Transylvania

{{Main|Historical names of Transylvania}}

The earliest known reference to Transylvania appears in a Medieval Latin document of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1078 as {{lang|la|ultra silvam}}, meaning "beyond the forest" ({{lang|la|ultra}} meaning "beyond" or "on the far side of" and the accusative case of {{lang|la|sylva}} ({{lang|la|sylvam}}) "woods, forest"). Transylvania, with an alternative Latin prepositional prefix, means "on the other side of the woods". The Medieval Latin form {{Lang|la-x-medieval|Ultrasylvania}}, later {{Lang|la-x-medieval|Transylvania}}, was a direct translation from the Hungarian form {{lang|hu|Erdő-elve}}, later {{lang|hu|Erdély}}, which has been adopted phonetically into Romanian as {{lang|ro|Ardeal}}.Engel, Pál (2001). Realm of St. Stephen: History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526 (International Library of Historical Studies), p. 24, London: I.B. Taurus. {{ISBN|1-86064-061-3}}{{cite web|last=Pop|first=Ion-Aurel|trans-title=The Medieval History of Transylvania: from the Romanian Ethnogenesis until Michael the Brave|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/30886268/Istoria-Transilvaniei-Medievale|title=Istoria Transilvaniei Medievale: De la Etnogeneza Romanilor pana la Mihai Viteazul|accessdate=2013-10-03 |year=1997|language=ro}} That also was used as an alternative name in German {{lang|gmh|überwald}} ("beyond the forest") (13th–14th centuries) and Ukrainian {{lang|uk|Залісся}} ({{lang|uk-Latn|Zalissia}}).

Historical names of Transylvania are:

• {{langx|bg|Седмиградско|Sedmigradsko}}, {{lang|bg|Трансилвания}} {{lang|bg-Latn|Transilvanija}}
• {{langx|hr|Sedmogradska}}, {{lang|hr|Erdelj}} (hist.), {{lang|hu|Transilvanija}}
• {{langx|de|Siebenbürgen}} ({{IPA|de|ziːbm̩ˈbʏʁɡŋ̍||De-Siebenbürgen.ogg}}), {{lang|de|Transsilvanien}}
• {{langx|hu|Erdély}} ({{IPA|hu|ˈɛrdeːj|}})
• {{langx|la|Ultrasilvania}}, {{lang|la|Transsilvania}}
• {{langx|pl|Siedmiogród}}, {{lang|pl|Transylwania}}
• {{langx|rom|Transilvaniya}}
• {{langx|ro|Ardeal}} ({{IPA|ro|arˈde̯al|}}), {{lang|ro|Transilvania}} ({{IPA|ro|transilˈvani.a|}})
• {{langx|ru|Трансильвания|Transil'vaniya}}, {{lang|ru|Седмиградье}}
• {{langx|sr|Ердељ/Erdelj}}, {{langx|sr|Трансилванија/Transilvanija}}
• {{langx|sk|Ardieľ, Sedmohradsko}}
• Transylvanian Saxon: Siweberjen
• {{langx|tr|Erdel}}
• {{langx|uk|Семигород|Semyhorod}}, {{lang|uk|Залісся}} {{lang|uk-Latn|Zalissiya}}, {{lang|uk|Трансильванія}} {{lang|uk-Latn|Transyl'vaniya}}
• {{langx|yi|זיבנבערגן|Zibnbergn}}, {{lang|yi|זימבערגן}} {{lang|yi-Latn|Zimbergn}}, {{lang|yi|טראַנסילוואַניע}} {{lang|yi-Latn|Transilvanye}}
• The German name {{lang|de|Siebenbürgen}} means "seven castles", after the seven (ethnic German) Transylvanian Saxons' cities in the region. This is also the origin of the region's name in many other languages, such as the Croatian {{lang|hr|Sedmogradska}}, the Bulgarian {{lang|bg|Седмиградско}} ({{lang|bg-Latn|Sedmigradsko}}), Polish {{lang|pl|Siedmiogród}}, Yiddish {{lang|yi|זיבנבערגן}} ({{lang|yi-Latn|Zibnbergn}}), and Ukrainian {{lang|uk|Семигород}} ({{lang|uk-Latn|Semyhorod}}).
• The Hungarian form {{lang|hu|Erdély}} was first mentioned in the 12th-century {{lang|la|Gesta Hungarorum|italic=yes}} as {{lang|hu|Erdeuleu}} (in modern script {{lang|hu|Erdeüleü}}) or {{lang|hu|Erdő-elve}}. The word {{lang|hu|erdő}} means forest in Hungarian, and the word {{lang|hu|elve}} denotes a region in connection with this, similarly to the Hungarian name for Muntenia ({{lang|hu|Havas-elve}}, or land lying ahead of the snow-capped mountains). {{lang|ota-Latn|Erdel}}, {{lang|ota-Latn|Erdil}}, {{lang|ota-Latn|Erdelistan}} are derived from Hungarian {{lang|hu|Erdély}}.
• An occurrence of the form Ardeliu in a Church Slavonic document written by a Romanian chancellery is attested in 1432. The Romanian {{lang|ro|Ardeal}} is derived from the Hungarian {{lang|hu|Erdély}}.{{Cite journal |last=Pascu |first=Ștefan |title=Voievodatul Transilvaniei |volume=I |year=1972 |page=22 }}{{Cite book |last=Kristó |first=Gyula |title=A korai Erdély |publisher=Szegedi Középkorász Műhely |year=2002 |isbn=9634825583 |page=24 |trans-title=The early Transylvania}}{{Cite book |last=Drăganu |first=Nicolae |url=https://documente.bcucluj.ro/web/bibdigit/periodice/anuarulinstitutuluideistorienationala/1923/BCUCLUJ_FP_BALP_42_1923_002_001.pdf |title=Anuarul Institutului de Istorie Națională |year=1924 |volume=II |location=Bucharest |page=237}}

{{Main|History of Transylvania}}

File:Dacia 82 BC.png]]

The first known civilization to inhabit the territory was the Agathyrsi, of the Scythic cultures. From the 4th century BC, Celtic La Tène culture came to domination. The indigenous Dacian tribes engaged in politics from the 1st century BC and united under King Burebista, forming their kingdom Dacia.Vékony, Gábor (2000): Dacians, Romans, Romanians

The Roman Empire made heavy efforts to seize the territory from King Decebalus, resulting in the formation of Roman Dacia in 106, after Trajan's costly and bloody wars. During Roman rule, the territory, depleted of its indigenous population, was repopulated with Latin colonists and its rich resource stock was systematically exploited. However, the growing threat of East Germanic and Carpic invasions made Emperor Aurelian withdraw his legions and evacuate the citizens south of the Lower Danube in 275, when the province became occupied by the Goths.Tóth, Endre (1994): [https://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/11.html The Roman Province of Dacia] In 376, a powerful nomadic people, the Huns, defeated and shattered the Goths, and settled in the area. After the death of Hun King Attila, their empire disintegrated and the Gepids conquered the region in 455, under King Ardaric.Gündisch, Konrad: [https://sibiweb.de/geschi/history_of_transylvania_and_the_transylvanian_saxons.php Transylvania and the Transylvanian Saxons] For two centuries, the Gepids controlled Transylvania. The Ostrogoths systematically pushed the Gepids out of Pannonia. King Elemund, on the other hand, successfully fought battles against the Eastern Roman Empire. They were defeated by the Lombards and Avars in 567.Bóna, István (1994): [https://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/33.html The Kingdom of the Gepids] In the following years, the Avars took full control over Transylvania, heavily settling the area with Slavic tribes who accepted their suzerainty. The expansion of the Frankish Empire, however, imposed a growing threat on them and their khaganate was crushed in the Avar Wars.Curta, Florin (2006): Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250Bóna, István (1994): [https://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/41.html The period of Avar rule] The Avars and Slavs, although substantially depleted in number, continued to inhabit the Carpathian Basin.Macartney, Carlile Aylmer (1962): Hungary: a short history The First Bulgarian Empire expanded into Southern Transylvania in the 9th century.Bóna, István (1994): [https://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/49.html Southern Transylvania under Bulgar rule] Smaller Slavic polities were also present, nevertheless they could hardly keep their independence.Makkai, László (1975): The origins of the Hungarian people and state

In the late 9th century, Transylvania was reached and conquered by the Hungarian conquerors. There is an ongoing scholarly debate over the demographics in Transylvania at the time. According to the theory of Daco-Roman continuity, Romanians continuously lived on the territory. Opponents of that hypothesis point to the lack of written, archaeological and linguistic evidence to support it.Farkas, Zoltán (2007): Transylvania Hungarian medieval chronicles claimed that the Székely people descended from the Huns, who remained in Transylvania, and later, in combination with the returning Hungarians, conquered the Carpathian Basin.Rady, Martyn: [https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/18975/1/18975.pdf The Gesta Hungarorum of Anonymus, the anonymous notary of King Béla]Veszprémy, László; Schaer, Frank (1999): [https://books.google.com/books?id=wYhZEAAAQBAJ Gesta Hungarorum: The Deeds of the Hungarians]Geréb, László (1993): [http://mek.oszk.hu/10600/10642/pdf/10642ocr.pdf Képes Krónika] (in Hungarian)Geréb, László (1957): [http://mek.niif.hu/10600/10633/pdf/10633.pdf Magyar Krónika] (in Hungarian) According to the Gesta Hungarorum, the Vlach (Blacorum, Blacus) leader Gelou ruled part of Transylvania before the Hungarians arrived. Historians debate whether he was a historical person or an imaginary figure. The gyulas from the seven chieftains of the Hungarians governed Transylvania in the 10th century. King Stephen I of Hungary asserted his claim to rule all lands dominated by Hungarian lords. He personally led his army against his maternal uncle Gyula III and Transylvania became part of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1002.{{cite book |title=The Realm of St Stephen |last=Engel |first=Pal |author2=Andrew Ayton |year=2005 |publisher= Tauris|location= London|isbn=1-85043-977-X |page=27 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vEJNBqanT_8C&pg=PA27}} Place names derived from the Hungarian tribes evidence that major Hungarian groups settled in Transylvania from the 950s.{{cite book |last=Bóna |first=István |editor1-last=Köpeczi |editor1-first=Béla |editor2-last=Barta |editor2-first=Gábor |editor3-last=Bóna |editor3-first=István |editor4-last=Makkai |editor4-first=László |editor5-last=Szász |editor5-first=Zoltán |editor6-last=Borus |editor6-first=Judit | title=History of Transylvania |publisher=Akadémiai Kiadó |year=1994 |pages=62–177 |chapter=From Dacia to Transylvania: The Period of the Great Migrations (271–895); The Hungarian–Slav Period (895–1172) |isbn=963-05-6703-2}}{{Cite book |last=Kristó |first=Gyula |year=2003 |title=Early Transylvania (895-1324) |publisher= Lucidus Kiadó |isbn=963-9465-12-7}} In the 12th and 13th centuries, Southeast and Northeast Transylvania was settled by Saxon colonists. In Romanian historiography, Romanians constituted an important part of Transylvania's population even on the eve of the Mongol Invasions.{{cite book |author=Jean W Sedlar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3o5lrvuwOVwC&pg=PA9 |title=East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500 |publisher=University of Washington Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-295-97291-6 |pages=9–}}{{cite journal |author=Madgearu |first=Alexandru |date=2018 |title=The Mongol domination and the detachment of the Romanians of Wallachia from the domination of the Hungarian Kingdom |url=https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/DMAE/article/download/76013/4564456556992 |journal=De Medio Aevo |pages=219–220 |access-date=}} Hungarian historiography claims that the Vlach population entered Transylvania from the Balkans only in the 12th century,{{cite book |author=Jean W Sedlar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3o5lrvuwOVwC&pg=PA9 |title=East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500 |publisher=University of Washington Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-295-97291-6 |pages=9–}} and the devastating invasion of Mongols had also as consequence the large-scale immigration by Romanians, however the immigration of Romanians did not happen all at once, the process of settlement stretched over several centuries.{{Cite book |last=Makkai |first=László |title=History of Transylvania Volume I. From the Beginnings to 1606 - III. Transylvania in the Medieval Hungarian Kingdom (896–1526) - 3. From the Mongol Invasion to the Battle of Mohács |publisher=Columbia University Press, (The Hungarian original by Institute of History Of The Hungarian Academy of Sciences) |year=2001 |isbn=0-88033-479-7 |language=English |chapter=The Mongol Invasion and Its Consequences |chapter-url=http://mek.niif.hu/03400/03407/html/76.html}} After the Battle of Kosovo and Ottoman arrival at the Hungarian border, thousands of Vlach and Serbian refugees came to Transylvania.

File:Transylvania16cent adm div.PNG's in color]]

File:Europe_mediterranean_1190_cropped.jpg in 1190, during the rule of Béla III]]Between 1002 and 1526, Transylvania was part of the Kingdom of Hungary, led by a voivode appointed by the King of Hungary.{{Cite journal|date=2004|title=Stephen I|url=http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3404706129/GVRL?u=aubu98092&sid=GVRL&xid=fed217b4|journal=Encyclopedia of World Biography|volume=14|pages=427–428|via=Gale Virtual Reference Library}}{{Cite book|title=Merriam-Webster's geographical dictionary|publisher=CREDO|year=2007|edition= 3rd |chapter=Hungary}} After the Battle of Mohács in 1526, Transylvania became part of the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom. Later, in 1570, the kingdom became the Principality of Transylvania by the Treaty of Speyer, which was ruled primarily by Calvinist Hungarian princes. The Eastern Hungarian king became the first prince of Transylvania, according to the treaty. The Principality of Transylvania continued to be part of the Kingdom of Hungary in the sense of public law, which stressed in a highly significant way that John Sigismund's possessions belonged to the Holy Crown of Hungary and he was not permitted to alienate them.Anthony Endrey, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ewYiAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA70 The Holy Crown of Hungary], Hungarian Institute, 1978, p. 70

File:Transylvanian_Principality.svg in 1606–60]]

The Habsburgs acquired the territory shortly after the Battle of Vienna in 1683. In 1687, the rulers of Transylvania recognized the suzerainty of the Habsburg emperor Leopold I, and the region was officially attached to the Habsburg Empire. The Habsburgs acknowledged the Principality of Transylvania as one of the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen,{{cite web|title=International Boundary Study – No. 47 – April 15, 1965 – Hungary – Romania (Rumania) Boundary|publisher=US Bureau of Intelligence and Research|url=http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS047.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303212328/http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS047.pdf|archive-date=March 3, 2009}} but the territory of the principality was administratively separated{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1459175/Diploma-Leopoldinum |title=Diploma Leopoldinum (Transylvanian history) |encyclopedia=Britannica.com |access-date=2012-07-30}}{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/603323/Transylvania |title=Transylvania (region, Romania) |encyclopedia=Britannica.com |access-date=2012-07-30}} from Habsburg Hungary,{{Cite book|last=Sugar|first=Peter F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LOln4TGdDHYC&dq=independent+principality+that+was+not+reunited+with+Hungary&pg=PA163|title=Southeastern Europe under Ottoman Rule, 1354-1804|date=2012-07-01|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-80363-0|page=163|language=en}}{{Cite book|last1=Cadzow|first1=John F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fX5pAAAAMAAJ&q=diploma+leopoldinum+transylvania|title=Transylvania: The Roots of Ethnic Conflict|last2=Ludanyi|first2=Andrew|last3=Elteto|first3=Louis J.|date=1983|publisher=Kent State University Press|isbn=978-0-87338-283-0|page=79|language=en}}{{Cite book|last=Lendvai|first=Paul|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9yCmAQGTW28C&dq=diploma+leopoldinum+transylvania&pg=PA146|title=The Hungarians: A Thousand Years of Victory in Defeat|date=2003|publisher=C. Hurst|isbn=978-1-85065-682-1|page=146|language=en}} and subjected to the direct rule of the emperor's governors.{{cite web|url=http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Grand+Principality+of+Transylvania |title=Definition of Grand Principality of Transylvania in the Free Online Encyclopedia |publisher=Encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com |access-date=2012-07-30}} In 1699 the Ottomans legally acknowledged their loss of Transylvania in the Treaty of Karlowitz; however, some anti-Habsburg elements within the principality submitted to the emperor only in the 1711 Peace of Szatmár, when Habsburg control over Principality of Transylvania was consolidated. The Grand Principality of Transylvania was reintroduced 54 years later in 1765.

The Hungarian revolution against the Habsburgs started in 1848, and grew into a war for the total independence of the Kingdom of Hungary from the Habsburg dynasty. Julius Jacob von Haynau, the leader of the Austrian army, was appointed plenipotentiary to restore order in Hungary after the conflict. He ordered the execution of The 13 Hungarian Martyrs of Arad, and Prime Minister Batthyány was executed the same day in Pest. After a series of serious Austrian defeats in 1849, the empire came close to the brink of collapse. Thus, the new young emperor Franz Joseph I had to call for Russian help under the Holy Alliance. Czar Nicholas I answered, and sent an army of 200,000 men with 80,000 auxiliary forces. Finally, the joint army of Russian and Austrian forces defeated the Hungarian forces. After the restoration of Habsburg power, Hungary was placed under martial law. Following the Hungarian Army's surrender at Világos (now Șiria, Romania) in 1849, their revolutionary banners were taken to Russia by the Tsarist troops and were kept there both under the Tsarist and Communist systems (in 1940 the Soviet Union offered the banners to the Horthy government).

After the Ausgleich of 1867, the Principality of Transylvania was once again abolished. The territory then became part of Transleithania,"Transylvania", Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2008. an addition to the newly established Austro-Hungarian Empire. Romanian intellectuals issued the Blaj Pronouncement in protest.[http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/pas/pas14.htm The Austro-Hungarian Dual Monarchy and Romanian Political Autonomy] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070424202011/http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/pas/pas14.htm |date=2007-04-24 }} in Pașcu, Ștefan. A History of Transylvania. Dorset Press, New York, 1990.

The region was the site of an important battle during World War I, which caused the replacement of the German Chief of Staff, temporarily ceased German offensives on all the other fronts and created a unified Central Powers command under the German Kaiser. Following defeat in World War I, Austria-Hungary disintegrated. Elected representatives of the ethnic Romanians from Transylvania, Banat, Crișana and Maramureș backed by the mobilization of Romanian troops, proclaimed Union with Romania on 1 December 1918. The Proclamation of Union of Alba Iulia was adopted by the Deputies of the Romanians from Transylvania and supported one month later by the vote of the Deputies of the Saxons from Transylvania.

File:PérdidasTerritorialesRumanas1940.svg being ceded to Hungary. The region was returned to Romania after World War II]]

The national holiday of Romania, the Great Union Day (also called Unification Day,CIA World Factbook, [http://www.cia.gov/publications/factbook/geos/ro.html#Govt Romania – Government] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505143044/http://www.cia.gov/publications/factbook/geos/ro.html#Govt |date=2020-05-05 }}) occurring on December 1, celebrates this event. The holiday was established after the Romanian Revolution, and marks the unification not only of Transylvania but also of the provinces of Banat, Bessarabia and Bukovina with the Romanian Kingdom. These other provinces had all joined with the Kingdom of Romania a few months earlier. In 1920, the Treaty of Trianon established new borders and much of the proclaimed territories became part of Romania. Hungary protested against the new state borders, as they did not follow the real ethnic boundaries, for over 1.3 or 1.6 million Hungarian people, representing 25.5 or 31.6% of the Transylvanian population (depending on statistics used),{{cite book|title = Történelmi világatlasz|language=hu|trans-title=World Atlas of History|publisher = Cartographia|year = 1998|isbn = 963-352-519-5}}Varga, E. Árpád, [http://www.kia.hu/konyvtar/erdely/erdang.htm Hungarians in Transylvania between 1870 and 1995], Translation by Tamás Sályi, Budapest, March 1999, pp. 30-34 were living on the Romanian side of the border, mainly in the Székely Land of Eastern Transylvania, and along the newly created border.File:Romania territory during 20th century.gif]]

In August 1940, with the arbitration of Germany and Italy under the Second Vienna Award, Hungary gained Northern Transylvania (including parts of Crișana and Maramureș), and over 40% of the territory lost in 1920. This award did not solve the nationality problem, as over 1.15–1.3 million Romanians (or 48% to more than 50% of the population of the ceded territory) remained in Northern Transylvania while 0.36–0.8 million Hungarians (or 11% to more than 20% of the population) continued to reside in Southern Transylvania.{{cite book|author=Keith Hitchins|author-link=Keith Hitchins|title=Romania|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eKkegAiLtzMC&pg=PA486|year=1994|publisher=Clarendon Press|isbn=978-0-19-822126-5|pages=486–}} The Second Vienna Award was voided on 12 September 1944 by the Allied Commission through the Armistice Agreement with Romania (Article 19), and the 1947 Treaty of Paris reaffirmed the borders between Romania and Hungary as originally defined in the Treaty of Trianon, 27 years earlier, thus confirming the return of Northern Transylvania to Romania.{{cite encyclopedia|title=Transylvania|url=http://britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/603323/Transylvania|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.|year=2008|access-date=2008-08-01}}

From 1947 to 1989, Transylvania, along with the rest of Romania, was under a communist regime. The ethnic clashes of Târgu Mureș between ethnic Romanians and Hungarians in March 1990 took place after the fall of the communist regime and became the most notable inter-ethnic incident in the post-communist era.

File:Sarmisegetusa Regia - Templele patrulatere mici - Zona sacra – Gradistea Muntelui, Muntii Sureanu, Hunedoara, Romania 19.JPG|Ruins of Sarmizegetusa Regia

File:Castrum Apulum 2011 - Porta Principalis Dextra-1.jpg|Roman city of Apulum

File:Lanzedelli - Târg în Transilvania 3.jpg|A market scene in Transylvania, 1818

File:Original_Photo_National_Museum_of_Union-Alba_Iulia.jpg|The National Assembly in Alba Iulia (December 1, 1918), declaring the Union of Transylvania with Romania

File:Cheile Turzii-(42).JPG seen from the west end, in Cluj county]]

File:RO AB Geogel wooden church 1 55.jpg

File:Romania_general_map-en.png

The Transylvanian Plateau, {{convert|300|to(-)|500|m|ft|abbr=off}} high, is drained by the Mureș, Someș, Criș, and Olt rivers, as well as other tributaries of the Danube. This core of historical Transylvania roughly corresponds with nine counties of modern Romania. The plateau is almost entirely surrounded by the Eastern, Southern and Romanian Western branches of the Carpathian Mountains. The area includes the Transylvanian Plain. Other areas to the west and north are widely considered part of Transylvania; in common reference, the Western border of Transylvania has come to be identified with the present Romanian-Hungarian border, settled in the 1920 Treaty of Trianon, although geographically the two are not identical.

Ethnographic areas:

• Transylvania proper:
• Mărginimea Sibiului (Szeben-hegyalja)
• Transylvanian Plain (Câmpia Transilvaniei/Mezőség)
• Țara Bârsei (Burzenland/Barcaság)
• {{Interlanguage link|Țara Buzaielor|ro}}
• Țara Călatei (Kalotaszeg)
• Țara Chioarului (Kővár)
• Țara Făgărașului (Fogaras)
• Țara Hațegului (Hátszeg)
• {{ill|Țara Hălmagiului|ro}}
• {{ill|Țara Mocanilor|ro}}
• Țara Moților
• Țara Năsăudului (Nösnerland/Naszód vidéke)
• {{Interlanguage link|Țara Silvaniei|ro}}
• {{Interlanguage link|Ținutul Pădurenilor|ro}}
• Ținutul Secuiesc (Székelyföld/Székely Land)
• Banat
• {{ill|Țara Almăjului|ro}}
• Crișana
• {{ill|Țara Zarandului|ro}}
• Maramureș
• Țara Oașului (Avasság)
• {{ill|Țara Lăpușului|ro}} (Lápos-vidék)

{{Transylvania Labelled Map|float=right}}

The area of the historical Voivodeship is {{convert|55146|km2|0|abbr=on}}.[http://romaniatraveltourism.com/node/326 Transilvania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228094241/http://romaniatraveltourism.com/node/326 |date=2020-02-28 }} at romaniatraveltourism.com{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

The regions granted to Romania in 1920 covered 23 counties including nearly {{convert|102200|km2|0|abbr=on}} (102,787–103,093 km² in Hungarian sources and 102,282 km² in contemporary Romanian documents). Nowadays, several administrative reorganisations make the territory cover 16 counties (Romanian: județ), with an area of {{convert|100290|km2|0|abbr=on}}, in central and northwest Romania.

The 16 counties are: Alba, Arad, Bihor, Bistrița-Năsăud, Brașov, Caraș-Severin, Cluj, Covasna, Harghita, Hunedoara, Maramureș, Mureș, Sălaj, Satu Mare, Sibiu, and Timiș.

Transylvania contains both largely urban counties, such as Brașov and Hunedoara counties, as well as largely rural ones, such as Bistrița-Năsăud and Sălaj counties.{{cite web |url=http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/REZULTATE-DEFINITIVE-RPL_2011.pdf |title=Microsoft Word – REZULTATE DEFINITIVE RPL2011.doc |access-date=2018-04-17 |archive-date=2013-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717125951/http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/REZULTATE-DEFINITIVE-RPL_2011.pdf |url-status=dead }}

Since 1998, Romania has been divided into eight development regions, acting as divisions that coordinate and implement socio-economic development at regional level. Six counties (Alba, Brașov, Covasna, Harghita, Mureș and Sibiu) form the Centru development region, another six (Bihor, Bistrița-Năsăud, Cluj, Maramureș, Satu Mare, Sălaj) form the Nord-Vest development region, while four (Arad, Caraș-Severin, Hunedoara, Timiș) form the Vest development region.

{{Largest cities

| country = Romania

| kind = cities of Transylvania, Banat, Crișana and Maramureș historical regions

| stat_ref = [https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Tabel-1.03_1.3.1-si-1.03.2.xls "NIS 2021 Census"] (2021 population by place of residence)

| list_by_pop =

| div_name =

| div_link = Counties of Romania{{!}}County

|city_1 = Cluj-Napoca

|div_1 = Cluj County{{!}}Cluj

|pop_1 = 286,598

|img_1 = Biserica romano-catolică "Sfântul Mihail".jpg

|city_2 = Timișoara

|div_2 = Timiș County{{!}}Timiș

|pop_2 = 250,849

|img_2 = Piața Victoriei Timișoara.jpg

|city_3 = Brașov

|div_3 = Brașov County{{!}}Brașov

|pop_3 = 237,589

|img_3 = BVCouncilSquare0.jpg

|city_4 = Oradea

|div_4 = Bihor County{{!}}Bihor

|pop_4 = 183,105

|img_4 = Primăria și Centrul Municipiului Oradea.JPG

|city_5 = Arad, Romania{{!}}Arad

|div_5 = Arad County{{!}}Arad

|pop_5 = 145,078

|city_6 = Sibiu

|div_6 = Sibiu County{{!}}Sibiu

|pop_6 = 134,309

|city_7 = Târgu Mureș

|div_7 = Mureș County{{!}}Mureș

|pop_7 = 116,033

|city_8 = Baia Mare

|div_8 = Maramureș County{{!}}Maramureș

|pop_8 = 108,759

|city_9 = Satu Mare

|div_9 = Satu Mare County{{!}}Satu Mare

|pop_9 = 91,520

|city_10 = Bistrița

|div_10 = Bistrița-Năsăud County{{!}}Bistrița-Năsăud

|pop_10 = 78,877

|city_11 = Alba Iulia

|div_11 = Alba County{{!}}Alba

|pop_11 = 64,227

|city_12 = Reșița

|div_12 = Caraș-Severin County{{!}}Caraș-Severin

|pop_12 = 58,393

|city_13 = Deva, Romania{{!}}Deva

|div_13 = Hunedoara County{{!}}Hunedoara

|pop_13 = 53,113

|city_14 = Zalău

|div_14 = Sălaj County{{!}}Sălaj

|pop_14 = 52,359

|city_15 = Hunedoara

|div_15 = Hunedoara County{{!}}Hunedoara

|pop_15 = 50,457

|city_16 = Sfântu Gheorghe

|div_16 = Covasna County{{!}}Covasna

|pop_16 = 50,080

|city_17 = Turda

|div_17 = Cluj County{{!}}Cluj

|pop_17 = 43,319

|city_18 = Mediaș

|div_18 = Sibiu County{{!}}Sibiu

|pop_18 = 39,505

|city_19 = Lugoj

|div_19 = Timiș County{{!}}Timiș

|pop_19 = 35,450

|city_20 = Miercurea Ciuc

|div_20 = Harghita County{{!}}Harghita

|pop_20 = 34,484

}}

Cluj-Napoca, commonly known as Cluj, is the second most populous city in Romania (as of the 2021 census), after the national capital Bucharest, and is the seat of Cluj County. From 1790 to 1848 and from 1861 to 1867, it was the official capital of the Grand Principality of Transylvania. Brașov is an important tourist destination, being the largest city in a mountain resorts area, and a central location, suitable for exploring Romania, with the distances to several tourist destinations (including the Black Sea resorts, the monasteries in northern Moldavia, and the wooden churches of Maramureș) being similar.

Sibiu is one of the most important cultural centres of Romania and was designated the European Capital of Culture for the year 2007, along with the city of Luxembourg.{{cite web|url=http://www.sibiu2007.ro/index_en.php|title=Sibiu Cultural Capital Website|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061015213159/http://www.sibiu2007.ro/index_en.php|archive-date=2006-10-15}} It was formerly the centre of the Transylvanian Saxon culture and between 1692 and 1791 and 1849–65 was the capital of the Principality of Transylvania.

Alba Iulia, a city located on the Mureș River in Alba County, has since the High Middle Ages been the seat of Transylvania's Roman Catholic diocese. Between 1541 and 1690 it was the capital of the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom and the later Principality of Transylvania. Alba Iulia also has historical importance: after the end of World War I, representatives of the Romanian population of Transylvania gathered in Alba Iulia on 1 December 1918 to proclaim the union of Transylvania with the Kingdom of Romania. In Transylvania, there are many medieval smaller towns such as Sighișoara, Mediaș, Sebeș, and Bistrița.

File:Cluj-Napoca_(Biserica_Romano-Catolică_Sfântul_Mihail).jpg|Cluj-Napoca ({{langx|hu|Kolozsvár}}, {{langx|de|Klausenburg}})

File:Brasov, Romania (26523347959).jpg|Brașov ({{langx|hu|Brassó}}, {{langx|de|Kronstadt}})

File:Sibiu 200811 800px.jpg|Sibiu ({{langx|hu|Nagyszeben}}, {{langx|de|Hermannstadt}})

File:Arad City Hall (30112380741).jpg|Arad ({{langx|hu|Arad}}, {{langx|de|Arad}})

File:Cetatea_Alba_Iulia_din_aer_toamna.jpg|Alba Iulia ({{langx|hu|Gyulafehérvár}}, {{langx|de|Karlsburg}}) defense wall of Alba Carolina Citadel

File:Palatul Culturii (Targu Mures).jpg|Târgu Mureș ({{langx|hu|Marosvásárhely}}, {{langx|de|Neumarkt am Mieresch}})

File:Timisoara - Catholic Dome in Union Square.jpg|Timișoara ({{langx|hu|Temesvár}}, {{langx|de|Temeschburg}})

File:Primăria și Centrul Municipiului Oradea.JPG|Oradea ({{langx|hu|Nagyvárad}}, {{langx|de|Großwardein}})

File:Sighisoara. Biserica din deal.jpg|Sighișoara ({{langx|hu|Segesvár}}, {{langx|de|Schäßburg}})

File:Biserica Sfânta Margareta.jpg|Mediaș ({{langx|hu|Medgyes}}, {{langx|de|Mediasch}})

File:Bistrița de sus.jpg|Bistrița ({{langx|hu|Beszterce}}, {{langx|de|Bistritz}})

File:Sebes evangelical church 3.JPG|Sebeș ({{langx|hu|Szászsebes}}, {{langx|de|Mülbach}})

File:Centrul Vechi Baia Mare.jpg|Baia Mare ({{langx|hu|Nagybánya}}, {{langx|de|Frauenbach}})

File:Dévai vármegyeház.jpeg|Deva ({{langx|hu|Déva}}, {{langx|de|Diemrich}})

File:Miercurea_Ciuc_2010,_The_Petőfi_Street.jpg|Miercurea Ciuc ({{langx|hu|Csíkszereda}}, {{langx|de|Szeklerburg}})

File:2011-IMG 4425.jpg|Turda ({{langx|hu|Torda}}, {{langx|de|Thorenburg}})

File:Sepsiszentgyorgyi reformatus vartemplom.jpg|Sfântu Gheorghe ({{langx|hu|Sepsiszentgyörgy}}, {{langx|de|Gergen}})

File:Aiud-Turnul dogarilor si biserica reformata-2.JPG|Aiud Citadel in Aiud ({{langx|hu|Nagyenyed}}, {{langx|de|Straßburg am Mieresch}})

{{See also|Demographics of Romania}}

{{See also|History of Transylvania#Historical population|Hungarian minority in Romania|Székelys|Transylvanian Saxons|List of Transylvanians}}

File:Austria Hungary ethnic.svg, 1910.]]

Official censuses with information on Transylvania's population have been conducted since the 18th century. On May 1, 1784 the Emperor Joseph II called for the first official census of the Habsburg Empire, including Transylvania. The data was published in 1787, and this census showed only the overall population (1,440,986 inhabitants).{{cite web |url=http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/transy/transy03.htm |title=www.hungarian-history.hu |access-date=2017-07-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202185918/http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/transy/transy03.htm |archive-date=2017-02-02 }} Fényes Elek, a 19th-century Hungarian statistician, estimated in 1842 that in the population of Transylvania for the years 1830–1840 the majority were 62.3% Romanians and 23.3% Hungarians.Elek Fényes, Magyarország statistikája, Vol. 1, Trattner-Károlyi, Pest. VII, 1842

In the last quarter of the 19th century, the Hungarian population of Transylvania increased from 24.9% in 1869 to 31.6%, as indicated in the 1910 Hungarian census (the majority of the Jewish population reported Hungarian as their primary language, so they were also counted as ethnically Hungarian in the 1910 census). At the same time, the percentage of the Romanian population decreased from 59.0% to 53.8% and the percentage of the German population decreased from 11.9% to 10.7%, for a total population of 5,262,495. Magyarization policies greatly contributed to this shift.{{cite journal|title=The Problem of Treaty Revision and the Hungarian Frontiers|journal=International Affairs|year=1933|first=Robert William|last=Seton-Watson|volume=12|issue=4|pages=481–503 |doi=10.2307/2603603|jstor=2603603}}

The percentage of the Romanian majority has significantly increased since the declaration of the union of Transylvania with Romania after World War I in 1918. The proportion of Hungarians in Transylvania was in steep decline as more of the region's inhabitants moved into urban areas, where the pressure to assimilate and Romanianize was greater. The expropriation of the estates of Magyar magnates, the distribution of the lands to the Romanian peasants, and the policy of cultural Romanianization that followed the Treaty of Trianon were major causes of friction between Hungary and Romania.{{cite encyclopedia|title=Transylvania|url=http://www.bartleby.com/65/tr/Transylv.html|encyclopedia=Columbia Encyclopedia|access-date=2008-11-18|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905190712/http://bartleby.com/65/tr/Transylv.html|archive-date=2008-09-05}} Other factors include the emigration of non-Romanian peoples, assimilation and internal migration within Romania (estimates show that between 1945 and 1977, some 630,000 people moved from the Old Kingdom to Transylvania, and 280,000 from Transylvania to the Old Kingdom, most notably to Bucharest).

According to the results of the 2011 census, the total population of Transylvania was 6,789,250 inhabitants and the ethnic groups were: Romanians – 70.62%, Hungarians – 17.92%, Roma – 3.99%, Ukrainians – 0.63%, Germans (mostly Transylvanian Saxons and Banat Swabians, but also Zipsers, Sathmar Swabians, or Landlers) – 0.49%, other – 0.77%. Some 378,298 inhabitants (5.58%) have not declared their ethnicity.{{cite web |url=http://www.recensamantromania.ro/rezultate-2 |title=RPL 2011 – VOLUMUL I: POPULAŢIA STABILĂ (REZIDENTĂ) – STRUCTURA DEMOGRAFICĂ, Table no. 7 |website=recensamantromania.ro}} The ethnic Hungarian population of Transylvania form a majority in the counties of Covasna (73.6%) and Harghita (84.8%). The Hungarians are also numerous in the following counties: Mureș (37.8%), Satu Mare (34.5%), Bihor (25.2%), and Sălaj (23.2%).

File:Salina Turda (panorama), Cluj, RO.jpg, now repurposed as a tourist attraction]]

File:Landscape in Transylvania.jpg

Transylvania is rich in mineral resources, notably lignite, iron, lead, manganese, gold, copper, natural gas, salt, and sulfur.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

Transylvania's GDP (nominal) is $194 billion and its GDP per capita measures around $28,574.{{when|date=October 2022}} Transylvania's Human Development Index is ranked 0.829, which makes Transylvania the 2nd most developed region in Romania after Bucharest-Ilfov and makes it comparable to countries like the Czech Republic, Poland and Estonia.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

There are large iron and steel, chemical, and textile industries. Stock raising, agriculture, wine production and fruit growing are important occupations. Agriculture is widespread in the Transylvanian Plateau, including growing cereals, vegetables, viticulture and breeding cattle, sheep, swine, and poultry. Timber is another valuable resource.

IT, electronics and automotive industries are important in urban and university centers like Cluj-Napoca (Robert Bosch GmbH, Emerson Electric), Timișoara (Alcatel-Lucent, Flextronics and Continental AG), Brașov, Sibiu, Oradea and Arad. The cities of Cluj Napoca and Târgu Mureș are connected with a strong medical tradition, and according to the same classifications top performance hospitals exist there.{{cite web |url=http://www.ms.ro/upload/CLASIFICAREA%20SPITALELOR-1.pdf |title=Clasificarea spitalelor |access-date=2016-01-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035718/http://www.ms.ro/upload/CLASIFICAREA%20SPITALELOR-1.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04 }}

Native brands include: Roman of Brașov (trucks and buses), Azomureș of Târgu Mureș (fertilizers), Terapia of Cluj-Napoca (pharmaceuticals), Banca Transilvania of Cluj-Napoca (finance), Romgaz and Transgaz of Mediaș (natural gas), Jidvei of Alba county (alcoholic beverages), Timișoreana of Timișoara (alcoholic beverages), the state owned Cugir Arms Factory,{{cite web | url=http://romarm.ro/en/informatii-despre-companie/exhibitions/subsidiaries-sub2/ | title=ROMARM | National Defense Company in Romania | call us 40213171971 }} and others.

The Jiu Valley, located in the south of Hunedoara County, has been a major mining area throughout the second half of the 19th century and the 20th century, but many mines were closed down in the years following the collapse of the communist regime, forcing the region to diversify its economy.

During the Second World War, Transylvania (the Southern/Romanian half, as the region was divided during the war) was crucial to the Romanian defense industry. Transylvanian factories built until 1945 over 1,000 warplanes and over 1,000 artillery pieces of all types, among others.Mark Axworthy, London: Arms and Armour, 1995, Third Axis, Fourth Ally: Romanian Armed Forces in the European War, 1941–1945, pp. 29-30, 75, 149, 222-227 and 239-272

File:George_Cosbuc_-_Foto02.jpg, Romanian poet, translator, teacher, and journalist, best known for his verses describing, praising and eulogizing rural life]]

The culture of Transylvania is complex because of its varied history and longstanding multiculturalism, which has incorporated significant Hungarian (see Hungarians in Romania) and German (see Germans of Romania) influences.{{cite web|url=http://www.itcnet.ro/folk_festival/culture.htm |title=Cultura |date=2007-12-31 |access-date=2016-05-08 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071231125142/http://www.itcnet.ro/folk_festival/culture.htm |archive-date=December 31, 2007 }}

The region was the birthplace of the Transylvanian School movement, its members, namely Samuil Micu-Klein, Petru Maior, and Gheorghe Șincai, being responsible for the early version of Romanian alphabet.[https://www.limbaromana.md/index.php?go=articole&n=3889 N. Felecan - Considerations on the First Books of Romanian Grammar]

With regard to architecture, the Transylvanian Gothic style is preserved to this day in monuments such as the Black Church in Brașov (14th and 15th centuries) and a number of other cathedrals, as well as the Bran Castle in Brașov County (14th century), and the Hunyad Castle in Hunedoara (15th century).

Notable writers such as Emil Cioran, Lucian Blaga, George Coșbuc, Ioan Slavici, Octavian Goga, Liviu Rebreanu, Endre Ady, Elie Wiesel, Elek Benedek and Károly Kós were born in Transylvania. Liviu Rebreanu wrote the novel Ion, which introduces the reader to a depiction of the life of Romanian peasants and intellectuals of Transylvania at the turn of the 20th century. Károly Kós was one of the most important writers supporting the movement of Transylvanianism.

Transylvania has a very rich and unique religious history. Since the Protestant Reformation, different Christian denominations have coexisted in this religious melting pot, including Romanian Orthodox, other Eastern Orthodox, Latin Catholic and Romanian Greek Catholic, Lutheran, Reformed, and Unitarian branches. Christianity is the largest religion, but other faiths also are present, including Jews and Muslims. Under the Habsburgs, Transylvania served as a place for "religious undesirables". People who arrived in Transylvania included those that did not conform to the Catholic Church and were sent here forcibly, as well as many religious refugees. Transylvania has a long history of religious tolerance, ensured by its religious pluralism.

Transylvania has also been (and still is) a center for Christian denominations other than Eastern Orthodoxy, the form of Christianity that most Romanians currently follow. As such, there are significant numbers of inhabitants of Transylvania that follow Latin Catholicism and Greek Catholicism, and Protestantism. Even though before 1948, the population of Transylvania split between Eastern Orthodox, Greek Catholic and other forms of Christianity, during the Communist Period the Orthodox Church was much more favored by the state which has led to Eastern Orthodoxy being the religion of the majority of Transylvanians.Earl A. Pope, "Protestantism in Romania", in Sabrina Petra Ramet (ed.), Protestantism and Politics in Eastern Europe and Russia: The Communist and Postcommunist Eras, Duke University Press, Durham, 1992, p.158-160. {{ISBN|0-8223-1241-7}}[https://web.archive.org/web/20171215160455/https://cnewa.org/source-images/Roberson-eastcath-statistics/eastcatholic-stat17.pdf The Eastern Catholic Churches 2017]. cnewa.org However, among the Hungarian and German minorities only a small part are Eastern Orthodox. The main two religions of the Hungarian minority are Reformed (Calvinism) and Roman Catholicism;{{cite news|url=https://www.nyugatijelen.com/allaspont/reszleges_kozossegi_radiografia_1.php|title=Részleges közösségi radiográfia|language=ro|work=Nyugati Jelen|access-date=19 March 2023|date=19 January 2023|author=Chirmiciu András|archive-date=26 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326032617/https://www.nyugatijelen.com/allaspont/reszleges_kozossegi_radiografia_1.php|url-status=dead}} among Germans the main religions are Roman Catholicism (slightly over half of Germans in Romania), followed by Lutheranism and Eastern Orthodox.{{cite web|url=https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Date-provizorii-RPL_cu-anexe_30122022.pdf|title=Primele date provizorii pentru Recensământul Populației și Locuințelor, runda 2021|language=ro|website=recensamantromania.ro|access-date=19 March 2023}} There are also Pentecostals and Baptists, particularly in Banat and Crișana. Babeș-Bolyai University, located in Cluj-Napoca is the only university in Europe that has four faculties of theology (Orthodox, Reformed, Roman Catholic, and Greek Catholic).{{cite book |url=http://admitere.ubbcluj.ro/ro/info/brosuri/ |title=Ghidul studentului din Universitatea Babeș-Bolyai |page=5 |website=Admitere.ubbcluj.ro |access-date=2016-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426170927/http://admitere.ubbcluj.ro/ro/info/brosuri |archive-date=2016-04-26 |url-status=dead }}

There are also small denominations like Adventism, Jehovah's Witnesses and more.

Others

• Nowadays, there is a very small number of Muslims (Islam) and Jews (Judaism), but back in 1930, with 191,877 inhabitants, Jews represented 3.46% of Transylvania's population.{{cite web|url=http://www.etnosfera.ro/pdf/2009/2/04.pdf|title=Situatia demografica a cultelor dupa 1918|access-date=2018-04-16|archive-date=2017-12-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215064621/http://www.etnosfera.ro/pdf/2009/2/04.pdf|url-status=dead}}
• Atheists, agnostics and unaffiliated account for 0.27% of Transylvania's population.

Data refers to extended Transylvania (with Banat, Crișana and Maramureș).{{cite web| url = http://dspace.bcucluj.ro/bitstream/123456789/64159/1/BCUCLUJ_FP_186593_1937-1938.pdf| title = Anuarul statistic al Romaniei, 1937 si 1938}}{{cite web |url=http://www.recensamantromania.ro/rezultate-2/ |title=Populația stabilă după religie – județe, municipii, orașe, comune |work=Institutul Național de Statistică}}

File:Deva Citadel Hill (video file).webm ({{langx|hu|Déva vára}}, {{langx|de|Diemricher Burg}})]]

File:Castelul Corvinilor din Hunedoara in 10 Decembrie 2012. Fotografie realizata de catre Marian Lucian.jpg, Hunedoara ({{langx|hu|Vajdahunyad}}, {{langx|de|Eisenmarkt}})]]

File:Cetatea Râșnov, văzută din șoseaua Cristian-Râșnov..jpg, Râșnov ({{langx|hu|Barcarozsnyó}}, {{langx|de|Rosenau}})]]

File:Kirchenburg Birthälm.jpg, Biertan ({{langx|hu|Berethalom}}, {{langx|de|Birthälm}})]]

File:Bran Castle TB1.jpg, Bran ({{langx|hu|Törcsvár}}, {{langx|de|Die Törzburg}})]]

File:Cetatea Alba Carolina Ansamblul fortificației „Cetatea Alba Iulia 14.jpg]]

• Bran Castle, also known as Dracula's Castle
• Fortress of Deva
• The very well preserved medieval towns of Alba Iulia, Cluj-Napoca (European Youth Capital 2015), Sibiu (European Capital of Culture in 2007), Târgu Mureș, and Sighișoara (UNESCO World Heritage Site and alleged birthplace of Vlad Dracula)
• The city of Brașov and the nearby Poiana Brașov ski resort
• The town of Hunedoara with the 14th century Corvin Castle
• The citadel and the Art Nouveau city centre of Oradea
• The Densuș Church, the oldest church in Romania that still holds services{{cite web|url=http://www.romanianmonasteries.org/other-monasteries/densus |title=Travel to Romania – Densuș Church (Hunedoara) |publisher=Romanianmonasteries.org |date=2006-05-31 |access-date=2012-07-30}}
• The Dacian Fortresses of the Orăștie Mountains, including Sarmizegetusa Regia (UNESCO World Heritage Site)
• The Roman forts including Sarmizegetusa Ulpia Traiana, Porolissum, Apulum, Potaissa, and Drobeta
• The Red Lake (also known as Lake Ghilcoș)
• The Turda Gorge natural reserve
• The Râșnov Citadel in Râșnov
• The Maramureș region
• The Merry Cemetery of Săpânța (the only one of that kind in the world)
• The Wooden Churches (UNESCO World Heritage Site)
• The cities of Baia Mare and Sighetu Marmației
• The villages in the Iza, Mara, and Vișeu valleys
• The Saxon fortified churches (UNESCO World Heritage Site)
• The Apuseni Mountains:
• Țara Moților
• The Bears' Cave{{cite web |url=http://www.itsromania.com/apuseni-caves.html |title=Apuseni Caves |publisher=Itsromania.com |access-date=2012-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316120700/http://www.itsromania.com/apuseni-caves.html |archive-date=2012-03-16 |url-status=dead }}
• Scărișoara Cave in Alba County, the third largest glacier cave in the world
• The Rodna Mountains
• The Salina Turda Salt Mine: according to Business Insider, it is one of the ten "coolest underground places in the world".
• The Via Transilvanica hiking and biking trail

• Transilvania International Film Festival, Cluj-Napoca – Romania's biggest film festival
• Gay Film Nights, Cluj-Napoca
• Comedy Cluj, Cluj-Napoca
• Humor Film Festival, Timișoara{{cite web|url=http://www.timisoreni.ro/despre/zilele_filmului_de_umor/|title=Zilele Filmului de Umor 2014|work=timisoreni.ro|access-date=25 January 2015}}{{cite web|url=http://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-film-17557648-noua-editie-zilelor-filmului-umor-timisoara.htm|title=O nouă ediție a Zilelor Filmului de Umor la Timișoara|work=HotNewsRo|date=26 June 2014|access-date=25 January 2015}}

• Golden Stag Festival, Brașov
• Gărâna Jazz Festival, Gărâna
• Peninsula / Félsziget Festival, Târgu-Mureș
• Untold Festival, Cluj-Napoca – Romania's biggest music festival
• Toamna Muzicală Clujeană, Cluj-Napoca
• Artmania Festival, Sibiu
• Rockstadt Extreme Fest, Râșnov
• Electric Castle Festival, Bontida, Cluj-Napoca

• Sighișoara Medieval Festival, Sighișoara
• Sibiu International Theatre Festival
• Festivalul Medieval Cetăți Transilvane Sibiu

{{Main|Coat of arms of Transylvania}}

File:Coat of arms of Transylvania.svg

The first heraldic representations of Transylvania date from the 16th century. The Diet of 1659 codified the representation of the privileged nations (Unio Trium Nationum (Union of the Three Nations)) in Transylvania's coat of arms. It depicted a black eagle (Turul) on a blue background, representing the Hungarians, the Sun and the Moon representing the Székelys, and seven red towers on a yellow background representing the seven fortified cities of the Transylvanian Saxons.{{cite book |last=Ströhl |first=Hugo Gerard |url=http://www.austria-lexikon.at/attach/Wissenssammlungen/Symbole/Wappenrolle_Str%C3%B6hl_1890/Wappenrolle_1890_Text.pdf |title=Oesterreichish-Ungarische Wappenrolle |publisher=Verlag vom Anton Schroll & Co |year=1890 |location=Vienna |page=XV |author-link=Hugo Gerard Ströhl |access-date=24 November 2011}} The flag and coat of arms of Transylvania were granted by Queen Maria Theresa in 1765, when she established a Grand Principality within the Habsburg monarchy.

In 1596, Levinus Hulsius created a coat of arms for Transylvania, consisting of a shield with a rising eagle in the upper field and seven hills with towers on top in the lower field. He published it in his work "Chronologia", issued in Nuremberg the same year.{{Cite book |last=Hulsius |first=Levinus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bsA9AAAAcAAJ |title=Chronologia in qua provinciae... |year=1596 |location=Nuremberg |language=Latin}} The seal from 1597 of Sigismund Báthory, Prince of Transylvania, reproduced the new coat of arms with some slight changes: in the upper field the eagle was flanked by a sun and a moon and in the lower field the hills were replaced by simple towers. The coat of arms of Sigismund Báthory beside the coat of arms of the Báthory family, included the Transylvanian, Wallachia and Moldavian coat of arms, he used the title Prince of Transylvania, Wallachia and Moldavia. A short-lived heraldic representation of Transylvania is found on the seal of Michael the Brave. Besides the Wallachian eagle and the Moldavian aurochs, Transylvania is represented by two lions holding a sword standing on seven hills. Hungarian Transylvanian princes used the symbols of the Transylvanian coat of arms usually with the Hungarian coat of arms since the 16th century because Transylvanian princes maintained their claims to the throne of the Kingdom of Hungary.

While neither symbol has official status in present-day Romania, the Transylvanian coat of arms is marshalled within the national Coat of arms of Romania, it was also a component of the Coat of arms of Hungary.

File:Coa Transylvania Country History v4.svg|Coat of arms of Transylvania by Levinus Hulsius (1596)

File:SigismundBathory1597.jpg|Coat of arm of Sigismund Báthory, Prince of Transylvania (1586–1598, 1598–1599, 1601–1602)

File:Stema Mihai Viteazul.jpg|Seal of Michael the Brave during his personal union of Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania (1599–1600)

File:COA Bathory Zsofia.jpg|Coat of arms of Sophia Báthory, Princess of Transylvania (1642–1657, 1657–1658, 1659–1660)

File:Coat of arms of Transilvania in Stematographia.jpg|Coat of arms of Transylvania by Hristofor Žefarović (1741)

File:Wappen Großfürstentum Siebenbürgen.png|Coat of arms of Transylvania by Hugo Gerard Ströhl

File:Erdely-Cimere-1765.jpg|Coat of arms of Transylvania (1765)

File:Kreisregierung Vorarlberg.jpg|Coat of arms of Transylvania in an Austrian coat of arms (1850)

File:Coa Hungary Country History Mid (1867).svg|alt=kingdom hungary 1867|Coat of arms of Transylvania in the coat of arms of the Kingdom of Hungary (1867–1915)

File:Wappen Ungarische Länder 1867 (Mittel).png|Coat of arms of Transylvania in the coat of arms of the Kingdom of Hungary (1867–1915)

File:Wappen Ungarische Länder 1915 (Mittel).png|Coat of arms of Transylvania in the coat of arms of the Kingdom of Hungary (1915–1918)

File:Kingdom of Romania - Medium CoA.svg|Coat of arms of Transylvania in the coat of arms of the Kingdom of Romania (1921–1947)

File:Coat of arms of Romania.svg|Coat of arms of Transylvania in the coat of arms of Romania (2016)

{{Main|Transylvania in popular culture}}

File:Bela Lugosi as Dracula, anonymous photograph from 1931, Universal Studios.jpg as Count Dracula]]

Following the publication of Emily Gerard's The Land Beyond the Forest (1888), Bram Stoker wrote his gothic horror novel Dracula in 1897, using Transylvania as a setting. With its success, Transylvania became associated in the English- and Spanish-speaking world with vampires. Among the first actors to portray Dracula in film was Bela Lugosi, who was born in Lugos (now Lugoj), in present-day Romania. The American animated movie franchise Hotel Transylvania also plays on the association of Transylvania with Dracula.

Transylvania has also been represented in fiction and literature as a land of mystery and magic. For example, in Paulo Coelho's novel The Witch of Portobello, the main character, Sherine Khalil, is described as a Transylvanian orphan with a Romani mother, in an effort to add to the character's exotic mystique.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}} The so-called Transylvanian trilogy of historical novels by Miklós Bánffy, The Writing on the Wall, is an extended treatment of the 19th- and early 20th-century social and political history of the country. The Principality of Transylvania is also a playable nation in Europa Universalis IV.

• Prehistory of Transylvania
• Siebenbürgenlied, an unofficial anthem of Transylvania and the anthem of the Transylvanian Saxon community
• Transylvanianism

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{{reflist}}

• András Bereznay, Erdély történetének atlasza (Historical Atlas of Transylvania), with text and 102 map plates, the first ever historical atlas of Transylvania (Méry Ratio, 2011; {{ISBN|978-80-89286-45-4}})
• {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Transylvania|volume=27|pages=210–211}}
• Zoltán Farkas and Judit Sós, [https://web.archive.org/web/20070821110702/http://www.keletnyugat.hu/ujkonyvek/transylvania.php Transylvania Guidebook]
• Patrick Leigh Fermor, Between the Woods and the Water (New York Review of Books Classics, 2005; {{ISBN|1-59017-166-7}}). Fermor travelled across Transylvania in the summer of 1934, and wrote about it in this account first published more than 50 years later, in 1986.
• {{Cite book|last1=Pop|first1=Ioan-Aurel|last2=Nägler|first2=Thomas|last3=Magyari|first3=András|title=The History of Transylvania, vol. I–III|publisher=Romanian Academy, Center for Transylvanian Studies – Romanian Cultural Institute|location=Cluj-Napoca|year=2018|isbn=978-606-8694-78-8}}
• {{Cite book|last1=Köpeczi|first1=Béla|last2=Makkai|first2=László|last3=Mócsy|first3=András|title=History of Transylvania|publisher=Atlantic Research and Publications|location=New Jersey|year=1994|isbn=963-05-6703-2|language=en|volume=I-III|url=https://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/index.html|last4=Szász|first4=Zoltán|translator-last=Kovrig|translator-first=Benett}}

{{wikivoyage}}

{{Commons category|Transylvania}}

• [http://www.liveonlineradio.net/germany/rti-radio-transsylvania-international.htm/ Radio Transsylvania International]
• {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20050421073837/http://www.ce-review.org/99/14/lovatt14.html "Tolerant Transylvania – Why Transylvania will not become another Kosovo"]}}, Katherine Lovatt, in Central Europe Review, Vol. 1, No. 14, 27 September 1999.
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20040707001956/http://www.sibiweb.de/geschi/7b-history.htm The History of Transylvania and the Transylvanian Saxons] by Dr. Konrad Gündisch, Oldenburg, Germany
• [http://depts.washington.edu/cartah/text_archive/boner/toc_pag.shtml Transylvania,Its Products and its People] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505040138/http://depts.washington.edu/cartah/text_archive/boner/toc_pag.shtml |date=2018-05-05 }}, by Charles Boner, 1865
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20091220030833/http://www.familyhistory.ro/index.php?id=20061130erdelyi_csaladt_ Transylvanian Family History Database] {{in lang|hu}}

{{Romanian historical regions}}

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{{Coord|46.5|N|25|E|display=title}}

Category:Historical regions

Category:Historical regions in the Kingdom of Hungary

Category:Historical regions in Romania