angular Glagolitic

{{Short description|Form of the Glagolitic script}}

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File:Глаголица Реймского евангелия.svg"]]

Angular Glagolitic is a style of Glagolitic book hand, developing from the earlier Rounded Glagolitic. Many letters present in Rounded Glagolitic were gradually abandoned: ⱏ, ⱐ, ⱔ, ⱘ, ⱙ, ⱚ, ⱛ and to a large extent ⰿ (replaced with ⱞ) and ⱗ. Others were introduced, like ⱜ.

Glagolitic became the main script among Istrian Slavs in the 11th and 12th centuries,{{cite journal |first=Branko |last=Fučić |title=Kulturno-povijesni vidovi glagoljske epigrafike |pages=135–189 |language=hr |trans-title=Cultural-Historical Perspectives on Glagolitic Epigraphy |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/98067 |journal=Croatica Christiana Periodica |volume=5 |issue=8 |date=1981}}{{cite book |first1=Melanie |last1=Gau |first2=Heinz |last2=Miklas |chapter=Preliminary Remarks on the Old Church Slavonic Psalterium Demetrii Sinaitici |pages=21–88 |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/31310426 |title=The Bible in Slavic Tradition |isbn=9789004313675 |date=2000 |series=Studia Judaeoslavica}} It already had some of the traits that would later make it distinct in form from Rounded Glagolitic, but over time under the influence of multiple waves of monastic exposure to Latinic hands like Beneventan and Blackletter it took on a stable angular shape it would hold for centuries.{{cite book |first=Mateo |last=Žagar |title=Uvod u glagoljsku paleografiju |volume=1 |date=2013}}

Intensified literary activity in the March of Istria and on Frankopan family domains in the 13th century secured for Angular Glagolitic the status of this Uncial script over a wide area, and although a chancery hand soon complemented it, not all notaries and chancellors adopted it immediately, with some using Angular Glagolitic in all domains into the 14th century.{{cite book |first=Leopold |last=Geitler |date=1883 |contribution=Die albanischen und slavischen Schriften |title=Die albanesischen und slavischen Schriften |trans-title=The Albanian and Slavic Scripts |language=de |location=Vienna |publisher=Alfred Hölder}}

The chancery hand, known as Cursive Glagolitic, was originally angular in form, though over time it became more rounded. It partially replaced Rounded Glagolitic as a book hand in the 15th-16th centuries, especially with the onset of printing. The resulting situation was similar to the Byzantine Greek division into uncial and minuscule. A smaller form of Glagolitic analogous in use to Greek minuscule was already in existence by the time of the earliest surviving manuscripts, but it differed little graphically.{{cite book |last=Jagić |first=Vatroslav |date=1911 |contribution=Глаголическое письмо |title=Энциклопедія славянской филологіи: Графика у славян |trans-title=The Glagolitic Script |language=ru |location=Saint Petersburg |publisher=Отд-ние рус. яз. и словесности Императ. акад. наук}}{{cite journal |first=Josip |last=Bratulić |title=O hrvatskom književniku Šimunu Greblu |journal=Istarski mozaik |issue=1 |date=1969 |pages=19-33}} Some Rounded Glagolitic forms like Ⰰ and Ⰲ survived into printed works as initials, and others like Ⰻ and Ⰿ survived late into the manuscript age. But although complex camerality continued, a state of highly differentiated "tricamerality" like that of the Armenian script or the Georgian script did not evolve in printed works.{{cite book |date=1561 |first=Stipan |last=Istrijan |title=ⰕⰀⰁⰎⰀ ⰈⰀ ⰄⰋⰜⰖ: ⰅⰄⰐⰅ ⰮⰀⰎⰀⰘⰐⰅ ⰍⰐⰋⰆⰋⰜⰅ ⰋⰈ ⰍⰑⰋⰘ ⰔⰅ ⰕⰀ ⰮⰎⰀⰄⰀ ⰒⰓⰅⰕⰓⰀⰃⰀ ⰄⰋⰕⰜⰀ, ⰕⰅⰓⰅ ⰒⰓⰋⰒⰓⰑⰔⰕⰋ ⰎⰣⰄⰋ ⰈⰃⰎⰀⰃⰑⰎⰔⰍⰋⰮⰋ ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰮⰋ ⰝⰕⰀⰕⰋ, Ⰻ ⰒⰑⰃⰎⰀⰂⰋⰕⰅⰋ, Ⰻ ⰒⰑⰕⰓⰋⰁⰐⰅⰋ ⰀⰓⰕⰋⰍⰖⰎⰋ, ⰋⰎⰋ ⰝⰎⰅⰐⰋ ⰑⰂⰅ ⰒⰓⰀⰂⰅ ⰔⰕⰀⰓⰅ ⰍⰀⰓⰔⰕⰋⰀⰐⰔⰍⰅ ⰂⰅⰓⰅ, ⰍⰑⰡ ⰔⰂⰀⰍⰑⰃⰀ ⰝⰑⰂⰋⰍⰀ ⰋⰈⰂⰅⰎⰋⰝⰀ ⰎⰀⰘⰍⰑ ⰮⰑⰃⰖ ⰐⰀⰖⰝⰋⰕⰋ |location=Urach}}{{cite book |first=Branko |last=Fučić |title=Glagoljski brevijar Vida Omišljanina |language=hr |trans-title=Glagolitic Breviary of Vitus of Omišalj |date=2003 |url=http://www.croatianhistory.net/glagoljica/vidom.html}}

Cursive Glagolitic survived as a book hand longer than in Western Europe thanks to a lack of printing presses that were able or willing to satisfy the demand. Angular Glagolitic secured its status as the script of print thanks to its continued use for the most sacred texts, without any threat in this domain until the 19th century.{{cite journal |last1=Bučar |first1=Franjo |last2=Fancev |first2=Franjo |date=1938 |title=Bibliografija hrvatske protestantske književnosti za reformacije |trans-title=Bibliography of Croatian Protestant Reformation Literature |language=hr |journal=Starine |volume=39 |location=Zagreb |pages=49–128 |url=https://dizbi.hazu.hr/a/?pr=iiif.v.a&id=177188}}{{cite book |first=Josip |last=Burić |title=Libri croati pubblicati a cura della S.C. di Propaganda Fide |language=la |series=Congregationis de Propaganda Fide Memoria rerum |date=1974}}{{cite book |first=Alojz |last=Jembrih |title=Stipan Konzul i "Biblijski zavod" u Urachu |language=hr |isbn=978-953-7307-11-0 |series=Folia Protestantica Croatica |date=2007 |location=Zagreb}} In the 19th century, the rediscovery of Rounded Glagolitic manuscripts led to both Rounded and Angular type being sold to various printers.{{cite book |first=Pavel Jozef |last=Šafár̆ik |publisher=Bohumil Haase |title=Památky hlaholského písemnictví |location=Prague |date=1853}}{{cite book |author=Wiener K. K. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei |title=Übersicht der von der Wiener K. K. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei in München ausgestellten Gegenstände aller graphischen Kunstzweige |url=https://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/details:bsb10230884 |location=Vienna |date=1854}} The Rounded form became dominant in Slavistics, while the Angular form was mainly used in books printed in Prague, Vienna and Zagreb and intended for an audience where the form had an historical presence. Some of the longest books printed with Angular Glagolitic in that century were Ivan Berčić's 1864-1871 Ulomci svetoga pisma and Dragutin Parčić's 1893 and 1895 Missale Romanum slavonico idiomate.{{cite book |first=Dragutin Antun |last=Parčić |title=ⰓⰋⰮⰬⰔⰍⰋ ⰮⰋⰔⰀⰎⰬ ⰔⰎⰀⰂⰡⰐⰬⰔⰍⰋⰮⰬ ⰅⰈⰋⰍⰑⰮⰬ |url=https://archive.org/details/missale-romanum-slavonico-idiomate-1893 |location=Rome |date=1893}} One of the last liturgical books printed with Angular Glagolitic in the pre-Communist period was Josef Vajs' 1917 Abecedarium Palaeoslovenicum.{{cite book |first=Josef |last=Vajs |title=Abecedarium Palaeoslovenicum in usum glagolitarum |url=http://unilib-dspace.nasledstvo.bg/xmlui/handle/nls/35777 |location=Prague |date=1917}}{{cite book |first=Frane |last=Paro |title=Typographia glagolitica |language=hr |isbn=953-150-099-1 |location=Zagreb |date=1997}}

Although Rounded Glagolitic replaced Angular Glagolitic even in liturgical use in Czechoslovakia even before the publication of the 1992 missal,{{cite book |first1=Vojtěch |last1=Tkadlčík |first2=Emilie |last2=Bláhová |first3=Zoe |last3=Hauptová |first4=Václav |last4=Konzal |first5=Ludmila |last5=Pacnerová |first6=Eva |last6=Pallasová |first7=Pavel |last7=Vyskočil |title=ⰓⰊⰏⰠⰔⰍⰟⰊ ⰏⰊⰋⰔⰀⰎⰟ ⰐⰠⰂⰅⰎⰡⰐⰋⰅⰏⰠ ⰔⰂⰧⰕⰀⰃⰑ ⰂⰟⰔⰅⰎⰅⰐⰠⰔⰍⰀⰃⰑ ⰔⰟⰐⰠⰏⰀ ⰂⰀⰕⰊⰍⰀⰐⰠⰔⰍⰀⰃⰑ .Ⰱ̄. ⰑⰁⰐⰑⰂⰎⰅⰐⰟ Ⰺ ⰑⰁⰎⰀⰔⰕⰋⰩ ⰒⰀⰂⰠⰎⰀ ⰒⰀⰒⰅⰆⰡ .Ⰵ̄. ⰊⰈⰄⰀⰐⰟ |location=Olomouc |date=1992}}{{cite book |first=Miroslav |last=Vepřek |title=Hlaholský misál Vojtěcha Tkadlčíka |isbn=978-80-7412-242-2 |location=Olomouc |date=2016}} it remains the preferred form among Slovenes and Croats.