arctostaphylos

File:Arctostaphylos nevadensis 7744.JPG to California.]]

File:Arctostaphylos uva-ursi 3 RF.jpg

Manzanitas, the bulk of Arctostaphylos species, are present in the chaparral biome of western North America, where they occur from southern British Columbia in Canada, Washington to California and New Mexico in the United States, and throughout much of northern and central Mexico.

One species, however, A. uva-ursi (common bearberry), is adapted to arctic and subarctic climates and has a circumpolar distribution in northern North America, Asia and Europe.

An unusual association of manzanita occurs on Hood Mountain, in Sonoma County, California, where stands of pygmy forest dominated by Hesperocyparis sargentii are found.

One fossil fruit of †Arctostaphylos globula and several fossil fruits of †Arctostaphylos menzelii have been described from middle Miocene strata of the Fasterholt area near Silkeborg in Central Jutland, Denmark.{{cite journal| title=Angiosperm fruits and seeds from the Middle Miocene of Jutland (Denmark) |first=Else Marie |last=Friis |journal=Det Kongelige Danske Videnskaberne Selskab, Biologiske Skrifter |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=1–165 |year=1985 |url=https://www.royalacademy.dk/Publications/Low/369_Friis,%20Else%20Marie.pdf }}

Cultivation is generally difficult due to fungal diseases, and often salinity and alkalinity. Overhead watering should be avoided in hot weather. Some cultivars are easier to grow.

The following species are recognised in the genus Arctostaphylos:{{Cite web |title=Arctostaphylos Adans. {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:331363-2 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=Plants of the World Online |language=en}}

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• Arctostaphylos acutifolia {{small|Eastw.}}
• Arctostaphylos andersonii {{small|A.Gray}}
• Arctostaphylos auriculata {{small|Eastw.}}
• Arctostaphylos australis {{small|Eastw.}}
• Arctostaphylos bakeri {{small|Eastw.}}
• Arctostaphylos bolensis {{small|P.V.Wells}}
• Arctostaphylos canescens {{small|Eastw.}}
• Arctostaphylos catalinae {{small|P.V.Wells}}
• Arctostaphylos caucasica {{small|Lipsch.}}
• Arctostaphylos columbiana {{small|Piper}}
• Arctostaphylos confertiflora {{small|Eastw.}}
• Arctostaphylos cratericola {{small|(Donn.Sm.) Donn.Sm.}}
• Arctostaphylos crustacea {{small|Eastw.}}
• Arctostaphylos cruzensis {{small|Roof}}
• Arctostaphylos densiflora {{small|M.S.Baker}}
• Arctostaphylos edmundsii {{small|J.T.Howell}}
• Arctostaphylos franciscana {{small|Eastw.}}
• Arctostaphylos gabilanensis {{small|V.T.Parker & M.C.Vasey}}
• Arctostaphylos glandulosa {{small|Eastw.}}
• Arctostaphylos glauca {{small|Lindl.}}
• Arctostaphylos glutinosa {{small|B.Schreib.}}
• Arctostaphylos × helleri {{small|Eastw.}}
• Arctostaphylos hispidula {{small|Howell}}
• Arctostaphylos hookeri {{small|G.Don}}
• Arctostaphylos hooveri {{small|P.V.Wells}}
• Arctostaphylos imbricata {{small|Eastw.}}
• Arctostaphylos incognita {{small|J.E.Keeley, Massihi, J.Delgad. & Hirales}}
• Arctostaphylos insularis {{small|Greene & Parry}}
• Arctostaphylos × jepsonii {{small|Eastw.}}
• Arctostaphylos klamathensis {{small|S.W.Edwards, Keeler-Wolf & W.Knight}}
• Arctostaphylos × laxiflora {{small|A.Heller ex Eastw.}}
• Arctostaphylos luciana {{small|P.V.Wells}}
• Arctostaphylos malloryi {{small|(W.Knight & Gankin) P.V.Wells}}
• Arctostaphylos manzanita {{small|Parry}}
• Arctostaphylos × media {{small|Greene}}
• Arctostaphylos mewukka {{small|Merriam}}
• Arctostaphylos montana {{small|Eastw.}}
• Arctostaphylos montaraensis {{small|Roof}}
• Arctostaphylos montereyensis {{small|Hoover}}
• Arctostaphylos moranii {{small|P.V.Wells}}
• Arctostaphylos morroensis {{small|Wiesl. & B.Schreib.}}
• Arctostaphylos myrtifolia {{small|Parry}}
• Arctostaphylos nevadensis {{small|A.Gray}}
• Arctostaphylos nissenana {{small|Merriam}}
• Arctostaphylos nortensis {{small|(P.V.Wells) P.V.Wells}}
• Arctostaphylos nummularia {{small|A.Gray}}
• Arctostaphylos obispoensis {{small|Eastw.}}
• Arctostaphylos ohloneana {{small|M.C.Vasey & V.T.Parker}}
• Arctostaphylos osoensis {{small|P.V.Wells}}
• Arctostaphylos otayensis {{small|Wiesl. & B.Schreib.}}
• Arctostaphylos pacifica {{small|Roof}}
• Arctostaphylos pajaroensis {{small|J.E.Adams}}
• Arctostaphylos pallida {{small|Eastw.}}
• Arctostaphylos parryana {{small|Lemmon}}
• Arctostaphylos × parvifolia {{small|Howell}}
• Arctostaphylos patula {{small|Greene}}
• Arctostaphylos pechoensis {{small|(Abrams) Dudley ex Abrams}}
• Arctostaphylos peninsularis {{small|P.V.Wells}}
• Arctostaphylos pilosula {{small|Jeps. & Wiesl.}}
• Arctostaphylos pringlei {{small|Parry}}
• Arctostaphylos pumila {{small|Nutt.}}
• Arctostaphylos pungens {{small|Kunth}}
• Arctostaphylos purissima {{small|P.V.Wells}}
• Arctostaphylos rainbowensis {{small|J.E.Keeley & Massihi}}
• Arctostaphylos refugioensis {{small|Gankin}}
• Arctostaphylos regismontana {{small|Eastw.}}
• Arctostaphylos × repens {{small|(Howell) P.V.Wells}}
• Arctostaphylos rudis {{small|Jeps. & Wiesl.}}
• Arctostaphylos sensitiva {{small|Jeps.}}
• Arctostaphylos silvicola {{small|Jeps. & Wiesl.}}
• Arctostaphylos stanfordiana {{small|Parry}}
• Arctostaphylos × strigosa {{small|Howell}}
• Arctostaphylos tomentosa {{small|(Pursh) Lindl.}}
• Arctostaphylos uva-ursi {{small|(L.) Spreng.}}
• Arctostaphylos virgata {{small|Eastw.}}
• Arctostaphylos viridissima {{small|(Eastw.) McMinn}}
• Arctostaphylos viscida {{small|Parry}}
• Arctostaphylos wellsii {{small|W.Knight}}

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• Subgenus Micrococcus
• Sect. Micrococcus

• Subgenus Arctostaphylos, which has three sections:
• Sect. Arctostaphylos

• Sect. Foliobracteata

• Sect. Pictobracteata

• Unassigned

See also the closely related genus Comarostaphylis, previously often included in Arctostaphylos.

{{Reflist}}

• {{citation |author=Hickman, James C. |year=1993 |title=The Jepson Manual: higher plants of California |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley and Los Angeles, California |isbn=0-520-082559 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/jepsonmanualhigh00hick }}
• {{citation |author=Hogan, C. Michael |year=2012 |url=http://www.eoearth.org/article/Arctostaphylos |title=Arctostaphylos |editor1=McGinley, M. |editor2=C. J. Cleveland |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Earth |publisher=National Council for Science and the Environment}}
• {{Citation |last=Kauffmann |first=Michael |title=Field Guide to Manzanitas: California, North America, and Mexico |date=2021-07-29 |edition=2nd |publisher=Backcountry Press |isbn=978-1941624159 |last2=Parker |first2=Tom |last3=Vasey |first3=Michael |last4=Bisbee |first4=Jeff}}
• [http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?Arctostaphylos Treatment from the Jepson Manual]
• {{citation |author=Wells, Philip V. |year=2000 |title=Manzanitas of California |publisher=University of Kansas, Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology |location=Lawrence, Kansas |isbn=0-933994-22-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jC5FAQAAIAAJ }}
• {{cite journal |author=Wells, Philip V. |year=1992 |title=Subgenera and sections of Arctostaphylos |journal=The Four Seasons |volume=9 |pages=64–69}}

• [https://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/eflora_display.php?tid=9173 Jepson Manual Treatment]

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Category:Ericaceae genera

Category:Plants used in Native American cuisine

Category:Plants used in traditional Native American medicine

Category:Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands

Category:Garden plants of North America

Category:Bird food plants

Category:Drought-tolerant plants

Category:Taxa named by Michel Adanson