aerial stem modification

{{main|Tendril}}

Some weak-stemmed plants produce wiry, coiled, sensitive, and delicate organs for climbing. They are called tendrils.{{Cite book|title=The Cambridge Illustrated Glossary of Botanical Terms|last1=Hickey|first1=Michael|last2=King|first2=Clive|date=2000-11-16|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Yja1lL_pJYC&pg=PA41|isbn=9780521794015|language=en}} These may develop from either the axillary bud or the terminal bud of the stem. In Passiflora, the tendrils develop from the axillary bud. In Cissus quadrangularis and in Vitis vinifera, the terminal bud develops into tendrils.{{Cite journal |title=Data S1: Additional Cissus quadrangularis chromosome images |doi=10.7717/peerj.8201/supp-1 |doi-access=free }}{{Citation |last=Adam |first=Albert |title=Vitis vinifera sylvestris et Vitis vinifera vinifera |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/books.pum.7865 |work=In Vino Veritas |date=2012 |pages=15–16 |access-date=2023-09-23 |publisher=Presses de l’Université de Montréal|doi=10.4000/books.pum.7865 |isbn=9782760630994 |url-access=subscription }}{{Citation |last1=Paniagua-Zambrana |first1=Narel Y. |date=2020 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77093-2_221-1 |pages=1–15 |access-date=2023-09-23 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |isbn=978-3-319-77093-2 |last2=Bussmann |first2=Rainer W. |last3=Romero |first3=Carolina|title=Ethnobotany of the Andes |chapter=Passiflora caerulea L. Passiflora edulis L. Passiflora ligularis Juss. Passiflora mollissima (Kunth) L.H. Bailey Passiflora punctata L. Passiflora quadrangularis L. Passifloraceae |series=Ethnobotany of Mountain Regions |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-77093-2_221-1 |s2cid=241468632 |url-access=subscription }}

{{main|Thorn (botany)}}

These are hard, woody, pointed structures meant for protection. They are provided with vascular tissue,{{Citation |last1=Shoji |first1=Toshihiro |title=Tissue-Engineered Vascular Grafts for Children |date=2020 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05336-9_19 |work=Tissue-Engineered Vascular Grafts |pages=533–548 |access-date=2023-09-23 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |last2=Breuer |first2=Christopher |last3=Shinoka |first3=Toshiharu|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-05336-9_19 |isbn=978-3-030-05335-2 |url-access=subscription }} which may develop from the axillary bud or terminal buds.{{Citation |date=2010 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-76435-9_14594 |work=Encyclopedic Dictionary of Landscape and Urban Planning |pages=1018 |access-date=2023-09-23 |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-76435-9_14594 |isbn=978-3-540-76455-7 |title=6309 terminal bud [n] |url-access=subscription }} They control transpiration by reducing the vegetative growth.

In Bougainvillea, Punica granatum, and Duranta, the axillary bud develop into thorns.{{Cite journal |date=2022-01-07 |title=Duranta |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.20191 |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=CABI Compendium|doi=10.1079/cabicompendium.20191 |url-access=subscription }}{{Citation |title=POMEGRANATE (Punica granatum)(Punica granatum) |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4585-1_2421 |work=Westcott's Plant Disease Handbook |date=2008 |pages=1032 |access-date=2023-09-23 |place=Dordrecht |publisher=Springer Netherlands|doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-4585-1_2421 |doi-broken-date=2024-11-11 |isbn=978-1-4020-4584-4 |url-access=subscription }}{{Citation |last=Seybold |first=A. |title=Energetische Messungen der pflanzlichen Transpiration |date=1929 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-9851-3_3 |work=Die physikalische Komponente der Pflanzlichen Transpiration |pages=129–157 |access-date=2023-09-23 |place=Vienna |publisher=Springer Vienna |doi=10.1007/978-3-7091-9851-3_3 |isbn=978-3-7091-9604-5|url-access=subscription }}{{Cite journal |last=Rojas-Sandoval |first=Julissa |date=2020-11-09 |title=Bougainvillea spectabilis (great bougainvillea). |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/isc.9640.20203482916 |access-date=2023-09-23 |doi=10.1079/isc.9640.20203482916 |s2cid=242373786 |url-access=subscription }} In Duranta, the thorns are provided with leaves and flowers. In Punica granatum, the thorns bear leaves and branches.{{Citation |title=POMEGRANATE (Punica granatum)(Punica granatum) |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4585-1_2421 |work=Westcott's Plant Disease Handbook |date=2008 |pages=1032 |access-date=2023-09-23 |place=Dordrecht |publisher=Springer Netherlands|doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-4585-1_2421 |doi-broken-date=2024-11-11 |isbn=978-1-4020-4584-4 |url-access=subscription }} In Carissa carandas, the terminal bud produces a pair of thorns. They help in protection.{{Cite journal |date=2022-01-07 |title=Carissa carandas (caranda (plum)) |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.13652 |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=CABI Compendium|doi=10.1079/cabicompendium.13652 |s2cid=253991500 |url-access=subscription }}

{{main|Bulbil}}

When the axillary bud becomes fleshy and rounded due to the storage of food, it is called a bulb.{{Citation |last=Bickle |first=Ian |title=Phthisis bulbi |date=2014-02-15 |work=Radiopaedia.org |doi=10.53347/rid-27686 |s2cid=239989681 |doi-access=free }} It gets detached from the plant, falls on the ground, and develops into a new plant. e.g. Dioscorea.{{Citation |title=YAM, CINNAMON-VINE (Dioscorea)Cinnamon-Vine (Dioscorea) |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4585-1_2758 |work=Westcott's Plant Disease Handbook |date=2008 |pages=1143 |access-date=2023-09-23 |place=Dordrecht |publisher=Springer Netherlands|doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-4585-1_2758 |doi-broken-date=2024-11-11 |isbn=978-1-4020-4584-4 |url-access=subscription }} It is in the axil (the space between the leaf and stem).{{Citation |last1=Schulenburg |first1=Axel |title=Normal and Neoplastic Stem Cells |date=2012-07-15 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/3527600906.mcb.201100020 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Molecular Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine |access-date=2023-09-23 |place=Weinheim, Germany |publisher=Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA |last2=Marian |first2=Brigitte|doi=10.1002/3527600906.mcb.201100020 |isbn=978-3527600908 |url-access=subscription }}

{{main|Cladode}}

These are green branches of limited growth (usually one internode long) that have taken up the functions of photosynthesis.{{Cite book|title=The Cambridge Illustrated Glossary of Botanical Terms|last1=Hickey|first1=Michael|last2=King|first2=Clive|date=2000-11-16|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Yja1lL_pJYC&pg=PA8|isbn=9780521794015|language=en}} True leaves are reduced to scales or spines, e.g. Asparagus.{{Citation |title=ASPARAGUS (Asparagus officinalis)(Asparagus officinalis) |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4585-1_1522 |work=Westcott's Plant Disease Handbook |date=2008 |pages=734 |access-date=2023-09-23 |place=Dordrecht |publisher=Springer Netherlands|doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-4585-1_1522 |doi-broken-date=2024-11-11 |isbn=978-1-4020-4584-4 |url-access=subscription }}

{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aerial Stem Modification}}

Category:Botany