at sign

[[File:19-manasses-chronicle.jpg|180px|thumb|@ symbol used as the initial "a" for the "amin" (amen) formula in the Bulgarian

of the Manasses Chronicle, {{c.|1345}}.{{cite web |url=https://digi.vatlib.it/view/MSS_Vat.slav.2/0145 |title=Vat.slav.2, f. 62r |via=Vatican Library |access-date=2022-11-14 |archive-date=2022-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114160351/https://digi.vatlib.it/view/MSS_Vat.slav.2/0145 |url-status=live }}]]

File:Ariza1448-2.jpg @ symbol used in the 1448 "taula de Ariza" registry to denote a wheat shipment from Castile to the Kingdom of Aragon.{{Cite web |title=La arroba no es de Sevilla (ni de Italia) |url=http://www.purnas.com/2009/06/30/la-arroba-no-es-de-sevilla-ni-de-italia |access-date=2009-06-30 |website=purnas.com |publisher=Jorge Romance |archive-date=2019-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022012805/http://www.purnas.com/2009/06/30/la-arroba-no-es-de-sevilla-ni-de-italia |url-status=live }}]]

File:1674 liten.jpg court ({{lang|sv|Arboga rådhusrätt och magistrat}})]]

The earliest yet discovered symbol in this shape is found in a Bulgarian translation of a Greek chronicle written by Constantinos Manasses in 1345. Held today in the Vatican Apostolic Library, it features the @ symbol in place of the capital letter alpha "Α" as an initial in the word Amen; however, the reason behind it being used in this context is still unknown. The evolution of the symbol as used today is not recorded.

It has long been used in Catalan, Spanish and Portuguese as an abbreviation of arroba, a unit of weight equivalent to 25 pounds, and derived from the Arabic expression of "the quarter" ({{lang|ar|الربع}} pronounced ar-rubʿ).{{Cite web |title=arroba |url=http://lema.rae.es/drae/?val=arroba |access-date=3 August 2012 |website=Diccionario de la Real Academia Española |archive-date=29 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029023131/http://lema.rae.es/drae/?val=arroba |url-status=live }} A symbol resembling an @ is found in the Spanish "Taula de Ariza", a registry to denote a wheat shipment from Castile to Aragon, in 1448. The historian Giorgio Stabile claims to have traced the @ symbol to the 16th century, in a mercantile document sent by Florentine Francesco Lapi from Seville to Rome on May 4, 1536.{{Cite news |last=Willan |first=Philip |date=2000-07-31 |title=Merchant@Florence Wrote It First 500 Years Ago |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/international/story/0,3604,348744,00.html |access-date=2010-04-25 |archive-date=2022-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126032007/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2000/jul/31/internetnews.internationalnews |url-status=live }} The document is about commerce with Pizarro, in particular the price of an @ of wine in Peru. Currently, the word arroba means both the at-symbol and a unit of weight. In Venetian, the symbol was interpreted to mean amphora ({{lang|it|anfora}}), a unit of weight and volume based upon the capacity of the standard amphora jar since the 6th century. It could also mean “adi” (standard Italian “addì”, i. e. ‘on the day of’) as used on a health pass in Northern Italy in 1667.[https://geschichte-s-h.de/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Mitteilungen-100.pdf] Jürgen Beyer, ‘Gesundheitspässe und Impfatteste’, Gesellschaft für Schleswig-Holsteinische Geschichte. Mitteilungen 100 (2021), 21–29, reproduction on p. 26.

The name of the symbol arises from its original use in showing quantities and their price per unit{{snd}} for example, "10 widgets @ £1.50 each". The precise origin of the symbol is uncertain.{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Britannica |title=at sign |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/at-sign |access-date=19 March 2025}}

The absence of a single English word for the symbol has prompted some writers to use the French arobase,{{cite journal |url=http://www.lrb.co.uk/v31/n10/daniel-soar/short-cuts |title=Short Cuts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723221838/http://www.lrb.co.uk/v31/n10/daniel-soar/short-cuts |archive-date=2012-07-23 |first=Daniel |last=Soar |volume= 31 |number=10 |date=28 May 2009 |page=18 |journal=London Review of Books}} to coin new words such as ampersat{{Cite news |title=Bits and Bytes |first=David |last=Bowen |date=23 October 2011 |work=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/bits-bytes-1317440.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709013247/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/bits-bytes-1317440.html |archive-date=9 July 2018 |quote=… Tim Gowens offered the highly logical "ampersat" ...}}} and asperand,{{Cite news |last=Jemima Kiss |date=28 March 2010 |title=New York's Moma claims @ as a design classic |work=The Observer |url=https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2010/mar/28/moma-asperand-ray-tomlinson-design |access-date=14 December 2016 |archive-date=5 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305004857/https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2010/mar/28/moma-asperand-ray-tomlinson-design |url-status=live }} or the (visual) onomatopoeia strudel,{{Cite web |title=strudel |url=http://foldoc.org/strudel |access-date=2014-11-21 |publisher=FOLDOC |archive-date=2014-11-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129145120/http://foldoc.org/strudel |url-status=live }} but none of these have achieved wide use.

In contemporary English usage, @ is a commercial symbol, meaning at and at the rate of or at the price of. It has rarely been used in financial ledgers, and is not used in standard typography.Bringhurst, Robert (2002). The Elements of Typographic Style (version 2.5), p.272. Vancouver: Hartley & Marks. {{ISBN|0-88179-133-4}}.

In 2012, "@" was registered as a trademark with the German Patent and Trade Mark Office.German Patent and Trademark Office, registration number [https://register.dpma.de/DPMAregister/marke/register/3020120383386/DE?lang=en 302012038338] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102053509/http://register.dpma.de/DPMAregister/marke/register/3020120383386/DE?lang=en |date=2012-11-02 }}. A cancellation request was filed in 2013, and the cancellation was ultimately confirmed by the German Federal Patent Court in 2017.Bundespatentgericht, decision of 22 February 2017, no. 26 W (pat) 44/14 ([http://juris.bundespatentgericht.de/cgi-bin/rechtsprechung/document.py?Gericht=bpatg&Art=en&Datum=Aktuell&Sort=12288&nr=29334&pos=1&anz=162&Blank=1.pdf online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322140609/http://juris.bundespatentgericht.de/cgi-bin/rechtsprechung/document.py?Gericht=bpatg&Art=en&Datum=Aktuell&Sort=12288&nr=29334&pos=1&anz=162&Blank=1.pdf |date=2019-03-22 }}).

A common contemporary use of @ is in email addresses (using the SMTP system), as in jdoe@example.com (the user jdoe located at the domain example.com). Ray Tomlinson of BBN Technologies is credited for having introduced this usage in 1971.{{Cite web |last=Ray Tomlinson |author-link=Ray Tomlinson |title=The First Email |url=http://openmap.bbn.com/~tomlinso/ray/firstemailframe.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060506003539/http://openmap.bbn.com/~tomlinso/ray/firstemailframe.html |archive-date=2006-05-06 |publisher=BBN Technologies}} This idea of the symbol representing located at in the form user@host is also seen in other tools and protocols; for example, the Unix shell command ssh jdoe@example.net tries to establish an ssh connection to the computer with the hostname example.net using the username jdoe.

On web pages, organizations often obscure the email addresses of their members or employees by omitting the @. This practice, known as address munging, attempts to make the email addresses less vulnerable to spam programs that scan the internet for them.

{{Further|Mention (blogging)}}

On some social media platforms and forums, usernames may be prefixed with an @ (in the form @johndoe); this type of username is frequently referred to as a "handle".{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

On online forums without threaded discussions, @ is commonly used to denote a reply; for instance: @Jane to respond to a comment Jane made earlier. Similarly, in some cases, @ is used for "attention" in email messages originally sent to someone else. For example, if an email was sent from Catherine to Steve, but in the body of the email, Catherine wants to make Keirsten aware of something, Catherine will start the line {{code|@Keirsten}} to indicate to Keirsten that the following sentence concerns her.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}} This also helps with mobile email users who might not see bold or color in email.

In microblogging (such as on Twitter, GNU social- and ActivityPub-based microblogs), an @ before the user name is used to send publicly readable replies (e.g. @otheruser: Message text here). The blog and client software can automatically interpret these as links to the user in question. When included as part of a person's or company's contact details, an @ symbol followed by a name is normally understood to refer to a Twitter handle. A similar use of the @ symbol was also made available to Facebook users on September 15, 2009.{{Cite web |title=Tag Friends in Your Status and Posts – Facebook Blog |url=http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=109765592130 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091026120029/http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=109765592130 |archive-date=2009-10-26}} In Internet Relay Chat (IRC), it is shown before users' nicknames to denote they have operator status on a channel.

In American English the @ can be used to add information about a sporting event. Where opposing sports teams have their names separated by a "v" (for versus), the away team can be written first – and the normal "v" replaced with @ to convey at which team's home field the game will be played.For an example, see: http://www.nfl.com/schedules {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623181004/http://www.nfl.com/schedules |date=2011-06-23 }}{{better source needed|date=February 2024}} This usage is not followed in British English, since conventionally the home team is written first.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

@ is used in various programming languages and other computer languages, although there is not a consistent theme to its usage. For example:

• In ActionScript, @ is used in XML parsing and traversal as a string prefix to identify attributes in contrast to child elements.{{Cite web |title=Operators – Adobe ActionScript® 3 (AS3) API Reference |url=https://help.adobe.com/en_US/FlashPlatform/reference/actionscript/3/operators.html#attribute_identifier |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=help.adobe.com |language=en-us |archive-date=2023-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512112456/https://help.adobe.com/en_US/FlashPlatform/reference/actionscript/3/operators.html#attribute_identifier |url-status=live }}
• In Ada 2022, @ is the target name symbol, an abbreviation of the LHS of an assignment; it is used to avoid repetition of potentially long names in assignment statements.{{Cite web |url=http://www.ada-auth.org/standards/22rm/html/rm-5-2-1.html |title=Ada Reference Manual (Ada 2022). Target Name Symbols |website=ada-auth.org |access-date=2024-07-16}} For example: A_Very_Long_Variable_Name := A_Very_Long_Variable_Name + 1; is shortened to A_Very_Long_Variable_Name := @ + 1;, increasing readability.
• In ALGOL 68, the @ symbol is brief form of the at keyword; it is used to change the lower bound of an array. For example: {{code|arrayx[@88]}} refers to an array starting at index 88.{{Cite journal |last=van Wijngaarden |first=A. |date=1981-08-16 |title=Revised Report of the Algorithmic Language Algol 68 |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/1064084.1064085 |journal=ALGOL Bulletin |issue=Sup 47 |pages=121, 532 |doi= |issn=0084-6198 |access-date=2023-05-12 |archive-date=2023-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512112455/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/1064084.1064085 |url-status=live }}
• In Dyalog APL, @ is used as a functional way to modify or replace data at specific locations in an array.
• In the ASP.NET MVC Razor template markup syntax, the @ character denotes the start of code statement blocks or the start of text content.{{Cite web |last=Phil Haack |title=Razor syntax quick reference |date=6 January 2011 |url=http://haacked.com/archive/2011/01/06/razor-syntax-quick-reference.aspx |access-date=12 January 2013 |archive-date=26 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126032007/http://haacked.com/archive/2011/01/06/razor-syntax-quick-reference.aspx/ |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |title=ASP.NET MVC 3: Razor's @: and <text> syntax |url=https://weblogs.asp.net/scottgu/asp-net-mvc-3-razor-s-and-lt-text-gt-syntax |access-date=2020-04-30 |website=weblogs.asp.net |date=16 December 2010 |language=en-US |archive-date=2020-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726111727/https://weblogs.asp.net/scottgu/asp-net-mvc-3-razor-s-and-lt-text-gt-syntax |url-status=live }}
• In Assembly language, @ is sometimes used as a dereference operator.{{Cite web |title=assembly – @ sign in assembler? – Stack Overflow |url=https://stackoverflow.com/questions/11214675/sign-in-assembler |website=stackoverflow.com |access-date=2021-05-02 |archive-date=2021-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005220705/https://stackoverflow.com/questions/11214675/sign-in-assembler |url-status=live }}
• In CSS, @ is used in special statements outside of a CSS block.{{Cite web |title=At-rules |url=https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/At-rule |access-date=2020-04-30 |website=MDN Web Docs |language=en |archive-date=2020-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505194617/https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/At-rule |url-status=live }}
• In C#, it denotes "verbatim strings", where no characters are escaped and two double-quote characters represent a single double-quote.[http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa691090%28v=vs.71%29.aspx 2.4.4.5 String literals] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805045534/http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa691090(v=vs.71).aspx |date=2012-08-05 }}, As a prefix it also allows keywords to be used as identifiers,{{Cite web |title=2.4.2 Identifiers |url=http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa664670%28v=vs.71%29.aspx |access-date=2012-08-16 |archive-date=2012-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120810204003/http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa664670(v=vs.71).aspx |url-status=live }} a form of stropping.
• In D, it denotes function attributes: like: @safe, @nogc, user defined @('from_user') which can be evaluated at compile time (with __traits) or @property to declare properties, which are functions that can be syntactically treated as if they were fields or variables.{{Cite web |title=Attributes – D Programming Language |url=https://dlang.org/spec/attribute.html |website=dlang.org |access-date=2018-06-22 |archive-date=2018-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181208115642/https://dlang.org/spec/attribute.html |url-status=live }}
• In DIGITAL Command Language, the @ character was the command used to execute a command procedure. To run the command procedure VMSINSTAL.COM, one would type @VMSINSTAL at the command prompt.
• In the Domain Name System (DNS), @ is used to represent the {{code|$ORIGIN}}, typically the "root" of the domain without a prefixed sub-domain. (Ex: wikipedia.org vs. www.wikipedia.org)
• In Forth, it is used to fetch values from the address on the top of the stack. The operator is pronounced as "fetch".
• In Haskell, it is used in so-called as-patterns. This notation can be used to give aliases to patterns, making them more readable.
• in HTML, it can be encoded as @{{cite web |url=https://dev.w3.org/html5/html-author/charref |title=Character Entity Reference Chart |date= |website=World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) |access-date=2022-02-08 |archive-date=2021-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227130216/https://dev.w3.org/html5/html-author/charref |url-status=live }}
• In J, denotes function composition.
• In Java, it has been used to denote annotations, a kind of metadata, since version 5.0.{{Cite web |title=in java what does the @ symbol mean? |url=https://stackoverflow.com/questions/31822020/in-java-what-does-the-symbol-mean |access-date=2020-04-30 |website=Stack Overflow |archive-date=2020-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726125845/https://stackoverflow.com/questions/31822020/in-java-what-does-the-symbol-mean |url-status=live }}
• In Julia, it denotes the invocation of a macro.{{cite web |title=Metaprogramming · The Julia Language |url=https://docs.julialang.org/en/v1/manual/metaprogramming/#man-macros |website=docs.julialang.org |access-date=2023-08-23 |archive-date=2023-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623204719/https://docs.julialang.org/en/v1/manual/metaprogramming/ |url-status=live }}
• In LiveCode, it is prefixed to a parameter to indicate that the parameter is passed by reference.
• In an LXDE autostart file (as used, for example, on the Raspberry Pi computer), @ is prefixed to a command to indicate that the command should be automatically re-executed if it crashes.{{Cite web |title=LXSession - LXDE.org |url=https://wiki.lxde.org/en/LXSession#Settings |access-date=2020-04-30 |website=wiki.lxde.org |archive-date=2020-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714075921/https://wiki.lxde.org/en/LXSession#Settings |url-status=live }}
• In a Makefile, @ specifies to not output the command before it is executed.
• In ML, it denotes list concatenation.
• In modal logic, specifically when representing possible worlds, @ is sometimes used as a logical symbol to denote the actual world (the world we are "at").
• In Objective-C, @ is prefixed to language-specific keywords such as @implementation and to form string literals.
• In InterSystems ObjectScript, @ is the indirection operator, enabling dynamic runtime substitution of part or all of a command line, a command, or a command argument.{{Cite web |title=Indirection – InterSystems IRIS Documentation|url=https://docs.intersystems.com/irislatest/csp/docbook/DocBook.UI.Page.cls?KEY=RCOS_op_indirection|access-date=2025-01-31|website=docs.intersystems.com|language=en-us|url-status=live}}
• In Pascal, @ is the "address of" operator (it tells the location at which a variable is found).
• In Perl, @ prefixes variables which contain arrays {{code|@array}}, including array slices {{code|@array[2..5,7,9]}} and hash slices {{code|@hash{'foo', 'bar', 'baz'}|perl}} or {{code|@hash{qw(foo bar baz)}|perl}}. This use is known as a sigil.
• In PHP, it is used just before an expression to make the interpreter suppress errors that would be generated from that expression.{{Cite web |title=PHP: Error Control Operators – Manual |url=https://www.php.net/manual/en/language.operators.errorcontrol.php |access-date=2020-04-30 |website=www.php.net |archive-date=2020-05-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508094533/https://www.php.net/manual/en/language.operators.errorcontrol.php |url-status=live }}
• In Python 2.4 and up, it is used to decorate a function (wrap the function in another one at creation time). In Python 3.5 and up, it is also used as an overloadable matrix multiplication operator.{{Cite web |title=syntax – What does the "at" (@) symbol do in Python? |url=https://stackoverflow.com/questions/6392739/what-does-the-at-symbol-do-in-python |access-date=2020-04-30 |website=Stack Overflow |archive-date=2020-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424180918/https://stackoverflow.com/questions/6392739/what-does-the-at-symbol-do-in-python |url-status=live }}
• In R and S-PLUS, it is used to extract slots from S4 objects.{{Cite web |title= The S4 object system |url=http://adv-r.had.co.nz/S4.html |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=adv-r.had.co.nz/ |archive-date=2022-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206085835/http://adv-r.had.co.nz/S4.html |url-status=live }}
• In Razor, it is used for C# code blocks.{{Cite web |title=Usage of the @ (at) sign in ASP.NET |url=https://www.mikesdotnetting.com/article/258/usage-of-the-at-sign-in-asp-net |access-date=2020-04-30 |website=www.mikesdotnetting.com |archive-date=2020-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404105645/http://www.mikesdotnetting.com/article/258/usage-of-the-at-sign-in-asp-net |url-status=live }}
• In Ruby, it functions as a sigil: @ prefixes instance variables, and @@ prefixes class variables.{{Cite web |title=syntax – What does @@variable mean in Ruby? |url=https://stackoverflow.com/questions/5890118/what-does-variable-mean-in-ruby |access-date=2020-05-05 |website=Stack Overflow |archive-date=2020-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726105629/https://stackoverflow.com/questions/5890118/what-does-variable-mean-in-ruby |url-status=live }}
• In Rust, it is used to bind values matched by a pattern to a variable.{{cite web |title=Patterns |url=https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/patterns.html#identifier-patterns |website=The Rust Reference |access-date=21 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618030139/https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/patterns.html#identifier-patterns |archive-date=18 June 2023 |url-status=live}}
• In Scala, it is used to denote annotations (as in Java), and also to bind names to subpatterns in pattern-matching expressions.{{Cite web |title=Scala @ operator |url=https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2359014/scala-operator |access-date=2020-05-05 |website=Stack Overflow |archive-date=2020-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726112338/https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2359014/scala-operator |url-status=live }}
• In Swift, @ prefixes "annotations" that can be applied to classes or members. Annotations tell the compiler to apply special semantics to the declaration like keywords, without adding keywords to the language.
• In T-SQL, @ prefixes variables and @@ prefixes "niladic" system functions.
• In several xBase-type programming languages, like DBASE, FoxPro/Visual FoxPro and Clipper, it is used to denote position on the screen. For example: {{code|@1,1 SAY "HELLO"|xbase}} to show the word "HELLO" in line 1, column 1.
• In FoxPro/Visual FoxPro, it is also used to indicate explicit pass by reference of variables when calling procedures or functions (but it is not an address operator).{{Cite web |title=Visual FoxPro Programming Language Online Help: SET UDFPARMS (Command), or MSDN Library 'How to: Pass Data to Parameters by Reference'. |date=18 June 2008 |url=http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/z9b11381.aspx |access-date=2011-02-19 |publisher=Microsoft, Inc. |archive-date=2012-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022193155/http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/z9b11381.aspx |url-status=live }}
• In a Windows Batch file, an @ at the start of a line suppresses the echoing of that command. In other words, is the same as ECHO OFF applied to the current line only. Normally a Windows command is executed and takes effect from the next line onward, but @ is a rare example of a command that takes effect immediately. It is most commonly used in the form {{code|@echo off}} which not only switches off echoing but prevents the command line itself from being echoed.{{Cite web |title=echo |url=https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/echo |website=docs.microsoft.com |access-date=2018-09-11 |archive-date=2018-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911191929/https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/echo |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |title=Echo - Windows CMD - SS64.com |url=https://ss64.com/nt/echo.html |website=ss64.com |access-date=2018-09-11 |archive-date=2018-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911191818/https://ss64.com/nt/echo.html |url-status=live }}
• In Windows PowerShell, @ is used as array operator for array and hash table literals and for enclosing here-string literals.{{Cite web |title=Windows PowerShell Language Specification Version 3.0 |url=http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=36389 |website=Microsoft Download Center |access-date=2013-10-29 |archive-date=2022-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126032007/https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=36389 |url-status=live }}

File:Madrid - Acampada Sol - 110521 192211.jpg

{{Main|Gender neutrality in Spanish}}

In Spanish, where many words end in "-o" when in the masculine gender and end "-a" in the feminine, @ is sometimes used as a gender-neutral substitute for the default "o" ending.{{Cite journal |last=Martell-Otero |first=Loida |date=Fall 2009 |title=Doctoral Studies as Llamamiento, or How We All Need to be 'Ugly Betty' |journal=Perspectivas |pages=84–106}} For example, the word amigos traditionally represents not only male friends, but also a mixed group, or where the genders are not known. The proponents of gender-inclusive language would replace it with amig@s in these latter two cases, and use amigos only when the group referred to is all-male and amigas only when the group is all female. The Real Academia Española disapproves of this usage.{{Cite web |title=Diccionario panhispánico de dudas |url=https://www.rae.es/dpd/ |website=«Diccionario panhispánico de dudas» |access-date=2021-04-02 |archive-date=2021-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210406113617/https://www.rae.es/dpd/ |url-status=live }}

{{More citations needed|date=November 2021}}

File:Atletter.svg @ letter as used in the Koalib language.]]

File:OCR-A char Commercial At.svg uses an @ as a substitute for ə, which it resembles in some fonts.]]

• In (especially English) scientific and technical literature, @ is used to describe the conditions under which data are valid or a measurement has been made. E.g. the density of saltwater may read d = 1.050 g/cm³ @ 15 °C (read "at" for @), density of a gas d = 0.150 g/L @ 20 °C, 1 bar, or noise of a car 81 dB @ 80 km/h (speed).{{cite web |title=When to Use the At Symbol (@) in Writing |url=https://getproofed.com/writing-tips/when-to-use-the-at-symbol-in-writing/ |access-date=10 November 2021 |date=11 December 2019 |archive-date=10 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110171325/https://getproofed.com/writing-tips/when-to-use-the-at-symbol-in-writing/ |url-status=live }}
• In philosophical logic, '@' is used to denote the actual world (in contrast to non-actual possible worlds).{{citation needed|date=November 2020}} Analogously, a 'designated' world in a Kripke model may be labelled '@'.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}
• In chemical formulae, @ is used to denote trapped atoms or molecules.{{Cite journal |last1=Chai, Yan |last2=Guo, Ting |last3=Jin, Changming |last4=Haufler, Robert E. |last5=Chibante, L. P. Felipe |last6=Fure, Jan |last7=Wang, Lihong |last8=Alford, J. Michael |last9=Smalley, Richard E. |year=1991 |title=Fullerenes wlth Metals Inside |journal=Journal of Physical Chemistry |volume=95 |issue=20 |pages=7564–7568 |doi=10.1021/j100173a002}} For instance, La@C₆₀ means lanthanum inside a fullerene cage. See article Endohedral fullerene for details.
• In Malagasy, @ is an informal abbreviation for the prepositional form amin'ny.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}
• In Malay, @ is an informal abbreviation for the word "atau", meaning "or" in English.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}
• In genetics, @ is the abbreviation for locus, as in IGL@ for immunoglobulin lambda locus.{{cite web |title=IGL immunoglobulin lambda locus [Homo sapiens (human)] |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=3535 |access-date=10 November 2021}}
• In the Koalib language of Sudan, @ is used as a letter in Arabic loanwords. The Unicode Consortium rejected a proposal to encode it separately as a letter in Unicode. SIL International uses Private Use Area code points U+F247 and U+F248 for lowercase and capital versions, although they have marked this PUA representation as deprecated since September 2014.Constable, Peter, and Lorna A. Priest (January 17, 2019) [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&item_id=SILPUAassignments SIL Corporate PUA Assignments 5.2a] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100223081253/http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&item_id=SILPUAassignments |date=2010-02-23 }}. [http://www.sil.org/ SIL International] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201070851/http://www.sil.org/ |date=2007-12-01 }}. pp. 59–60. Retrieved on July 20, 2020.
• A schwa, as the actual schwa character "ə" may be difficult to produce on many computers. It is used in this capacity in some ASCII IPA schemes, including SAMPA and X-SAMPA.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}
• In leet it may substitute for the letter "A".{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}
• It is frequently used in typing and text messaging as an abbreviation for "at".{{cite book |last1=Crystal |first1=David |title=Txtng: the gr8 db8 |date=2008 |publisher=New York: Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-162340-0 |pages=131–137 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pKBnEGwmtZoC&pg=PA131 |access-date=2021-11-10 |archive-date=2021-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110182712/https://books.google.com/books?id=pKBnEGwmtZoC&pg=PA131 |url-status=live }}
• In Portugal it may be used in typing and text messaging with the meaning "french kiss" (linguado).{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}
• In online discourse, @ is used by some anarchists as a substitute for the traditional circle-A.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}
• Algebraic notation for the Crazyhouse chess variant: An @ between a piece and a square denotes a piece dropped onto that square from the player's reserve.{{cite web|date=2008-02-28|title=crazyhouse|url=http://www.freechess.org/Help/HelpFiles/crazyhouse.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416133658/http://www.freechess.org/Help/HelpFiles/crazyhouse.html|archive-date=2014-04-16|access-date=2014-04-17|work=FICS Help|publisher=Free Internet Chess Server}}
• In many roguelike games, @ is used to represent the player character.
• In Spain and Portugal, the Arroba, abbreviated using the @ sign, is a customary unit of weight, mass or volume. The name arroba is used in both countries for the @ sign more generally.

In many languages other than English, although most typewriters included the symbol, the use of @ was less common before email became widespread in the mid-1990s. Consequently, it is often perceived in those languages as denoting "the Internet", computerization, or modernization in general. Naming the symbol after animals is also common.

• In Afrikaans, it is called {{lang|af|aapstert}}, meaning 'monkey tail', similarly to the Dutch use of the word ({{wikt-lang|nl|aap}} is the word for 'monkey' or 'ape' in Dutch, {{wikt-lang|af|stert}} comes from the Dutch {{wikt-lang|nl|staart}}).
• In Arabic, it is {{lang|ar|آتْ}} ({{lang|ar-Latn|at}}).
• In Armenian, it is {{wikt-lang|hy|շնիկ}} ({{lang|hy-Latn|shnik}}), which means 'puppy'.
• In Azerbaijani, it is {{lang|az|ət}} ({{lang|az-Latn|at}}) which means 'meat', though most likely it is a phonetic transliteration of at.
• In Basque, it is {{lang|eu|a bildua}} ('wrapped A').
• In Belarusian, it is called {{wikt-lang|be|сьлімак}} ({{lang|be-Latn|sʹlimak}}, meaning 'helix' or 'snail').
• In Bosnian, it is {{lang|bs|ludo a}} ('crazy A').
• In Bulgarian, it is called {{lang|bg|кльомба}} ({{lang|bg-Latn|klyomba}} – 'a badly written letter'), {{lang|bg|маймунско а}} ({{lang|bg-Latn|maymunsko a}} – 'monkey A'), {{lang|bg|маймунка}} ({{lang|bg-Latn|maimunka}} – 'little monkey'), or {{lang|bg|баница}} ({{lang|bg-Latn|banitsa}} – a pastry roll often made in a shape similar to the character)
• In Catalan, it is called {{wikt-lang|ca|arrova}} (a unit of measure) or {{lang|ca|ensaïmada}} (a Mallorcan pastry, because of the similar shape of this food).
• In Chinese:
• In mainland China, it used to be called {{wikt-lang|zh|圈|圈A}} (pronounced {{lang|zh-Latn|quān A}}), meaning 'circled A' / 'enclosed A', or {{wikt-lang|zh|花|花A}} (pronounced {{lang|zh-Latn|huā A}}), meaning 'lacy A', and sometimes as {{wikt-lang|zh|小老鼠}} (pronounced {{lang|zh-Latn|xiǎo lǎoshǔ}}), meaning 'little mouse'.{{Cite news |last=Alice Rawsthorn |date=March 21, 2010 |title=Why @ Is Held in Such High Design Esteem |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/22/arts/design/22iht-design22.html |url-status=live |access-date=April 25, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324133723/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/22/arts/design/22iht-design22.html |archive-date=March 24, 2010}} Nowadays, for most of China's youth, it is called {{wikt-lang|zh|艾特}} (pronounced {{lang|zh-Latn|ài tè}}), which is a phonetic transcription of at.
• In Taiwan, it is {{wikt-lang|zh|小老鼠}} (pronounced {{lang|zh-Latn|xiǎo lǎoshǔ}}), meaning 'little mouse'.
• In Hong Kong and Macau, it is at.
• In Croatian, it is most often referred to by the English word at (pronounced et), and less commonly and more formally, with the preposition {{wikt-lang|sh|pri}} (with the addressee in the nominative case, not locative as per usual rection of {{lang|hr|pri}}), meaning 'at', '{{lang|fr|chez}}' or 'by'. Informally, it is called a {{wikt-lang|sh|manki}}, coming from the local pronunciation of the English word monkey. Note that the Croatian words for monkey, {{wikt-lang|sh|majmun}}, {{wikt-lang|sh|opica}}, {{lang|hr|jopec}}, {{lang|hr|šimija}} are not used to denote the symbol, except seldom the latter words regionally.
• In Czech it is called {{wikt-lang|cs|zavináč}}, which means 'rollmops'; the same word is used in Slovak.
• In Danish, it is {{wikt-lang|da|snabel-a}} ('elephant's trunk A'). It is not used for prices, where in Danish {{wikt-lang|da|à}} means 'at (per piece)'.
• In Dutch, it is called {{wikt-lang|nl|apenstaart}} ('monkey's tail'). The a is the first character of the Dutch word {{wikt-lang|nl|aap}} which means 'monkey' or 'ape'; {{wikt-lang|nl|apen}} is the plural of {{lang|nl|aap}}. However, the use of the English at has become increasingly popular in Dutch.
• In Esperanto, it is called {{wikt-lang|eo|ĉe|ĉe-signo}} ('at' – for the email use, with an address like "zamenhof@esperanto.org" pronounced {{lang|eo|zamenhof ĉe esperanto punkto org}}), {{wikt-lang|eo|po|po-signo}} ('each' – refers only to the mathematical use), or {{wikt-lang|eo|heliko}} (meaning 'snail').
• In Estonian, it is called {{lang|et|ätt}}, from the English word at.
• In Faroese, it is {{wikt-lang|fo|kurla}}, {{wikt-lang|fo|hjá}} ('at'), {{lang|fo|tranta}}, or {{lang|fo|snápil-a}} ('[elephant's] trunk A').
• In Finnish, it was originally called {{wikt-lang|fi|taksamerkki}} ("fee sign") or {{wikt-lang|fi|yksikköhinta|yksikköhinnan merkki}} ("unit price sign"), but these names are long obsolete and now rarely understood. Nowadays, it is officially {{wikt-lang|fi|ät-merkki}}, according to the national standardization institute SFS; frequently also spelled {{lang|fi|at-merkki}}. Other names include {{wikt-lang|fi|kissanhäntä}} ('cat's tail') and {{wikt-lang|fi|miuku mauku}} ('miaow-meow') or short; “miu-mau”.
• In French, it is now officially the {{wikt-lang|fr|arobase}}[http://www.iol.co.za/scitech/technology/at-last-france-has-a-name-for-the-sign-1.98600 "At last, France has a name for the @ sign"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819130731/http://www.iol.co.za/scitech/technology/at-last-france-has-a-name-for-the-sign-1.98600 |date=2012-08-19 }}, December 9, 2002, iol.co.za{{lang|fr|Orthographe fixée par la Commission générale de terminologie et de néologie (Journal officiel du 8 décembre 2002)|italic=unset}} (also spelled {{lang|fr|arrobase}} or {{wikt-lang|fr|arrobe}}), or {{lang|fr-CA|a commercial}} (though this is most commonly used in French-speaking Canada, and should normally only be used when quoting prices; it should always be called {{lang|fr|arobase}} or, better yet, {{lang|fr|arobas}} when in an email address). Its origin is the same as that of the Spanish word, which could be derived from the Arabic {{lang|ar-Latn|ar-roub}} ({{wikt-lang|ar|‏ربع‎|اَلرُّبْع}}). In France, it is also common (especially for younger generations) to say the English word at when spelling out an email address.{{citation needed|date=July 2013}} In everyday Québec French, one often hears {{lang|fr-CA|a commercial}} when sounding out an e-mail address, while TV and radio hosts are more likely to use {{lang|fr|arobase}}.
• In Georgian, it is {{lang|ka-Latn|at}}, spelled {{lang|ka|ეთ–ი}} ({{wikt-lang|ka|კომერციული|კომერციული ეთ–ი}}, {{lang|ka-Latn|ḳomerciuli et-i}}).
• In German, it has sometimes been referred to as {{lang|de|Klammeraffe}} (meaning 'spider monkey') or {{lang|de|Affenschwanz}} (meaning 'monkey tail'). {{lang|de|Klammeraffe}} or {{lang|de|Affenschwanz}} refer to the similarity of @ to the tail of a monkey.{{Cite web |last=Paola Antonelli |author-link=Paola Antonelli |date=March 22, 2010 |title=@ at MoMA |url=https://www.moma.org/explore/inside_out/2010/03/22/at-moma/ |quote=Germans, Poles, and South Africans call @ “monkey’s tail” in each different language. |access-date=April 5, 2018 }} More recently,{{when|date=March 2024}} it is commonly referred to as {{lang|de|at}}, as in English.
• In Greek, it is called {{Wikt-lang|el|παπάκι|i=yes}} meaning 'duckling'.
• In Greenlandic, an Inuit language, it is called {{wikt-lang|kl|-usaq|aajusaq}} meaning 'A-like' or 'something that looks like A'.
• In Hebrew, it is colloquially known as {{wikt-lang |1=he |2=‏שטרודל‎ |3=שְׁטְרוּדֶל }} ({{lang|he-Latn|shtrúdel}}), due to the visual resemblance to a cross-section cut of a strudel cake. The normative term, invented by the Academy of the Hebrew Language, is {{wikt-lang |1=he |2=‏כרוכית‎ |3=כְּרוּכִית }} ({{lang|he-Latn|krukhít}}), which is another Hebrew word for 'strudel', but is rarely used.
• In Hindi, it is {{lang|hi-Latn|at}}, from the English word.
• In Hungarian, it is called {{wikt-lang|hu|kukac}} (a playful synonym for 'worm' or 'maggot').
• In Icelandic, it is referred to as {{wikt-lang|is|merki|atmerkið}} ("the at sign") or {{wikt-lang|is|hjá}}, which is a direct translation of the English word at.
• In Indian English, speakers often say at the rate of (with e-mail addresses quoted as "example at the rate of example.com").{{citation needed |date=October 2019 }}
• In Indonesian, it is usually {{lang|id|et}}. Variations exist – especially if verbal communication is very noisy – such as {{wikt-lang|id|bundar|a bundar}} and {{wikt-lang|id|bulat|a bulat}} (both meaning 'circled A'), {{wikt-lang|id|keong|a keong}} ('snail A'), and (most rarely) {{wikt-lang|id|monyet|a monyet}} ('monkey A').
• In Irish, it is {{wikt-lang|ga|ag}} (meaning 'at') or {{wikt-lang|ga|comhartha|comhartha @/ag}} (meaning 'at sign').
• In Italian, it is {{wikt-lang|it|chiocciola}} ('snail') or {{wikt-lang|it|commerciale|a commerciale}}, sometimes {{lang|it|at}} (pronounced more often {{IPA|it|ˈɛt|}} and rarely {{IPA|[ˈat]}}) or {{wikt-lang|it|ad}}.
• In Japanese, it is called {{wikt-lang|ja-Latn|atto māku}} ({{wikt-lang|ja-Kana|アットマーク}}, from the English words at mark). The word is {{lang|ja-Latn|wasei-eigo}}, a loan word from the English language.
• In Kazakh, it is officially called {{lang|kk|айқұлақ}} ({{lang|kk-Latn|aıqulaq}}, 'earlobe').
• In Korean, it is called {{lang|ko-Latn|golbaeng-i}} ({{lang|ko|골뱅이}}, meaning 'whelk'), a dialectal form of whelk.
• In Kurdish, it is {{lang|ku-Latn|at}} or {{lang|ku-Latn|et}} (Latin Hawar script), {{lang|ku-Arab|ئەت}} (Perso-Arabic Sorani script) coming from the English word at.
• In Latvian, it is pronounced the same as in English, but, since in Latvian {{IPAblink|æ}} is written as "e" (not "a" as in English), it is sometimes written as {{lang|lv|et}}.
• In Lithuanian, it is pronounced {{lang|lt|eta}} (equivalent to the English at).
• In Luxembourgish it used to be called {{lang|lb|Afeschwanz}} ('monkey tail'), but due to widespread use, it is now called {{lang|lb|at}}, as in English.
• In Macedonian, it is called {{wikt-lang|mk|мајмунче}} ({{lang|mk-Latn|majmunče}}, {{IPA|mk|ˈmajmuntʃɛ|}}, 'little monkey').
• In Malaysia, it is called {{lang|ms|alias}} when it is used in names and {{wikt-lang|ms|di}} when it is used in email addresses, {{lang|ms|di}} being the Malay word for 'at'. It is also commonly used to abbreviate {{wikt-lang|ms|atau}} which means 'or', 'either'.
• In Morse code, it is known as a "commat", consisting of the Morse code for the "A" and "C" which run together as one character: {{Morse|dot|dash|dash|dot|dash|dot}}. The symbol was added in 2004 for use with email addresses,{{Cite web |date=April 30, 2004 |title=Morse '@'; character official as of May 3 |url=http://www.arrl.org/arrlletter?issue=2004-04-30 |website=The ARRL Letter |publisher=American Radio Relay League |volume=23 |number=18 |access-date=2012-04-18 |archive-date=2011-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105113831/http://www.arrl.org/arrlletter?issue=2004-04-30 |url-status=live }} the only official change to Morse code since World War I.
• In Nepali, the symbol is called "at the rate." Commonly, people will give their email addresses by including the phrase "at the rate".{{citation needed |date=October 2019 }}
• In Norwegian, it is officially called {{lang|no|krøllalfa}} ('curly alpha' or 'alpha twirl'), and commonly as {{lang|no|alfakrøll}}. Sometimes {{lang|da|snabel-a}}, the Swedish/Danish name (which means 'trunk A', as in 'elephant's trunk'), is used. Commonly, people will call the symbol {{IPA|[æt]}} (as in English), particularly when giving their email addresses. The computer manufacturer Norsk Data used it as the command prompt, and it was often called "grisehale" (pig's tail).
• In Persian, it is {{lang|fa|ات}}, {{lang|fa-Latn|at}}, from the English word.
• In Polish, it is commonly called {{wikt-lang|pl|małpa}} ('monkey'). Rarely, the English word at is used.
• In Portuguese, it is called {{wikt-lang|pt|arroba}} (from the Arabic {{lang|ar-Latn|ar-roub}}, {{wikt-lang |1=ar |2=‏ربع‎ |3=اَلرُّبْع }}). The word {{lang|pt|arroba}} is also used for a weight measure in Portuguese. One arroba is equivalent to 32 old Portuguese pounds, approximately {{convert|14.7|kg|abbr=on}}, and both the weight and the symbol are called {{lang|pt|arroba}}. In Brazil, cattle are still priced by the {{lang|pt|arroba}} – now rounded to {{convert|15|kg|abbr=on}}. This naming is because the at sign was used to represent this measure.
• In Romanian, it is most commonly called {{lang|ro|at}}, but also colloquially called {{lang|ro|coadă de maimuță}} ("monkey tail") or {{lang|ro|a-rond}}. The latter is commonly used, and it comes from the word round (from its shape), but that is nothing like the mathematical symbol {{lang|ro|A-rond}} (rounded A). Others call it {{lang|ro|aron}}, or {{lang|ro|la}} (Romanian word for 'at').

File:Basic interpreter on the DVK computer.JPG Soviet computer ({{circa|1984}})]]

• In Russian, it is commonly called {{lang|ru|соба[ч]ка}} ({{lang|ru-Latn|soba[ch]ka}} – '[little] dog').
• In Serbian, it is called {{wikt-lang|sh|луд|лудо А}} ({{lang|sr-Latn|ludo A}} – 'crazy A'), {{wikt-lang|sh|мајмунче}} ({{lang|sr-Latn|majmunče}} – 'little monkey'), or {{wikt-lang|sh|мајмун}} ({{lang|sr-Latn|majmun}} – 'monkey').
• In Slovak, it is called {{wikt-lang|cs|zavináč}} ('rollmop', a pickled fish roll, as in Czech).
• In Slovenian, it is called {{lang|sl|afna}} (an informal word for 'monkey').
• In Spanish-speaking countries, it is called {{wikt-lang|es|arroba}} (from the Arabic {{lang|ar-Latn|ar-roub}}, which denotes a pre-metric unit of weight).
• In Sámi (North Sámi), it is called {{lang|se|bussáseaibi}} meaning 'cat's tail'.
• In Swedish, it is called {{wikt-lang|sv|snabel-a}} ('elephant's trunk A') or simply {{lang|sv|at}}, as in the English language. Less formally it is also known as {{wikt-lang|sv|kanelbulle}} ('cinnamon roll') or {{lang|sv|alfakrull}} ('alpha curl').
• In Swiss German, it is commonly called {{lang|gsw|Affenschwanz}} ('monkey-tail'). However, the use of the English word {{lang|gsw|at}} has become increasingly popular in Swiss German, as with Standard German.{{citation needed |date=October 2019 }}
• In Tagalog, the word {{wikt-lang|tl|at}} means 'and', so the symbol is used like an ampersand in colloquial writing such as text messages (e.g. {{lang|tl|magluto @ kumain}}, 'cook and eat').
• In Thai, it is commonly called {{lang|th-Latn|at}}, as in English.
• In Turkish, it is commonly called {{lang|tr|et}}, a variant pronunciation of English at.{{citation needed |date=October 2019 }}
• In Ukrainian, it is commonly called {{lang|uk|ет}} ({{lang|uk-Latn|et}} – 'at') or Равлик (ravlyk), which means 'snail'.
• In Urdu, it is {{lang|ur|اٹ}} ({{lang|ur-Latn|at}}).
• In Uzbek, it is commonly called {{lang|uz|kuchukcha}} ('little dog').{{cite web |title=@ belgisini nima uchun "kuchukcha" deb ataymiz? |url=https://xabardor.uz/uz/x/455070 |website=Xabardor.uz |access-date=26 February 2024 |language=uz |date=20 December 2019}}
• In Vietnamese, it is called {{wikt-lang|vi|a còng}} ('bent A') in the north and {{wikt-lang|vi|a móc}} ('hooked A') in the south.
• In Welsh, it is sometimes known as a {{lang|cy|malwen}} or {{wikt-lang|cy|malwod|malwoden}} (both meaning "snail").

• {{unichar|0040|nlink= |html=}}
• {{unichar|FF20|nlink= |html=}}
• {{unichar|FE6B|nlink= |html=}}

• ASCII
• Circle-A{{snd}} a symbol of Anarchism
• Enclosed A ({{unichar|24B6}}, {{unichar|24D0}})

{{Notelist}}

{{Reflist}}

{{Wiktionary|commercial-at|at sign}}

{{Commons category|At sign}}

• {{FOLDOC|commercial-at|new=yes}}
• [https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/the-accidental-history-of-the-symbol-18054936/ "The Accidental History of the @ Symbol "], Smithsonian magazine, September 2012, Retrieved October 2021.
• The @-symbol, [http://www.shadycharacters.co.uk/2011/07/the-symbol-part-1-of-2/ part 1], [http://www.shadycharacters.co.uk/2011/07/the-symbol-intermission/ intermission], [https://web.archive.org/web/20141225121941/http://www.shadycharacters.co.uk/2011/08/the-symbol-part-2-of-2/ part 2], [http://www.shadycharacters.co.uk/2011/08/the-symbol-addenda/ addenda], [https://web.archive.org/web/20141221071159/http://www.shadycharacters.co.uk/ Shady Characters ⌂ The secret life of punctuation] August 2011, Retrieved June 2013.
• [http://www.lrb.co.uk/v31/n10/soar01_.html "Daniel Soar on @"], London Review of Books, Vol. 31 No. 10, 28 May 2009, Retrieved June 2013.
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20070120072115/http://www.ascii64.org/ ascii64 – the @ book – free download (creative commons) – by patrik sneyd – foreword by luigi colani)] November 2006, Retrieved June 2013.
• [http://www.herodios.com/atsign.htm A Natural History of the @ Sign] The many names of the at sign in various languages, 1997, Retrieved June 2013.
• [https://linguistlist.org/issues/7/7-968/ Sum: the @ Symbol], LINGUIST List 7.968 July 1996, Retrieved June 2013.
• [http://www.worldwidewords.org/articles/whereat.htm Where it's At: names for a common symbol] [http://www.worldwidewords.org/ World Wide Words] August 1996, Retrieved June 2013.

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