anti-Hungarian sentiment

During the existence of the Kingdom of Hungary and Croatia, the Banate of Bosnia was accused of holding the alleged Cathar anti-pope Nicetas. Given that the Kingdom of Hungary and Croatia was under heavy Catholic influence, and Bosnia had a decentralized religious practice, Pope Honorius III would preach about invading Bosnia to pacify Nicetas, whilst Hungary would be able to incorporate Bosnia into its control.{{Cite book |last=Lock |first=Peter |title=The Routledge companion to the crusades |date=2006 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-13137-1 |location=London |oclc=842263762}} Later, in 1235, Hungary, with the justification of Pope Gregory IX would launch the Bosnian Crusade in order to subdue the Banate under its control. However, in 1241, the Mongols invaded Hungary. As a result the Hungarian troops abandoned the crusade and returned to Hungary to bolster their armies against the Mongols.{{Cite book |last=Fine |first=John V. A. |title=The late medieval Balkans: a critical survey from the late twelfth century to the Ottoman Conquest |date=1994 |isbn=978-0-472-10079-8 |location=Ann Arbor |oclc=749133662}} Bosnia would then regaining its previously conquered territory.{{Cite book |title=Christian dualist heresies in the Byzantine world, c. 650-c. 1450: selected sources |date=1998 |publisher=Manchester University Press |editor=Janet Hamilton |editor2=Bernard Hamilton |editor3=Yuri Stoyanov |isbn=0-7190-4764-1 |location=Manchester, UK |oclc=37373494}} This conflict would fuel anti-Hungarian sentiment within the state, which even lasted beyond the Ottoman conquest of Bosnia.{{Cite book |last=Fine |first=John V. A. |title=The Bosnian Church: its place in state and society from the thirteenth to the fifteenth centuries: a new interpretation |date=2007 |publisher=Saqi / The Bosnian Institute |isbn=978-0-86356-503-8 |location=London |oclc=74526539}}

During the era of the Habsburg monarchs, the court in Vienna was influenced by Hungarophobia, but the Hungarian landowner nobles also showed signs of Germanophobia.Michael Hochedlinger, [https://books.google.com/books?id=U-LTw-cylfoC&pg=PA25 Austria's Wars of Emergence: War, State and Society in the Habsburg Monarchy, 1683–1797], Pearson Education, 2003, p. 25 In the 18th century, after the end of Rákóczi's War of Independence, many immigrants came to the underpopulated southern parts of the Kingdom of Hungary: for instance, 800 new German villages were established.Thomas Spira, [https://books.google.com/books?id=mMhnAAAAMAAJ&q=800+ German-Hungarian relations and the Swabian problem: from Károlyi to Gömbös, 1919–1936], East European quarterly, 1977, p. 2 The authorities preferred non-Hungarian settlers. The Habsburgs regarded the Hungarians as "politically unreliable", and consequently they were not allowed to settle in the southern territories until the 1740s.{{cite book |last1=Kocsis |first1=Károly |last2=Kocsis-Hodosi |first2=Eszter |title=Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin |date=1998 |publisher=Geographical Research Institute, Research Centre and Earth Sciences |isbn=978-963-7395-84-0 |page=140 |edition=Translated from the Hungarian |translator-last1=Bassa |translator-first1=László |translator-last2=Merrick |translator-first2=Marion |url=https://www.mtafki.hu/konyvtar/kiadv/Ethnic_geography.pdf |language=en}} The organized resettlement was planned by the Habsburgs. The resettlement policy was characterized as anti-Hungarian,[https://books.google.com/books?id=jZvuAAAAMAAJ&q=habsburgok+magyarellenes+betelepitesek Hídfő könyvtár, Volume 8], Issue 1, p. 48Istvàn Sisa, [https://books.google.com/books?id=UgQiAQAAIAAJ&q=politika Magyarságtükör: nemzet határok nélkül], Püski, 2001, p. 99 Cited: "Magyarellenes betelepítési politika. A felszabadulást követően a Habsburgok olyan betelepítési politikát alkalmaztak, mely még tovább gyengítette a magyarok helyzetét." Translation: "(Section name) Anti-Hungarian resettlement policy. After the liberation, the policy employed by the Habsburgs weakened the situation of Hungarians more." as the Habsburgs feared an uprising of Protestant Hungarians.Tibor Iván Berend, Éva Ring, [https://books.google.com/books?id=GM0hAAAAMAAJ&q=+f%C3%A9lelm%C3%A9ben Helyünk Európában: nézetek és koncepciók a 20. századi Magyarországon, Volume 1], Magvető, 1986, p. 144 Cited: "A Habsburg-család azonban a kálvinista magyarok lázadásától való félelmében az évszázados török háborúk által elpusztított területen magyarellenes telepítési politikát kezdeményezett" Translation: "The Habsburg family initiated an anti-Hungarian resettlement policy in the destroyed territories (caused by hundreds of years of Turkish wars) because of their fear of an uprising of Calvinist Hungarians"

Thousands of Hungarians were murdered in Transylvania (now part of Romania) in nine separate incidents during the 1848–1849 massacres in Transylvania, in which Romanians were also massacred in four separate occasions.

Minorities in Czechoslovakia in 1918 to 1939 enjoyed personal freedoms and were properly recognized by the state. There were three Hungarian and/or Hungarian-centric political parties:

• Hungarian-German Social Democratic Party
• Hungarian National Party
• Provincial Christian-Socialist Party

After World War II, Czechoslovakia became a communist state; during the transition to a communist one-party state, decrees permitting the forced{{cite journal |last1= Thum |first1= Gregor |year= 2006–2007 |title= Ethnic Cleansing in Eastern Europe after 1945 |journal= Contemporary European History |volume= 19 |issue=1 |pages= 75–81 |doi=10.1017/S0960777309990257 |s2cid= 145605508 }} expulsion of German and Hungarian minorities from ethnic enclaves in Czechoslovakia came into effect, and Hungarians were forcibly relocated to Sudetenland, on the borders of Czechoslovakia. The Czechoslovak government deported more than 44,129 Hungarians from Slovakia to the Sudetenland for forced laborEleonore C. M. Breuning, Dr. Jill Lewis, Gareth Pritchard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=GiLyV2xjGEoC&pg=PA140 Power and the people: a social history of Central European politics, 1945–56], Manchester University Press, 2005, p. 140 between 1945 and 1948,Anna Fenyvesi, [https://books.google.com/books?id=y3JYwHGYn7MC&pg=PA50 Hungarian language contact outside Hungary: studies on Hungarian as a minority language], John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2005, p. 50 and the Beneš decrees remain legally in effect in the Czech Republic.{{cite web|url=http://www.radio.cz/en/section/talking/the-benes-decrees-a-historians-point-of-view|title=Radio Prague – The "Benes decrees" – a historian's point of view|date=18 August 2003|access-date=25 September 2015}}

File:Zilina P6112384-selection.jpg, the ex-chairman of Slovak National Party SNS, claimed that the Hungarian minority of Slovakia "is a tumour in the body of the Slovak nation".{{cite web|title=Separatist Movements Seek Inspiration in Kosovo|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,537008-2,00.html|work=Der Spiegel|date=22 February 2008|access-date=6 August 2008}}{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/europe/090814/slovakia-hungary|title=Slovakia and Hungary just won't get along|author=Jan Cienski|work=GlobalPost|access-date=25 September 2015}}{{cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,644853,00.html|title=The World from Berlin: Slovakia and Hungary 'Dangerously Close to Playing with Fire' |date=25 August 2009|work=Spiegel |access-date=25 September 2015}} ]]

In Slovakia, Hungarian and pro-Hungarian political parties are a stable part of the political system. Anti-Hungarian sentiment had been criticized particularly during the third government of Vladimír Mečiar. In the past, so-called "Hungarian card" had been used mainly by the Slovak National Party (SNS) against the granting of a special status to the Hungarian minority; it argued for the complete assimilation of the Hungarian minority into Slovak society.{{Verify source|date=August 2016}} It considers that Hungarians in Slovakia are actually overprivileged.{{Cite book |title=Politics Without a Past: The Absence of History in Postcommunist Nationalism|last=Cohen |first= Shari J.|year= 2009|publisher=Duke University Press, 22 Nov 1999|isbn=978-0822323990 |pages= 140 }}[http://www.hhrf.org/hhrf/index_en.php?oldal=182 Hungarian Human Rights Foundation] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110105110629/http://www.hhrf.org/hhrf/index_en.php?oldal=182 |date=5 January 2011 }} New Slovak Government Embraces Ultra-Nationalists, Excludes Hungarian Coalition Party After personnel changes in the presidium, SNS abandoned similar rhetoric and formed a common government with pro-Hungarian Most-Híd in 2016.

Anti-Hungarian rhetoric of some far-right organizations{{who|date=May 2021}}{{Citation needed||date=May 2021}} in Slovakia is based on historical stereotypes and conflicts in the common history as interpreted from nationalistic positions and recent events. {{Citation needed|date=May 2021}} In such interpretations, the arrival of old Hungarian tribes is described as the occupation by barbarian tribes and contributed to the destruction of Great Moravia. Other negative sentiments are related to the period of Magyarization, the policy of interwar Hungary, the collaboration of Hungarian-minority parties with the Hungarian government against Czechoslovakia, the First Vienna Award and the Slovak–Hungarian War.{{Cite book |title=Milovaní a nenávidení: Podobnosti a rozdiely medzi slovenskou a maďarskou krajnou pravicou |trans-title=Loved and hated: Similarities and differences between Slovak and Hungarian far-right |editor1-last=Danilov |editor1-first=Sergej |editor2-last=Nociar |editor2-first=Tomáš |year= 2012 | publisher=Inštitút pre medzikultúrny dialóg | location=Bratislava | isbn=978-80-970915-0-7 |pages=12–13}} Hungary is accused of still trying to undermine the territorial integrity of Slovakia, and local minority politicians are accused of irredentism. However, anti-Hungarian sentiment is not typical even for all far-right organisations, and the leader of the Slovak Brotherhood emphasized the need for collaboration with Hungarian far-right organisations against materialism and multiculturalism.

Women, Slovak or not, used to be required to affix the Slovak feminine marker -ová (used for declension of feminine names) at the end of their surname.{{Cite book |title=Minority rights in Central and Eastern Europe |last=Bernd |first= Rechel|year= 2009|publisher= Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0415590310}}

One incident of ethnically-motivated violence against Hungarians in Slovakia was at a football match in Dunajská Streda when Hungarian fans were badly beaten by the Slovak police.{{cite web|url=http://spectator.sme.sk/articles/view/33498/2/football_riot_stokes_tension.html |title=Football riot stokes tension |date=10 November 2008 |publisher=spectator.sme.sk |access-date=4 April 2014}}

The majority and the Hungarian minority describe their coexistence mostly as good. For example, in a public survey in 2015, 85.2% of respondents characterized their coexistence as good (63.6% rather good, 21.6% very good) and only 7.6% as bad (6.3% rather bad, 1.3% very bad).{{cite news | url = http://spravy.pravda.sk/domace/clanok/368125-prieskum-vztahy-slovenska-a-madarska-sa-za-poslednych-10-rokov-zlepsili/ | language = sk | title = Prieskum: Vzťahy Slovenska a Maďarska sa za posledných 10 rokov zlepšili | trans-title = Survey: Relationships between Slovakia and Hungary has improved over the last 10 years | publisher = Pravda.sk | date = 20 September 2015 | access-date = 23 August 2016 }}

In Romania, the Ceaușescu regime gave great focus to the ancient history of Transylvania. National communism in Romania made historical personalities of Hungary (such as John Hunyadi or György Dózsa){{cite web |url=http://www.eurhistxx.de/spip.php%3Farticle78&lang=en.html |title=Rethinking National Identity after National-Communism? The case of Romania (by Cristina Petrescu, University of Bucharest) |publisher=www.eurhistxx.de |access-date=3 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305225844/http://www.eurhistxx.de/spip.php%3Farticle78%26lang%3Den.html |archive-date=5 March 2014 |url-status=dead }}The Hungarian national component of the movement led by Dózsa was de-emphasized, while its strong antifeudal character was highlighted: {{in lang|ro}} Emanuel Copilaş, [http://www.sferapoliticii.ro/sfera/139/art09-copilas.html "Confiscarea lui Dumnezeu şi mecanismul inevitabilităţii istorice"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721190441/http://www.sferapoliticii.ro/sfera/139/art09-copilas.html |date=21 July 2011 }}, Sfera Politicii 139, September 2009 go through Romanianization and become more central figures in Romanian history.Lucian Boia, [https://books.google.com/books?id=RM6MRPWXxQYC&q=History+and+Myth+in+Romanian+Consciousness History and Myth in Romanian Consciousness], Central European University Press, 2001, p. 222 Citation:"....Thanks to the trios of Gelu, Glad and Menumorut, and Horea, Cloșca and Crișan, the Transylvanian heroes are actually more numerous than those of Wallachia or Moldavia, illustrating the obsession with Transylvania and the Hungarophobia that became accentuated towards the end of the Ceaușescu era."

The Civic Forum of the Romanians of Covasna, Harghita and Mureș, founded in 2005 with the aim of coordinating the ethnic Romanians at Covasna, Harghita and Mureș counties,{{cite news|url=https://basilica.ro/a-fost-infiintat-forumul-civic-al-romanilor-din-harghita-si-covasna/|title=A fost înființat Forumul Civic al Românilor din Harghita și Covasna|newspaper=Basilica News Agency|date=4 June 2005|language=ro}} has been accused of being anti-Hungarian.{{cite news|url=https://vasarnap.hu/2022/11/17/roman-nacionalista-szervezetek-sepsiszentgyorgyon-allitananak-szobrot-mihai-eminescunak/|title=Román nacionalista szervezetek Sepsiszentgyörgyön állítanának szobrot Mihai Eminescunak|newspaper=Vasárnap.hu|date=17 November 2022|language=hu}}{{cite news|url=https://www.ehir.ro/sepsiszentgyorgy-es-kovaszna-megye-zaszloi-miatt-pereli-a-kormanyt-a-romanok-foruma/|title=Sepsiszentgyörgy és Kovászna megye zászlói miatt pereli a kormányt a románok fóruma|newspaper=Ehír|date=27 December 2021|language=hu}}{{cite news|url=https://alfahir.hu/2020/02/21/magyarellenesseg_rmdsz|title=Betiltottak egy magyarellenes tüntetést Romániában|newspaper=Alfahír|date=21 February 2020|language=hu}}

{{see also|Hungary–Ukraine relations}}

Hungarian speakers first settled in Zakarpattia (Hungarian: Kárpátalja) in the 800s. The region was part of the Kingdom of Hungary from then till 1918. Before the Holocaust and Soviet deportations, there were approximately 250,000 Hungarian speakers in Zakarpattia, around 27% of the total population.{{cite book |last1=Orosz |first1=Ildikó |last2=Csernicskó |first2=István |title=The Hungarians in Transcarpathia |date=1999 |publisher=Tinta |location=Budapest |pages=14–15}} {{cite book |title=С татистичний збірник. Населення Закарпатської області за данними всесоюзного перепису населення}}

They constituted majorities or pluralities in several towns and cities, including Mukachevo (Hungarian: Munkács.) Many of these Hungarian speakers were also Jews. Today, Hungarian speakers are around 15% of the population in Zakarpattia, numbering around 150,000, forming majorities or pluralities along the Hungarian border and in some towns, including Berehove (Hungarian: Beregszász.)

The European Council, the Venice Commission{{cite web |last1=Venice Commission |title=OPINION ON THE LAW ON NATIONAL MINORITIES (COMMUNITIES) |url=https://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/default.aspx?pdffile=CDL-AD(2023)021-e}} and the Hungarian Human Rights Foundation have argued the Ukrainian state discriminates against Hungarian speakers.{{cite web |last1=Hungarian Human Rights Foundation |title=The Situation of the Hungarian Minority in Ukraine |url=https://hhrf.org/on-our-radar/hungarians-in-ukraine/}} The Hungarian Human Rights Foundation said of new reforms legislated in December, 2023,

'We note with regret that the adopted law still does not allow the use of minority languages at the level of higher administrative units (district, county). At the local settlement level, use of language rights remains subject to the majority decision – meaning that enforcement of language rights will not be implemented in most locales ... The law links linguistic rights to the concept of “traditional” settlement of the minority and sets the minimum level at 10%. Accordingly, in locations where the minority population does not reach this threshold (i.e. those in diaspora) will have no language rights at all, which further accelerates their assimilation. The legislation affects only the linguistic rights of minorities; other minority rights are completely left out. The law still does not provide for the free use of national symbols, nor does it provide the conditions to ensure political representation for minorities. Several clauses of the law are discriminatory or merely declarative, which can lead to arbitrary interpretation. The meaning of several legal terms remains unclear. This raises further questions, primarily relating to the right to native-language education alongside the state language. The law still does not comply with all the recommendations of the Venice Commission; does not ensure the rights guaranteed to minorities in the Constitution and other international documents; and does not restore the full range of previously existing minority rights.'

At the same time, László Zubánics, head of the Hungarian Democratic Alliance of Ukraine, said these reforms 'essentially gave the Hungarian community of Zakarpattia the opportunity to ensure its own existence for another 30 years.'{{cite web |last1=Spike |first1=Justin |title=Ukraine has improved conditions for its Hungarian minority. It might not be enough for Viktor Orbán |website=Associated Press News |date=31 January 2024 |url=https://apnews.com/article/hungary-ukraine-minority-rights-zakarpattia-language-29c4244859b0992d4beacc03450c5d84}}

Viktor and Andrej Baloga, Ukrainiain politicians is also famous for their hungarophobic remarks.{{Cite web |date=2023-02-18 |title=A magyargyűlölő Viktor Baloga elismerte, hogy kitiltották a schengeni övezetből – szerinte maga Orbán Viktor áll az ügy háttérében |url=https://mandiner.hu/hirek/2023/02/viktor-baloga-andrij-baloga-schengen-kitiltas-ukrajna-politika-europai-unio |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=Mandiner |language=hu}}{{Cite web |title=Rendkívüli: ukrán kommandósok csaptak le a magyargyűlölő munkácsi városvezetésre |url=https://www.atv.hu/kulfold/20231010/rendkivuli-ukran-kommandosok-csaptak-le-a-magyargyulolo-munkacsi-varosvezetesre |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=ATV}}

• Bohunk – combination of "Bohemian" and "Hungarian". An immigrant of Central European origin. A laborer.{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bohunk|title=Bohunk – Definition of bohunk by Merriam-Webster|access-date=25 September 2015}}"bohunk" in the Canadian Oxford Dictionary, Second Edition, Oxford University Press, 2004.
• Hunky – derived from "Bohunk"
• Mongol – used by Romanian, Slovakian and Serbian nationalists, as a slur against Hungarians to insult them regarding the connection of the Hun origin of the Hungarian conquerors.{{cite web | url=https://www.hungarianconservative.com/articles/current/romanian_football_fans_andorra_kosovo_anti_hungarian_mocking_greater_hungary_map_uefa_craiova/ | title=Romanian Football Fans Demean Hungarians Again, Mock Greater Hungary Map | Hungarian Conservative | date=30 March 2023 }}

The slurs Bozgor, Bozgoroaică and Bozgori are pseudo-Magyar terms of possible Romanian or Slavic origin describing Hungarians. A view is that it means "homeless" or "stateless".Vilmos Tánczos, [https://books.google.com/books?id=QjSNrRCYFpUC&pg=PA130 Language Use, Attitudes, Strategies. Linguistic Identity and Ethnicity in the Moldavian Csángó Villages], Editura ISPMN, 2012, p. 130 {{Interlanguage link multi|N. Sándor Szilágyi|hu|3=Szilágyi N. Sándor}} speculated that the word is a combination of the Hungarian slur ba(s)zd meg ("fuck you") and the Romanian word for Hungarian, namely ungur.{{cite web|url=http://adatbank.transindex.ro/html/alcim_pdf457.pdf |access-date=23 April 2023|website=transindex.ro|year=1988|language=ro|title=Bozgor}}

{{div col|colwidth=22em}}

• Edvard Beneš
• Ethnic clashes of Târgu Mureș
• Gheorghe Funar
• Iron Guard
• Ján Slota
• Magyarization
• Matica slovenská
• Nicolae Ceaușescu
• Noua Dreaptă
• Romanian Hearth Union
• Romanophobia
• Slovakisation
• Serbianization
• World War I

{{div col end}}

{{Reflist|30em}}

• {{cite book |title=Modern Hungarian society in the making: the unfinished experience |last=Gerő |first=András |author2=Patterson, James |year=1995 |publisher=Central European University Press }}

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Hungarian

Category:Foreign relations of Hungary