Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act

The Adam Walsh Act emerged from Congress following the passage of separate bills in the House and Senate (H.R. 3132 and S. 1086 respectively). The Act is also known as the Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act (SORNA), the majority of the provisions of which were originally enacted under the Public Heath and Welfare statutes at 42 U.S.C. § 16911{{cite web |title=CHAPTER 151-CHILD PROTECTION AND SAFETY-SUBCHAPTER I Part A-Sex Offender Registration and Notification |url=https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=(title:42%20section:16911 |website=United States Code - Office of the Law Revision Council |publisher=United States House of Representatives |access-date=16 March 2025 |date=12 January 2018}} et seq, but were reclassified to the Crime Control and Law Enforcement statutes at 34 U.S.C. § 20911 in 2018. The act's provisions fall into four categories: a revised sex offender registration system, child and sex related amendments to federal criminal and procedure, child protective grant programs, and other initiatives designed to prevent and punish sex offenders and those who victimize children.

The sex offender registration provisions replace the Jacob Wetterling Act provisions with a statutory scheme under which states are required to modify their registration systems in accordance with federal requirements at the risk of losing 10% of their Byrne program law enforcement assistance funds.42 U.S.C. 16925 The act seeks to close gaps in the prior system, provide more information on a wider range of offenders, and make the information more readily available to the public and law enforcement officials.

In the area of federal criminal law and procedure, the act enlarges the kidnapping statute, increases the number of federal capital offenses, enhances the mandatory minimum terms of imprisonment and other penalties that attend various federal sex offenses, establishes a civil commitment procedure for federal sex offenders, authorizes random searches as a condition for sex offender probation and supervised release, outlaws internet date drug trafficking, permits the victims of state crimes to participate in related federal habeas corpus proceedings, and eliminates the statute of limitations for certain sex offenses and crimes committed against children.

The act revives the authorization of appropriations under the Police Athletic Youth Enrichment Act among its other grant provisions and requires the establishment of a national child abuse registry among its other child safety initiatives.

The Act also establishes a post-conviction civil commitment scheme. Section 4248 of the Act contains the Commitment Provision, which authorizes the federal government to initiate commitment proceedings with respect to any federal prisoner in the custody of the Bureau of Prisons.Barker, The Adam Walsh Act: Un-civil Commitment, available at https://ssrn.com/abstract=1496934 Under this provision, even prisoners who have never been previously charged with or convicted of a sex crime may be civilly committed after completing their entire prison sentence. Prior to Supreme Court review, the federal Circuit courts were split on the question of whether Congress had the authority to enact this provision. On May 17, 2010, the Supreme Court upheld the law, ruling in United States v. Comstock that the Civil Commitment Provision was within Congress's authority.United States v. Comstock, 551 F.3d 274 (4th Cir. 2009), cert. granted, 129 S.Ct. 2828 (U.S. June 22, 2009/Decided May 17, 2010) (No. 08-1224).

At the time of passage, at least 100,000 of more than a half million sex offenders in the United States and the District of Columbia were said to be 'missing' and unregistered as required by law. The act allocated federal funding to assist states in maintaining and improving these programs so a comprehensive system for tracking sex offenders and alerting communities would be developed.{{cite news | last = Davidson | first = Lee | year = 2006 | url = http://deseretnews.com/dn/view/0,1249,640198190,00.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070930200239/http://deseretnews.com/dn/view/0,1249,640198190,00.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = September 30, 2007 | title = Bush signs, Hatch praises new Child Protection Act | newspaper = Deseret Morning News| access-date = July 10, 2007}}

The Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act was signed on the 25th anniversary of the abduction of Adam Walsh from a shopping mall in Florida; Walsh was found murdered 16 days after his abduction in 1981. Adam's father John Walsh, founder of the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (NCMEC), was joined by other children's advocates to mount an aggressive campaign to get the bill passed into law. As part of the campaign, Walsh was joined by Congressman Jim Sensenbrenner, representatives from the NCMEC, and other victims' advocates and parents. These included Patty Wetterling, children's advocate from Minnesota and mother of Jacob Wetterling, who was abducted and murdered in October 1989; Mark Lunsford, whose daughter Jessica was killed in Florida in 2005; Linda Walker, the mother of North Dakota college student Dru Sjodin who was kidnapped and murdered by a released Minnesota sex offender in November 2003; and Erin Runnion, whose five-year-old daughter Samantha Runnion was raped and killed in California in 2002.

In 2019, the U.S. Supreme Court heard oral arguments in the case of United States v. Haymond, in which the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 10th Circuit had overturned a provision of the Adam Walsh Act that established a five-year mandatory minimum prison sentence, and a possible life without parole sentence, for sex offenders who, in a revocation hearing before a judge, are found by a preponderance of the evidence to have committed new sex offenses while on supervised release.

On June 26, 2019, the Supreme Court ruled in a 5–4 decision in United States v. Haymond that the defendant's Fifth and Sixth amendment rights to a trial by jury were violated. This shifted the burden of proof from preponderance of the evidence to beyond a reasonable doubt.{{Cite web|url=https://www.oyez.org/cases/2018/17-1672|access-date=2020-09-11|title=United States v. Haymond|language=en}}

• Gives the U.S. Attorney General the authority to apply the law retroactively.{{Cite news | author-link = Mark Joseph Stern | last = Stern |first=Mark Joseph |date=2019-06-20 |title=The Supreme Court’s Conservatives Are Ready to Take a Wrecking Ball to the Entire Federal Bureaucracy |url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2019/06/neil-gorsuch-supreme-court-conservatives-gundy-sex-offender.html |access-date=2024-07-22 |work=Slate |language=en-US |issn=1091-2339 |quote=By its own terms, it encompasses any 'individual who was convicted of a sex offense'—not just offenders going forward, but everybody up to that point too. 'Reasonably read,' then, 'the Attorney General’s role … was important but limited: It was to apply SORNA to pre-Act offenders as soon as he thought it feasible to do so.' And that he did: 217 days, to be precise, after SORNA’s enactment, Attorney General Alberto R. Gonzales applied the law retroactively.}}
• Gives a federal Judge the ability to civilly commit individuals who are in the custody of the federal prison system if it is proven that the individual (1) has engaged or attempted to engage in sexually violent conduct or child molestation; (2) suffers from a serious mental illness, abnormality, or disorder; and, (3) as a result, would have serious difficulty refraining from sexually violent conduct or child molestation if released. A hearing is available to the involuntarily committed individual every six months to reconsider their commitment status if requested by counsel or the person in the federal treatment program.
• Establishes a national database which will incorporate the use of DNA evidence collection and DNA registry and tracking of convicted sex offenders with Global Positioning System technology.
• The law defines and requires a three-tier classification system for sex offenders, based on offense committed, replacing the older system based on risk of re-offence.
• Tier 1 sex offenders are required to register for 10–15 years; tier 2 for 25 years and tier 3 offenders must register for 25 years to life.42 USC 16915
• Increases the mandatory minimum incarceration period of 25 years for kidnapping or maiming a child and 30 years for sex with a child younger than 12 or for sexually assaulting a child between 13 and 17 years old.
• Allows courts to expand definition of sex crimes requiring registration through broad residual clause.
• Increases the penalties for sex trafficking of children and child prostitution.
• Widens federal funding to assist local law enforcement in tracking sexual exploitation of minors on the internet.
• Creates a national child abuse/neglect registry to protect children from being placed into the care of or adopted by people convicted of child abuse or child neglect.{{cite web | year = 2006 | url = http://rpc.senate.gov/_files/L49HR4427ChldprotBB072006.pdf#search='H.R.%204472' | title = H.R. 4472 — Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act of 2006 | format = pdf | work = Legislative Notice | publisher = U.S. Senate Republican Policy Committee | access-date = July 10, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070703072051/http://rpc.senate.gov/_files/L49HR4427ChldprotBB072006.pdf#search='H.R.%204472' |archive-date = July 3, 2007}}
• Limits the defense access to examine child exploitation material which is the subject of a charge, such that examination may only be conducted in a government building.

Registration requirements are defined by the type of offense the person was convicted of. Sex offenders are classified into three tiers, with offenders in certain tiers having the option to ask for a registration reduction hearing to request their registration time be reduced after having a clean record for a prescribed minimum period, an offender's record is considered to be clean if they have met all of the following conditions: (A) not been convicted of a crime where the sentence was greater than one year in jail; (B) not been convicted of any sex offense; (C) successfully completed all supervised release, parole & probation requirements; (D) successfully completed a sex offender treatment program that has been certified by their state of residence or the Attorney General.{{cite web |title=34 USC §20915. Duration of registration requirement. |url=https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?path=%2Fprelim%40title34%2Fsubtitle2%2Fchapter209&req=granuleid%3AUSC-prelim-title34-chapter209&f=&fq=&num=0&hl=false&edition=prelim |website=United States Code - Office of the Law Revision Council |publisher=United States House of Representatives |access-date=16 March 2025 |location=§20915 (b) Reduced period for clean record |date=27 July 2006}} Tier 3 offenders are required to register for life, with the exception of offenders adjudicated as a juvenile delinquent, who can request a registration reduction hearing if they have maintained a clean record for 25 years after release from juvenile detention. Tier 2 offenders are required to register for 25 years after release from incarceration. Tier 1 offenders are required to register for 15 years after release, they can request a registration reduction hearing after maintaining a clean record for 10 years. Tier I registrants may be excluded from internet database, with exemption of those convicted of "specified offense against a minor".{{cite web|title=Registry Requirement FAQs|url=http://www.smart.gov/faqs/faq_requirement.htm|publisher=Office of Sex Offender Sentencing, Monitoring, Apprehending}}

Sex offenders that are 14 years of age or older at the time of the crime are required to register if they fit into the most serious tier (Tier 3), or were tried as adults.{{cite web |title=Juvenile Registration and Notification Requirements Under SORNA |url=https://smart.ojp.gov/sorna/current-law/implementation-documents/juvenile-registration-and-notification-requirements-under-sorna |website=SMART-Office of Sex Offender Sentencing, Monitoring, Apprehending, Registering, & Tracking |publisher=United States Department of Justice |access-date=16 March 2025}}

While states have to abide by the federal general guidelines for sex offender level registration requirements, the actual requirements can vary from state to state, with some being stricter and others more lenient.{{cite web |title=Sex Offender Registry Requirements Across the United States |url=https://www.probationinfo.org/sex-offender-registry/ |website=PIN.com |publisher=Probation Information Network |access-date=16 March 2025}}

For example in the state of New York, Level 1 offenders are required to register for 20 years after release, with no option to petition the court for a reduction, they must update their address with local law enforcement yearly and report in person every three years to have an updated photo taken. Level 2 offenders are required to register for life, though they can petition the courts to be removed from the registry after 30 years with a clean record; they must report in person yearly to update their address and have their photo updated every three years. Level 3 offenders must register for life, and must report in person every 90 days to update their address and have their photo updated every year.{{cite web |title=Consolidated Laws of New York-Sex Offender Registration Act |url=https://www.criminaljustice.ny.gov/nsor/claws.htm#o |website=Division of Criminal Justice Services |publisher=New York Department of Justice |access-date=16 March 2025 |date=14 May 2019}} Offenders can also petition the court to have their risk level modified; a district attorney may also make this request. New York also has additional designations that can be added to offenders of each level, offenders can be designated as a sexual predator, a sexually violent predator, or a predicate sex offender; an offender designated as one of those is required to register for life regardless of their registry level.{{cite web |title=Risk Level & Designation Determination |url=https://www.criminaljustice.ny.gov/nsor/risk_levels.htm |website=Division of Criminal Justice Services |publisher=New York Department of Justice |access-date=16 March 2025}}

An example of a state where registration requirements are more lenient is Oregon, with their system working a bit differently. Sex offenders of all levels are required to register for life, however level 3 offenders can also request to be reclassified to level 2, and level 2 reclassified to level 1, if certain conditions are met. Offenders can only be considered for removal from the registry if they are a level 1 offender at the time of request.{{cite web |title=Oregon Laws Chapter 708-Sex Offender Registration Levels |url=http://www.oregonlegislature.gov/bills_laws/lawsstatutes/2013orLaw0708.pdf |website=Oregon Bills & Laws |publisher=Oregon State Legislature |access-date=16 March 2025}} Level 1 offenders can request to be removed from the registry if the following conditions are met: (A) it has been 5 years since the successful completion of all post-release supervision requirements including parole, probation & sex offender treatment programs; (B) if they were previously classified as a level 2 offender, at least 5 years since they were reclassified as a level 1 offender; (C) have never been convicted of the following crimes: rape in the first degree, sodomy in the first degree, unlawful sexual penetration in the first degree, kidnapping in the first degree when committed with the intent to commit one of the aforementioned crimes or where victim was under 18; burglary in the first degree when committed with the intent to commit any felony sex crime; aggravated murder, murder in the first degree, murder in the second degree, manslaughter in the first degree, manslaughter in the second degree, or the attempted commission of any of those crimes that involved the commission of a misdemeanor or felony sex crime; (D) have never been convicted of a subsequent violent felony or violent class A misdemeanor (E) have never been classified as a level 3 predatory sexual offender, or a level 3 violent sexual offender; (F) were deemed to be a danger to others by a Psychiatric Security Review Board; (G) have never been convicted of a federal sex crime, or a sex crime in another state, that does not permit a petition for relief from reporting as a sex offender; and finally (H) must live, work, or go to school in the state of Oregon to file a petition for relief.{{cite web |title=How to Apply for Relief from Registration |url=https://www.oregon.gov/boppps/pages/sonl.aspx |website=Sex Offender Notification Leveling Program |publisher=Oregon Board of Parole |access-date=16 March 2025}}

The act also included a requirement for law enforcement to notify certain people and agencies when a sex offender registers or updates their registry within the vicinity of their residence. The program was named after Megan Nicole Kanka, a seven-year-old-girl from New Jersey who was lured by her neighbor, 33-year old Jesse Timmendequas, into his house where he raped and murdered her by strangulation in 1994, unknown to Megan's parents Timmendequas had two prior convictions for aggravated sexual abuse of a five-year-old girl in 1979 and of a seven-year-old girl in 1981.{{cite news |last1=Crawford |first1=Liz |title=It's been 30 years since Megan Kanka was murdered. Her parents say her legacy is protecting children. |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/philadelphia/news/megans-law-story-jesse-timmendequas-story/ |access-date=16 March 2025 |work=CBS News Philadelphia |issue=Local News |publisher=CBS Broadcasting Inc. |date=30 October 2024}} Alexandra Nicole Zapp was a 30-year old woman from Portland, Oregon who was working in Boston. On July 18, 2002 she stopped at a rest area in Bridgewater, Massachusetts and was cornered in the women's restroom by Paul Leahy, a 40 year old repeat sex offender who stabbed her in the chest six times, an off-duty Massachusetts State Trooper heard Alex's scream and arrested Leahy while he was attacking her, but too late to save her life.{{cite news |author1=Associated Press |title=Woman slain at Mass. rest area |url=https://www.capecodtimes.com/story/news/2002/07/19/woman-slain-at-mass-rest/50914727007/ |access-date=16 March 2025 |work=Cape Cod Times |date=19 July 2002}} Both Megan and Alex were killed by predicate sex offenders which the local law enforcement and community had no knowledge of.

The notification program is enacted at 34 U.S.C. §20923.{{cite web |title=34 USC-Megan Nicole Kanka and Alexandra Nicole Zapp Community Notification Program |url=https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?path=%2Fprelim%40title34%2Fsubtitle2%2Fchapter209&req=granuleid%3AUSC-prelim-title34-chapter209&f=&fq=&num=0&hl=false&edition=prelim |website=United States Code - Office of the Law Revision Council |publisher=United States House of Representatives |access-date=16 March 2025 |location=§20923 |date=27 July 2006}} It requires that immediately after a sex offender registers or updates a registration, the agency the offender registers with shall provide the information about that offender to the following:

• The Attorney General, who shall upload that information to the National Sex Offender Registry.
• The appropriate local law enforcement agencies, including city police, county sheriff & state police, and any school and public housing agency, in each area in which the individual lives, works or is a student.
• Each of the previously mentioned agencies and institutions in the jurisdiction where the offender lives, works, or goes to school from or to which a change in residence, employment or student status occurs.
• Any local agency responsible for conducting background checks for employment or firearm purchases.
• Any and all local child welfare and social service agencies.
• Any and all volunteer programs or organizations where contact with minors or vulnerable persons might occur.
• Any organization, company, or individual who requests such notification as directed by state and federal law.
• Any individuals, and their immediate family, who were a victim of the offender, if the offender is classified as a level 3 offender, or a sexual predator or violent sexual predator.

In some states the Adam Walsh Act (AWA) effectively expanded the registries as much as 500%.{{cite web|title=5 years later, states struggle to comply with federal sex offender law|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/CRIME/07/28/sex.offender.adam.walsh.act/|publisher=CNN|date=28 July 2011}} Since its enactment, critics have expressed concerns about the act's scope and breadth. Several sex offenders were prosecuted under its regulations before any state adopted AWA. This has resulted in one life sentence for failure to register, due to the offender being homeless and not being able to maintain a physical address.{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/03/us/03homeless.html?ex=1343793600&en=c284b3791a25a5ae&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss | work=The New York Times | title=Homelessness Could Mean Life in Prison for Offender | first=Shaila | last=Dewan | date=August 3, 2007}} The Adam Walsh Act requires anyone convicted of a sex crime to register as a sex offender where it will be posted on the internet for all to see.

A study conducted in Ohio found that retroactive AWA reclassification increased the number of offenders and altered their placement in management categories. Prior to implementation of AWA in Ohio 76% of adult and 88% of juvenile offenders were designated on the least restrictive category or did not have to register at all, while only 20% of adults and 5% of juveniles were classified as "sexual predators", the most restrictive category. Following reclassification this basic pattern was reversed, with 13% of adults and 22% of juveniles placed in Tier 1, 31% of adults and 32% of juveniles placed in Tier 2, and 55% of adults and 46% of juveniles placed in the highest and most restrictive Tier 3. 41% of adults and 43% of juveniles previously in lowest category and 59% of adults and 45% of juveniles who were not previously registered at all were assigned to Tier 3.{{cite journal|last1=Harris|first1=A. J.|last2=Lobanov-Rostovsky|first2=C.|last3=Levenson|first3=J. S.|title=Widening the Net: The Effects of Transitioning to the Adam Walsh Act's Federally Mandated Sex Offender Classification System|journal=Criminal Justice and Behavior|date=2 April 2010|volume=37|issue=5|pages=503–519|doi=10.1177/0093854810363889|s2cid=55988358}}

However, the Ohio Supreme Court in 2010 ruled that the Adam Walsh Act as enacted in Ohio does not apply retroactively to individuals who committed their crimes prior to its effective date of January 1, 2008.{{Cite web|url=https://www.criminallegalnews.org/news/2017/nov/28/ohios-adam-walsh-act-registration-provisions-are-not-retroactive/|title=Ohio's Adam Walsh Act Registration Not Retroactive | Criminal Legal News|website=www.criminallegalnews.org}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.herald-dispatch.com/news/recent_news/ruling-ohio-sex-offender-law-not-retroactive/article_1eaffe42-729c-5862-8da6-244b9f82fc9c.html|title=Ruling: Ohio sex-offender law not retroactive|first=The Associated|last=PressHerald-Dispatch.com|website=The Herald-Dispatch}}

The Federal Record Keeping and Labeling Requirements Laws have been attached to this bill (18 U.S.C. 2257). In regard to pornography, this will extend the responsibility of keeping record of performers, to verify they are above age, to “secondary producers,” along with primary producers.{{cite web | url = http://www.freespeechcoalition.com/FSCView.asp?action=preview&coid=137| title = Free Speech Coalition v. Gonzales (2005)| publisher = Free Speech Coalition| access-date = July 10, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070630053751/http://www.freespeechcoalition.com/FSCView.asp?action=preview&coid=137 |archive-date = June 30, 2007}}

A collateral effect of the new legislation was its implications on the United States Permanent Resident Card process. Until January 2007, U.S. nationals living abroad who married a local and intended to obtain green cards for their spouse and any immediate family members were able to initiate and complete the majority of the application process at the local U.S. Embassy/Consulate. However, because of the newly enhanced background check and criminal history data trail requirements, the new law had initially been interpreted by the Bureau of Consular Affairs and USCIS as leaving Consular officers ill-equipped to fully handle the I-130 adjudication process. Thus, as of January 2007, I-130 petitions, supporting documentation, or fee payments could no longer be completed in the country of the foreign national.{{cite web | url = http://www.uscis.gov/files/form/i-130.pdf| title = I-130, Petition for Alien Relative | publisher = Department of Homeland Security U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services| access-date = July 10, 2007| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070629235517/http://www.uscis.gov/files/form/I-130.pdf| archive-date= June 29, 2007 | url-status= live}}

However, the government reversed this decision only two months later. Due to a significant number of complaints from applicants about the resulting processing delays and from immigration officials about the large amount of paperwork that came with the centralization of the process, the visa petitioning process for immediate relatives of US citizens was resumed at U.S. embassies on March 21, 2007.{{Cite web | url = https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2007/mar/82030.htm| title = Consular Offices Abroad Resume Accepting I-130 Immigrant Visa Petitions| date = March 21, 2007| publisher = U.S. Department of State| access-date = July 10, 2007 }} However, all embassies were required to add a 6-month residency requirement for the US Citizen to file an application directly.

The Act also for the first time limits the rights of citizens or permanent residents to petition to immigrate their spouse or other relatives to the U.S. if the petitioner has a listed child sex abuse conviction. If that is the case, then the petition cannot be approved unless the Department of Homeland Security determines in its unreviewable discretion that there is no risk of harm to the beneficiary or derivative beneficiary.

For Adam Walsh Act Immigration cases, the citizen must submit evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that he or she poses no risk to the beneficiary. The UCIS wants information all known factors that are relevant for determining whether petitioner poses any risk to the safety and well-being of the beneficiary including Certified evaluations by psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, or clinical social workers that attest to the degree of the petitioner’s rehabilitation or behavior modification; such evaluations should include an assessment by the author/clinician concerning whether the petitioner continues to pose a risk.

• National Center for Missing and Exploited Children
• Senate Caucus on Missing, Exploited and Runaway Children
• House Caucus on Missing and Exploited Children

{{Reflist|2}}

• Lara Geer Farley, [http://contentdm.washburnlaw.edu/cdm/ref/collection/wlj/id/5660 The Adam Walsh Act: The Scarlet Letter of the Twenty-First Century], Washburn Law Journal, vol. 47, pp. 471–503

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20080720151547/http://sexcrimes.typepad.com/sex_crimes/adam-walsh-act.html Sex Crimes Blog: Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act Resource Page]
• [http://www.nacdl.org/Champion.aspx?id=935&terms=scarlet+letter+of+the+law The Scarlet Letter of the Law: The Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act of 2006]
• [https://ssrn.com/abstract=1496934 The Adam Walsh Act: Un-civil Commitment]

{{Presidency of George W. Bush}}

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Category:Child safety

Category:Sex laws

Category:Sex offender registration

Category:Acts of the 109th United States Congress

Category:United States federal criminal legislation

Category:Sex offender registries in the United States