abzu

{{Infobox deity

| consort = Tiamat

| children = Kingu (Babylonian religion), Lahamu, Lahmu, Anu (Sumerian religion)

| type = mesopotamian

| image =

| caption =

}}

Abzû or Apsû (Sumerian: {{lang|sux|{{cuneiform|𒀊𒍪}}}} {{Transliteration|sux|abzû}}; Akkadian: {{lang|akk|{{cuneiform|11|𒀊𒍪}}}} {{Transliteration|akk|apsû}}), also called {{Transliteration|sux|Engar}} (Cuneiform:{{cuneiform|𒇉}}, {{Transliteration|sux|LAGAB×HAL}}; Sumerian: {{Transliteration|sux|engar}}; Akkadian: {{Transliteration|akk|engurru}} – {{literal translation|}} {{nobr|{{Transliteration|ak|ab}} {{=}} 'water'}} {{nobr|{{Transliteration|akk|zû}} {{=}} 'deep',}} recorded in Greek as {{lang|grc|{{script|Grek|Ἀπασών}}}} {{Transliteration|grc|Apasṓn}}

{{cite dictionary

|last=Maul |first=Stefan

|date=October 2006

|title=Apsȗ

|editor-first=Francis G. |editor-last=Gentry

|dictionary=Brill's New Pauly

|edition=English

|publisher=Brill

|doi=10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e129820

|isbn=9789004122598

|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/*-e129820

|lang=en

}}

), is the name for fresh water from underground aquifers which was given a religious fertilising quality in ancient near eastern cosmology, including Sumerian and Akkadian mythology. It was believed that all lakes, springs, rivers, fountains, rain, and even the Flood, as described in Atrahasis, originated from the Abzû. In Mesopotamian cosmogony, it is referred to as the freshwater primordial ocean below and above the earth; indeed the Earth itself was regarded as a goddess Ninhursag that was conceived from the mating of male Abzu with female saltwater ocean Tiamat. Thus the divine Mother Earth – on her surface equipped with a bubble of breathable air – was surrounded by Abzû, and her interior harbours the realm of the dead (Irkalla).

In Sumerian culture

In the city of Eridu, Enki's temple was known as E₂-abzû (house of the deep waters) and was located at the edge of a swamp – an abzû.

{{cite thesis

|last=Green |first=Margaret Whitney

|year=1975

|title=Eridu in Sumerian Literature

|degree=Ph.D.

|publisher=University of Chicago

|place=Chicago, IL

|pages=180–182

}}

Certain tanks of holy water in Babylonian and Assyrian temple courtyards were also called abzû (apsû).

{{cite dictionary

|first1=Jeremy |last1=Black

|first2=Anthony |last2=Green

|year=1992

|dictionary=Gods, Demons, and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An illustrated dictionary

|title=abzu, apsû

|publisher=University of Texas Press

|isbn=0-292-70794-0

}}

Typical in religious washing, these tanks were similar to Judaism's mikvot, the washing pools of Islamic mosques, or the baptismal font in Christian churches.

In Sumerian cosmology

The Sumerian god Enki (Ea in the Akkadian language) was believed to have keen eyes and appeared out of the abzû since before human beings were created. His wife Damgalnuna, his mother Nammu, his advisor Isimud and a variety of subservient creatures, such as the gatekeeper Lahmu, also lived in the abzû.

{{cite encyclopedia

|last=Orlin |first=Eric

|date=2015-11-19

|title=Abzu

|encyclopedia=Routledge Encyclopedia of Ancient Mediterranean Religions

|publisher=Routledge

|isbn=978-1134625529

|page=8

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dXH4CgAAQBAJ&q=abzu&pg=PA8

|via=Google books |access-date=2024-11-07 |df=dmy-all

}}

{{cite book

|last=Horowitz |first=Wayne

|year=1998

|title=Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography

|publisher=Eisenbrauns

|page=308

|isbn=0931464994

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P8fl8BXpR0MC&dq=abzu+lahmu&pg=PA308

|via=Google books

}}

{{cite book

|last=Putthoff |first=Tyson

|year=2020

|title=Gods and Humans in the Ancient Near East

|publisher=Cambridge University Press

|isbn=978-1108490542

|page=71

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Cn-DwAAQBAJ&dq=abzu+isimud&pg=PA71

|via=Google books

}}

{{cite book

|last=Eppihimer |first=Melissa

|year=2019

|title=Exemplars of Kingship: Art, tradition, and the legacy of the Akkadians

|publisher=Oxford University Press

|isbn=978-0190903015

|page=188

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtGaDwAAQBAJ&dq=gatekeeper+lahmu&pg=PA188

}}

{{cite book

|last=Pope |first=Charles N.

|year=2016

|title=Living in Truth: Archaeology and the patriarchs

|section=Part I: Early Pharaohs

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Aax2DAAAQBAJ&dq=isimud+advisor&pg=PA17

|publisher=DomainOfMan.com

|page=17

}}

As a deity

File:Babylon's world view.jpg is indicated by the green areas, so the sketch shows the same as Babylon's world map, now in side view. A breathable air bubble clings to the Earth's surface, with the Abzû as a roof, like on Athrahasis' ("Noah's") lifeboat. Other details, such as "Noah's" island Dilmun, are taken from the Epic of Gilgamesh. An important technical detail are the gate sluices built into sky. Through them, the gods around Enlil, who knew very well how to construct irrigation systems, supplied their land Eden with rain, but also unleashed the great flood. It is not unlikely that Abzû, Tiamat, and the flood represent the source of Leviathan, a human-devouring cosmic sea monster.]]

Abzû (apsû) is depicted as a deity

{{Cite book

|last=Jordan |first=Michael

|year=1993

|title=Encyclopedia of Gods: Over 2,500 deities of the world

|location=New York, NY

|publisher=Facts on File

|via=Internet Archive

|page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofgo00jord/page/2 2]

|isbn=9780816029099

|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofgo00jord

|url-access=registration

}}

only in the Babylonian creation epic, the Enūma Eliš, taken from the library of Assurbanipal {{nobr|({{circa|630 {{sc|BCE}})}}}} but which is about 500 years older. In this story, he was a primal being made of fresh water and a lover to another primal deity, Tiamat, a creature of salt water. The {{Transliteration|akk|Enūma Eliš}} begins:

: "When above the heavens (e-nu-ma e-liš) did not yet exist

:: nor the earth below,

: Apsû the freshwater ocean was there, the first, the begetter,

: and Tiamat, the saltwater sea, she who bore them all;

: they were still mixing their waters,

: and no pasture land had yet been formed,

: nor even a reed marsh."

The act of procreation led to the birth of the younger gods: Enki, Enlil, and Anu. Anchored in the Tablet of Destinies, they founded an organisation to make Mesopotamia fertile through agriculture, but got into a dispute and consequently created the first humans as labour slaves, to peacefully resolve the conflict. The humans multiplied en masse and disturbed the gods around Enlil and Anu with their noise, so that they wanted to use the cosmic freshwater ocean to trigger the great flood and destroy the humans (cf. Athrahasis epic). Enraged by the devastation of earth, Tiamat gave birth to monsters whose bodies she filled with "poison instead of blood" and waged war against her traitorous children. Only Marduk, the founder of Babylon, was able to kill Tiamat and mould the final constitution of heaven and earth from her corpse.