cite book|author=Yonglin Jiang|title=The Mandate of Heaven and The Great Ming Code (Asian Law Series)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w68uObIhx9MC&pg=PA35|year=2011|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-99065-1|page=35}}
The Sinologist Wm Theodore de Bary regarded Zhen's Heart Mind Classic as the quintessential expression of the Heart-Mind school of Neo-Confucianism, considering it to be Confucian equivalent to the Heart Sutra.{{cite book|last1=de Bary|first1=Wm Theodore|title=Neo-Confucian Orthodoxy and the Learning of the Mind-and-Heart|date=1981|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York|pages=67–68}} In this work, Zhen advocated strict personal discipline and an ascetic lifestyle, focused on personal morality and social reform. He believed that the moral rectification of one's own spirit was the foundation of correct rulership, and felt that it was the duty of the courtiers to encourage the ruler's efforts in personal moral improvement.
Zhen's short primer Instructions for Children expounds his view on education, showing that he felt the purpose of education was to replace the wild nature of childhood with the dignity and respectability of adulthood as quickly as possible. Taking the form of a selection of short aphorisms and instructions, it was a popular text in schools for many years, though it fell out of favour after Western pedagogical methods were introduced to China.{{cite book|author1=Don S. Browning|author2=Marcia J. Bunge|title=Children and Childhood in World Religions: Primary Sources and Texts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5adQUcf27VgC&pg=PA373|date=14 August 2009|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=978-0-8135-4842-5|page=373}}
Zhen also touched on literary criticism with his Writings of the Orthodox School, which addressed literature from a Daoist perspective. Unlike other literary critiques of the time, which classified writings in to as many as 100 categories, Zhen felt that there were only four major categories of literature: instruction, discussion, narration and poetry.{{cite book|author1=Anders Pettersson|author2=Gunilla Lindberg-Wada|author3=Margareta Petersson|author4=Stefan Helgesson|title=Literary History: Towards a Global Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2muIgoqGR1kC&pg=RA1-PA92|year=2006|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-018932-2|page=92}}
List of works
- Expanded Meaning of the Great Learning (Daxue yanyi {{zh|c=大學衍義}})
- Heart Mind Classic (Xinjing {{zh|c=心經}})
- The Classic on Government (Zhengjing {{zh|c=政經}}){{cite web|last1=Theobald|first1=Ulrich|title=Chinese Literature Zhengjing 政經 "The Classic on Government"|url=http://www.chinaknowledge.de/Literature//Diverse/zhengjing.html|website=chinaknowledge.de|access-date=27 January 2017}}
- Notes of the Secretariat (Du Shu ji {{zh|c=讀書記}}){{cite book|title=Xishan du shu ji / Zhen Dexiu zhuan|series=880-04Si ku quan shu zhen ben liu ji; 174-185|year=1976|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/002209642|publisher=Hathi Trust Digital Library|access-date=27 January 2017}}
- Writings of the Orthodox School (Wenzhang zhengzong {{zh|c=文章正宗}})
- Instructions for Children (Jiaozi zhaigui {{zh|c=教子齋規}})
- Collected works (Zhen Xishan quanji {{zh|c=真西山全集}}){{cite book|author=Martha Cheung|title=An Anthology of Chinese Discourse on Translation (Volume 2): From the Late Twelfth Century to 1800|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n79RDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT271|date=13 September 2016|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-134-82938-5|page=271}}