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X-SAMPA

{{Short description|Remapping of the IPA into ASCII}}

{{More citations needed|date=March 2016}}

{{IPA notice}}

The Extended Speech Assessment Methods Phonetic Alphabet (X-SAMPA) is a variant of SAMPA developed in 1995 by John C. Wells, professor of phonetics at University College London.{{cite web|last1=Wells|first1=J.C.|title=Computer-coding the IPA: a proposed extension of SAMPA|url=https://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/sampa/ipasam-x.pdf|website=UCL Phonetics and Linguistics|publisher=University College London|access-date=16 March 2016}} It is designed to unify the individual language SAMPA alphabets, and extend SAMPA to cover the entire range of characters in the 1993 version of International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). The result is a SAMPA-inspired remapping of the IPA into 7-bit ASCII.

SAMPA was devised as a hack to work around the inability of text encodings to represent IPA symbols. Later, as Unicode support for IPA symbols became more widespread, the necessity for a separate, computer-readable system for representing the IPA in ASCII decreased. However, X-SAMPA is still useful as the basis for an input method for true IPA.

Summary

= Notes =

  • The IPA symbols that are ordinary lower case letters have the same value in X-SAMPA as they do in the IPA.
  • X-SAMPA uses backslashes as modifying suffixes to create new symbols. For example, O is a distinct sound from O\, to which it bears no relation. Such use of the backslash character can be a problem, since many programs interpret it as an escape character for the character following it. For example, such X-SAMPA symbols do not work in EMU, so backslashes must be replaced with some other symbol (e.g., an asterisk: '*') when adding phonemic transcription to an EMU speech database. The backslash has no fixed meaning.
  • X-SAMPA diacritics follow the symbols they modify. Except for ~ for nasalization, = for syllabicity, and ` for retroflexion and rhotacization, diacritics are joined to the character with the underscore character _.
  • The underscore character is also used to encode the IPA tiebar: k_p codes for {{IPA|/k͡p/}}.
  • The numbers _1 to _6 are reserved diacritics as shorthand for language-specific tone numbers.
  • The IETF language tags registry has assigned {{code|fonxsamp}} as the subtag for text transcribed in X-SAMPA.{{cite web |title=Language Subtag Registry |url=https://www.iana.org/assignments/language-subtag-registry/language-subtag-registry |publisher=IETF |access-date=12 November 2022 |format=text |date=2022-08-08}}

= Lower-case symbols =

class="wikitable sortable"

! X-SAMPA !! IPA !! IPA image!! Description !! Examples

{{lang|und-fonxsamp|a|italic=no}}{{IPA|a}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0061.svgopen front unrounded vowelFrench {{lang|fr|dame}} {{lang|fr-fonxsamp|[dam]|italic=no}}
{{lang|und-fonxsamp|b|italic=no}}{{IPA|b}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0062.svgvoiced bilabial plosiveEnglish bed {{lang|en-fonxsamp|[bEd]|italic=no}}, French {{lang|fr|bon}} {{lang|fr-fonxsamp|[bO~]|italic=no}}
b_<{{IPA|ɓ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0253.svgvoiced bilabial implosiveSindhi {{IPA|ɓarʊ}} [b_]
c{{IPA|c}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0063.svgvoiceless palatal plosiveHungarian {{lang|hu|latyak}} ["lQcQk]
d{{IPA|d}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0064.svgvoiced alveolar plosiveEnglish dig [dIg], French {{lang|fr|doigt}} [dwa]
d`{{IPA|ɖ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0256.svgvoiced retroflex plosiveSwedish {{lang|sv|hord}} [hu:d`]
d_<{{IPA|ɗ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0257.svgvoiced alveolar implosiveSindhi {{IPA|ɗarʊ}} [d_]
e{{IPA|e}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0065.svgclose-mid front unrounded vowelFrench {{lang|fr|blé}} [ble]
f{{IPA|f}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0066.svgvoiceless labiodental fricativeEnglish five [faIv], French {{lang|fr|femme}} [fam]
g{{IPA|ɡ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0261.svgvoiced velar plosiveEnglish game [geIm], French {{lang|fr|longue}} [lO~g]
g_<{{IPA|ɠ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0260.svgvoiced velar implosiveSindhi {{IPA|ɠəro}} [g_<@ro]
h{{IPA|h}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0068.svgvoiceless glottal fricativeEnglish house [haUs]
h\{{IPA|ɦ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0266.svgvoiced glottal fricativeCzech {{lang|cs|hrad}} [h\rat]
i{{IPA|i}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0069.svgclose front unrounded vowelEnglish be [bi:], French {{lang|fr|oui}} [wi], Spanish {{lang|es|si}} [si]
j{{IPA|j}}File:IPA Unicode 0x006A.svgpalatal approximantEnglish yes [jEs], French {{lang|fr|yeux}} [j2]
j\{{IPA|ʝ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x029D.svgvoiced palatal fricativeGreek {{lang|el|γειά}} [j\a]
k{{IPA|k}}File:IPA Unicode 0x006B.svgvoiceless velar plosiveEnglish skip [skIp], Spanish {{lang|es|carro}} ["karo]
l{{IPA|l}}File:IPA Unicode 0x006C.svgalveolar lateral approximantEnglish lay [leI], French {{lang|fr|mal}} [mal]
l`{{IPA|ɭ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x026D.svgretroflex lateral approximantSvealand Swedish {{lang|sv|sorl}} [so:l`]
l\{{IPA|ɺ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x027A.svgalveolar lateral flapWayuu {{lang|guc|püülükü}} [pM:l\MkM]
m{{IPA|m}}File:IPA Unicode 0x006D.svgbilabial nasalEnglish mouse [maUs], French {{lang|fr|homme}} [Om]
n{{IPA|n}}File:IPA Unicode 0x006E.svgalveolar nasalEnglish nap [n{p], French {{lang|fr|non}} [nO~]
n`{{IPA|ɳ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0273.svgretroflex nasalSwedish {{lang|sv|hörn}} [h2:n`]
o{{IPA|o}}File:IPA Unicode 0x006F.svgclose-mid back rounded vowelFrench {{lang|fr|veau}} [vo]
p{{IPA|p}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0070.svgvoiceless bilabial plosiveEnglish speak [spik], French {{lang|fr|pose}} [poz], Spanish {{lang|es|perro}} ["pero]
p\{{IPA|ɸ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0278.svgvoiceless bilabial fricativeJapanese {{Transliteration|ja|hepburn|fuku}} [p\M_0kM]
q{{IPA|q}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0071.svgvoiceless uvular plosiveArabic {{Transliteration|ar|qasbah}} ["qQs_Gba]
r{{IPA|r}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0072.svgalveolar trillSpanish {{lang|es|perro}} ["pero]
r`{{IPA|ɽ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x027D.svgretroflex flapBengali {{Transliteration|bn|gari}} [gar`i:]
r\{{IPA|ɹ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0279.svgalveolar approximantEnglish red [r\Ed]
r\`{{IPA|ɻ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x027B.svgretroflex approximantMalayalam {{lang|ml|വഴി}} ["v@r\`i]
s{{IPA|s}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0073.svgvoiceless alveolar fricativeEnglish seem [si:m], French {{lang|fr|session}} [sE"sjO~]
s`{{IPA|ʂ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0282.svgvoiceless retroflex fricativeSwedish {{lang|sv|mars}} [mas`]
s\{{IPA|ɕ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0255.svgvoiceless alveolo-palatal fricativePolish {{lang|pl|świerszcz}} [s\v'ers`ts`]
t{{IPA|t}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0074.svgvoiceless alveolar plosiveEnglish stew [stju:], French {{lang|fr|raté}} [Ra"te]
t`{{IPA|ʈ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0288.svgvoiceless retroflex plosiveSwedish {{lang|sv|mört}} [m2t`]
u{{IPA|u}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0075.svgclose back rounded vowelEnglish boom [bu:m], Spanish {{lang|es|su}} [su]
v{{IPA|v}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0076.svgvoiced labiodental fricativeEnglish vest [vEst], French {{lang|fr|voix}} [vwa]
v\ (or P){{IPA|ʋ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x028B.svglabiodental approximantDutch {{lang|nl|west}} [v\Est]/[PEst]
w{{IPA|w}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0077.svglabial-velar approximantEnglish west [wEst], French {{lang|fr|oui}} [wi]
x{{IPA|x}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0078.svgvoiceless velar fricativeScots {{lang|sco|loch}} [lOx] or [5Ox]; German {{lang|de|Buch}}, {{lang|de|Dach}}; Spanish {{lang|es|caja}}, {{lang|es|gestión}}
x\{{IPA|ɧ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0267.svgvoiceless palatal-velar fricativeSwedish {{lang|sv|sjal}} [x\A:l]
y{{IPA|y}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0079.svgclose front rounded vowelFrench {{lang|fr|tu}} [ty] German {{lang|de|über}} ["y:b6]
z{{IPA|z}}File:IPA Unicode 0x007A.svgvoiced alveolar fricativeEnglish zoo [zu:], French {{lang|fr|azote}} [a"zOt]
z`{{IPA|ʐ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0290.svgvoiced retroflex fricativeMandarin Chinese {{Transliteration|cmn|pinyin|rang}} [z`aN]
z\{{IPA|ʑ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0291.svgvoiced alveolo-palatal fricativePolish {{lang|pl|źrebak}} ["z\rEbak]

= Upper-case symbols =

class="wikitable sortable"

! X-SAMPA !! IPA !! IPA image !! Description !! Example

{{lang|und-fonxsamp|A|italic=no}}{{IPA|ɑ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0251.svgopen back unrounded vowelEnglish father ["fA:D@(r\)] (RP and Gen.Am.)
B{{IPA|β}}File:IPA Unicode 0x03B2.svgvoiced bilabial fricativeSpanish {{lang|es|lavar}} [la"Ba4]
B\{{IPA|ʙ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0299.svgbilabial trillReminiscent of shivering ("brrr")
C{{IPA|ç}}File:IPA Unicode 0x00E7.svgvoiceless palatal fricativeGerman {{lang|de|ich}} [IC], English human ["Cjum@n] (broad transcription uses [hj-])
D{{IPA|ð}}File:IPA Unicode 0x00F0.svgvoiced dental fricativeEnglish then [DEn]
E{{IPA|ɛ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x025B.svgopen-mid front unrounded vowelFrench {{lang|fr|même}} [mE:m], English met [mEt] (RP and Gen.Am.)
F{{IPA|ɱ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0271.svglabiodental nasalEnglish emphasis ["EFf@sIs] (spoken quickly, otherwise uses [Emf-])
G{{IPA|ɣ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0263.svgvoiced velar fricativeGreek {{lang|el|γωνία}} [Go"nia]
G\{{IPA|ɢ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0262.svgvoiced uvular plosiveInuktitut {{lang|iu-Latn|nirivvik}} [niG\ivvik]
G\_<{{IPA|ʛ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x029B.svgvoiced uvular implosiveMam {{IPA|ʛa}} [G\_]
H{{IPA|ɥ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0265.svglabial-palatal approximantFrench {{lang|fr|huit}} [Hit]
H\{{IPA|ʜ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x029C.svgvoiceless epiglottal fricativeAgul {{lang|agx|мехӀ}} [mEH\]
I{{IPA|ɪ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x026A.svgnear-close front unrounded vowelEnglish kit [kIt]
I\{{IPA|ᵻ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x1D7B.svgnear-close central unrounded vowel (non-IPA)Polish {{lang|pl|ryba}} [rI\bA] 
J{{IPA|ɲ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0272.svgpalatal nasalSpanish {{lang|es|año}} ["aJo], English canyon ["k{J@n] (broad transcription uses [-nj-])
J\{{IPA|ɟ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x025F.svgvoiced palatal plosiveHungarian {{lang|hu|egy}} [EJ\]
J\_<{{IPA|ʄ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0284.svgvoiced palatal implosiveSindhi {{IPA|ʄaro}} [J\_]
K{{IPA|ɬ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x026C.svgvoiceless alveolar lateral fricativeWelsh {{lang|cy|llaw}} [KaU]
K\{{IPA|ɮ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x026E.svgvoiced alveolar lateral fricativeMongolian {{lang|mn|долоо}} [tOK\O:]
L{{IPA|ʎ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x028E.svgpalatal lateral approximantItalian {{lang|it|famiglia}} [fa"miLLa], Castilian: {{lang|es|llamar}} [La"mar]
L\{{IPA|ʟ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x029F.svgvelar lateral approximantKorean {{lang|ko|달구지}} [t6L\gudz\i]
M{{IPA|ɯ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x026F.svgclose back unrounded vowelKorean {{lang|ko|음식}} [M:ms\_hik_}]
M\{{IPA|ɰ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0270.svgvelar approximantSpanish {{lang|es|fuego}} ["fweM\o]
N{{IPA|ŋ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x014B.svgvelar nasalEnglish thing [TIN]
N\{{IPA|ɴ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0274.svguvular nasalJapanese {{lang|ja|さん}} {{Transliteration|ja|hepburn|san}} [saN\]
O{{IPA|ɔ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0254.svgopen-mid back rounded vowelAmerican English off [O:f]
O\{{IPA|ʘ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0298.svgbilabial click 
P (or v\){{IPA|ʋ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x028B.svglabiodental approximantDutch {{lang|nl|west}} [PEst]/[v\Est], allophone of English phoneme /r\/
Q{{IPA|ɒ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0252.svgopen back rounded vowelRP lot [lQt]
R{{IPA|ʁ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0281.svgvoiced uvular fricativeGerman {{lang|de|rein}} [RaIn]
R\{{IPA|ʀ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0280.svguvular trillFrench {{lang|fr|roi}} [R\wa]
S{{IPA|ʃ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0283.svgvoiceless postalveolar fricativeEnglish ship [SIp]
T{{IPA|θ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x03B8.svgvoiceless dental fricativeEnglish thin [TIn]
U{{IPA|ʊ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x028A.svgnear-close back rounded vowelEnglish foot [fUt]
U\{{IPA|ᵿ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x1D7F.svgnear-close central rounded vowel (non-IPA)English euphoria [jU\"fO@r\i@]
V{{IPA|ʌ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x028C.svgopen-mid back unrounded vowelScottish English strut [str\Vt]
W{{IPA|ʍ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x028D.svgvoiceless labial-velar fricativeScots {{lang|sco|when}} [WEn]
X{{IPA|χ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x03C7.svgvoiceless uvular fricativeKlallam {{IPA|sχaʔqʷaʔ}} [sXa?q_wa?]
X\{{IPA|ħ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0127.svgvoiceless pharyngeal fricativeArabic {{lang|ar|ح}} {{Transliteration|ar|ḥāʾ}} [X\A:]
Y{{IPA|ʏ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x028F.svgnear-close front rounded vowelGerman {{lang|de|hübsch}} [hYpS]
Z{{IPA|ʒ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0292.svgvoiced postalveolar fricativeEnglish vision ["vIZ@n]

= Other symbols =

class="wikitable sortable"

! X-SAMPA !! IPA !! IPA image !! Description !! Example

.{{IPA|.}}File:Unicode 0x002E.svgsyllable break 
"{{IPA|ˈ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x02C8.svgprimary stress 
%{{IPA|ˌ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x02CC.svgsecondary stressAmerican English pronunciation [pr\@%nVn.si."eI.S@n]
' (or _j){{IPA|ʲ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x02B2.svgpalatalizedRussian {{lang|ru|Земля}} (Earth) [z'I"ml'a] or [z_jI"ml_ja]
:{{IPA|ː}}File:Length sign.svglong 
:\{{IPA|ˑ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x02D1.svghalf longEstonian differentiates three vowel lengths
- separatorPolish {{lang|pl|trzy}} [t-S1] vs. {{lang|pl|czy}} [tS1] (affricate)
@{{IPA|ə}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0259.svgschwaEnglish arena [@"r\i:n@]
@\{{IPA|ɘ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0258.svgclose-mid central unrounded vowelChuvash пӗррехинче [p@\rrEXints\E]
@`{{IPA|ɚ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x025A.svgr-coloured schwaAmerican English color ["kVl@`]
{{{IPA|æ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x00E6.svgnear-open front unrounded vowelEnglish trap [tr\{p]
}{{IPA|ʉ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0289.svgclose central rounded vowelSwedish {{lang|sv|sju}} [x\}:]; AuE/NZE boot [b}:t]
1{{IPA|ɨ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0268.svgclose central unrounded vowelWelsh {{lang|cy|tu}} [t1], American English rose{{`}}s ["r\oUz1z]
2{{IPA|ø}}File:IPA Unicode 0x00F8.svgclose-mid front rounded vowelDanish {{lang|da|købe}} ["k2:b@], French {{lang|fr|deux}} [d2]
3{{IPA|ɜ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x025C.svgopen-mid central unrounded vowelEnglish nurse [n3:s] (RP) or [n3`s] (Gen.Am.)
3\{{IPA|ɞ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x025E.svgopen-mid central rounded vowelIrish {{lang|ga|tomhail}} [t3\:l']
4{{IPA|ɾ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x027E.svgalveolar flapSpanish {{lang|es|pero}} ["pe4o], American English better ["bE4@`]
5{{IPA|ɫ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x026B.svgvelarized alveolar lateral approximant; also see _eEnglish milk [mI5k], Portuguese {{lang|pt|livro}} ["5iv4u]
6{{IPA|ɐ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0250.svgnear-open central vowelGerman {{lang|de|besser}} ["bEs6], Australian English mud [m6d]
7{{IPA|ɤ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0264.svgclose-mid back unrounded vowelEstonian {{lang|et|kõik}} [k7ik], Vietnamese {{lang|vi|mơ}} [m7_M]
8{{IPA|ɵ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0275.svgclose-mid central rounded vowelSwedish {{lang|sv|buss}} [b8s]
9{{IPA|œ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0153.svgopen-mid front rounded vowelFrench {{lang|fr|neuf}} [n9f], Danish {{lang|da|drømme}} [dR9m@]
&{{IPA|ɶ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0276.svgopen front rounded vowelSwedish {{lang|sv|skörd}} [x\&d`]
?{{IPA|ʔ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0294.svgglottal stopCockney English bottle ["bQ?o]
?\{{IPA|ʕ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0295.svgvoiced pharyngeal fricativeArabic {{lang|ar|ع}} {{Transliteration|ar|ʿayn}} [?\Ajn]
* undefined escape character, SAMPA's "conjunctor" 
/{{IPA|/}}File:Unicode 0x002F.svg(a) French vowel archiphonemes or indeterminacies
(b) delimiter of phonemic transcriptions		{{lang|fr|maison}} /mE/zO~/
<{{IPA|⟨}}file:Unicode 0x27E8.svgbegin nonsegmental notation, e.g., SAMPROSAFor a summary of SAMPROSA, see {{cite web|last1=Wells|first1=J.C.|title=SAMPROSA (SAM Prosodic Transcription)|url=https://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/sampa/samprosa.htm|website=UCL Phonetics and Linguistics|publisher=University College London|date=19 September 1995|access-date=23 October 2021}} 
<\{{IPA|ʢ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x02A2.svgvoiced epiglottal fricativeSiwi {{IPA|arˤbˤəʢa|lang=siz}} (four) [ar_?\b_?\@<\a]
>{{IPA|⟩}}file:Unicode 0x27E9.svgend nonsegmental notation 
>\{{IPA|ʡ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x02A1.svgepiglottal plosiveArchi гӀарз (complaint) [>\arz]
^{{IPA|ꜛ}}File:Unicode 0xA71B.svgupstep 
!{{IPA|ꜜ}}File:Unicode 0xA71C.svgdownstep 
!\{{IPA|ǃ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x01C3.svgpostalveolar clickZulu {{lang|zu|iqaqa}} (polecat) [i:!\a:!\a]
|{{IPA||}}File:IPA Unicode 0x007C.svgminor (foot) group 
|\{{IPA|ǀ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x01C0 alt.svgdental clickZulu {{lang|zu|icici}} (earring) [i:|\i:|\i]
||{{IPA|‖}}File:IPA Unicode 0x2016.svgmajor (intonation) group 
|\|\{{IPA|ǁ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x01C1 alt.svgalveolar lateral clickZulu {{lang|zu|xoxa}} (to converse) [|\|\O:|\|\a]
=\{{IPA|ǂ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x01C2 alt.svgpalatal click 
-\{{IPA|‿}}File:IPA Unicode 0x203F.svglinking mark 

= Diacritics =

class="wikitable sortable"

! X-SAMPA !! IPA !! IPA image !! Description

{{lang|und-fonxsamp|_"|italic=no}}{{IPA|  ̈}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0308.svgcentralized
_+{{IPA|  ̟}}File:IPA Unicode 0x031F.svgadvanced
_-{{IPA|  ̠}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0320.svgretracted
_/{{IPA|  ̌}}File:IPA Unicode 0x030C.svgrising tone
_0{{IPA|  ̥}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0325.svgvoiceless
_< implosive (IPA uses separate symbols for implosives)
= (or _=){{IPA|  ̩}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0329.svgsyllabic
_>{{IPA|ʼ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x02BC on ring.svgejective
_?\{{IPA|ˤ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x02C1.svgpharyngealized
_\ (or _F){{IPA|  ̂}}file:IPA Unicode 0x0302.svgfalling tone
_^{{IPA|  ̯}}File:IPA Unicode 0x032F.svgnon-syllabic
_}{{IPA|  ̚}}File:IPA Unicode 0x031A.svgno audible release
`{{IPA| ˞}}File:IPA Unicode 0x02DE.svgrhotacization in vowels, retroflexion in consonants (IPA uses separate symbols for consonants, see t` for an example)
~ (or _~){{IPA|  ̃}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0303.svgnasalization
_A{{IPA|  ̘}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0318.svgadvanced tongue root
_a{{IPA|  ̺}}File:IPA Unicode 0x033A.svgapical
_B{{IPA|  ̏}}File:IPA Unicode 0x030F.svgextra low tone
_B_L{{IPA| ᷅}}File:IPA Unicode 0x1DC5.svglow rising tone
_c{{IPA|  ̜}}File:IPA Unicode 0x031C.svgless rounded
_d{{IPA|  ̪}}File:IPA Unicode 0x032A.svgdental
_e{{IPA|  ̴}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0334.svgvelarized or pharyngealized; also see 5
<F>{{IPA|↘}}File:IPA global_decrease_from_Gentium_ancora.svgglobal fall
_F (or _\){{IPA|  ̂}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0302.svgfalling tone
_G{{IPA|ˠ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x02E0.svgvelarized
_H{{IPA|  ́}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0301.svghigh tone
_H_T{{IPA| ᷄}}File:IPA Unicode 0x1DC4.svghigh rising tone
_h{{IPA|ʰ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x02B0.svgaspirated
_j (or '){{IPA|ʲ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x02B2.svgpalatalized
_k{{IPA|  ̰}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0330.svgcreaky voice
_L{{IPA|  ̀}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0300.svglow tone
_l{{IPA|ˡ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x02E1.svglateral release
_M{{IPA|  ̄}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0304.svgmid tone
_m{{IPA|  ̻}}File:IPA Unicode 0x033B.svglaminal
_N{{IPA|  ̼}}File:IPA Unicode 0x033C.svglinguolabial
_n{{IPA|ⁿ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x207F.svgnasal release
_O{{IPA|  ̹}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0339.svgmore rounded
_o{{IPA|  ̞}}File:IPA Unicode 0x031E.svglowered
_q{{IPA|  ̙}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0319.svgretracted tongue root
<R>{{IPA|↗}}File:IPA global_increase_from_Gentium_ancora.svgglobal rise
_R{{IPA|  ̌}}File:IPA Unicode 0x030C.svgrising tone
_R_F{{IPA| ᷈}}File:IPA Unicode 0x1DC8.svgrising falling tone
_r{{IPA|  ̝}}File:IPA Unicode 0x031D.svgraised
_T{{IPA|  ̋}}File:IPA Unicode 0x030B.svgextra high tone
_t{{IPA|  ̤}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0324.svgbreathy voice
_v{{IPA|  ̬}}File:IPA Unicode 0x032C.svgvoiced
_w{{IPA|ʷ}}File:IPA Unicode 0x02B7.svglabialized
_X{{IPA|  ̆}}File:IPA Unicode 0x0306.svgextra-short
_x{{IPA|  ̽}}File:IPA Unicode 0x033D.svgmid-centralized

Charts

= Consonants =

class="wikitable nounderlines" style="text-align: center;"

! colspan="17" | Consonants (pulmonic)

style="vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em;"

! style="font-size: 90%;" | Place of articulation →

! colspan="2" | Labial

! colspan="4" | Coronal

! colspan="4" | Dorsal

! colspan="6" | Laryngeal

style="vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 3em;"

! style="font-size: 90%;" | Manner of articulation ↓

! style="width: 4em;" | Bilabial

! style="width: 4em;" | Labio‐
dental

! style="width: 4em;" | Dental

! style="width: 4em;" | Alveolar

! style="width: 4em;" | Post‐
alveolar

! style="width: 4em;" | Retro‐
flex

! style="width: 4em;" | Palatal

! style="width: 4em;" | Velar

! colspan="2" style="width: 4em;" | Uvular

! colspan="2" style="width: 4em;" | Pharyn‐
geal

! colspan="2" style="width: 4em;" | Epi‐
glottal

! colspan="2" style="width: 4em;" | Glottal

style="font-size: 120%;"

! style="font-size: x-small; text-align: left;" | Nasal

|    m

|    F

| colspan="3" |    n

|    n`

| |   J

|    N

| colspan="2" |    N\

| colspan="6" style="background:#ccc" |

style="font-size: 120%;"

! style="font-size: x-small; text-align: left;" | Plosive

| p b

| p_d b_d

| colspan="3" | t d

| t` d`

| c J\

| k g

| colspan="2" | q G\

| colspan="2" style="background:#ccc" |

| colspan="2" | >\

| style="width: 1em;" | ?

| style="width: 1em; background:#ccc" |

style="font-size: 120%;"

! style="font-size: x-small; text-align: left;" | Fricative

| p\ B

| f v

| T D

| s z

| S Z

| s` z`

| C j\

| x G

| style="width: 1em;" | X

| rowspan="2" style="width: 1em;" | R

| style="width: 1em;" | X\

| rowspan="2" | ?\

| style="width: 1em;" | H\

| rowspan="2" style="width: 1em;" | <\

| rowspan="2" colspan="2" | h h\

style="font-size: 120%;"

! style="font-size: x-small; text-align: left;" | Approximant

|    B_o

|    v\

| colspan="3" |    r\

|    r\`

|    j

|    M\

|

|

|

style="font-size: 120%;"

! style="font-size: x-small; text-align: left;" | Trill

|    B\

|

| colspan="3" |    r

|    *

|

| style="background:#ccc" |

| colspan="2" |    R\

| colspan="2" style="background:#ccc" |

| colspan="2" |    *

| colspan="2" style="background:#ccc" |

style="font-size: 120%;"

! style="font-size: x-small; text-align: left;" | Tap or Flap

| |   *†

|    *†

| colspan="3" |    4

|    r`

|

| style="background:#ccc" |

| colspan="2" |

| colspan="2" style="background:#ccc" |

| colspan="2" |    *

| colspan="2" style="background:#ccc" |

style="font-size: 120%;"

! style="font-size: x-small; text-align: left;" | Lateral Fricative

| colspan="2" style="background:#ccc" |

| colspan="3" | K K\

| *   

| *   

| *   

| colspan="2" |

| colspan="7" style="background:#ccc" |

style="font-size: 120%;"

! style="font-size: x-small; text-align: left;" | Lateral Approximant

| colspan="2" style="background:#ccc" |

| colspan="3" |    l

|    l`

|    L

|    L\

| colspan="2" |

| colspan="7" style="background:#ccc" |

style="font-size: 120%;"

! style="font-size: x-small; text-align: left;" | Lateral Flap

| colspan="2" style="background:#ccc" |

| colspan="3" |    l\

|    *

|    *

|    *

| colspan="2" |

| colspan="7" style="background:#ccc" |

  • Asterisks (*) mark sounds that do not have X-SAMPA symbols. Daggers (†) mark IPA symbols that have recently been added to Unicode. Since April 2008, the latter is the case of the labiodental flap, symbolized by a right-hook v in the IPA: File:Unicode 0x0475.svg. A convention for the labiodental flap does not yet exist in X-SAMPA.

class="wikitable sortable"

! colspan="2" | Coarticulated

style="text-align: center; font-size: larger; width: 2em;" | W

| Voiceless labialized velar approximant

style="text-align: center; font-size: larger;" | w

| Voiced labialized velar approximant

style="text-align: center; font-size: larger;" | H

| Voiced labialized palatal approximant

style="text-align: center; font-size: larger;" | s\

| Voiceless palatalized postalveolar (alveolo-palatal) fricative

style="text-align: center; font-size: larger;" | z\

| Voiced palatalized postalveolar (alveolo-palatal) fricative

style="text-align: center; font-size: larger;" | x\

| Voiceless "palatal-velar" fricative

class="wikitable sortable"

! colspan="2" | Affricates and double articulation

style="text-align: center; font-size: larger;" | ts

| voiceless alveolar affricate

style="text-align: center; font-size: larger;" | dz

| voiced alveolar affricate

style="text-align: center; font-size: larger;" | tS

| voiceless postalveolar affricate

style="text-align: center; font-size: larger;" | dZ

| voiced postalveolar affricate

style="text-align: center; font-size: larger;" | ts\

| voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate

style="text-align: center; font-size: larger;" | dz\

| voiced alveolo-palatal affricate

style="text-align: center; font-size: larger;" | tK

| voiceless alveolar lateral affricate

style="text-align: center; font-size: larger;" | dK\

| voiced alveolar lateral affricate

style="text-align: center; font-size: larger;" | kp

| voiceless labial-velar plosive

style="text-align: center; font-size: larger;" | gb

| voiced labial-velar plosive

style="text-align: center; font-size: larger;" | Nm

| labial-velar nasal stop

class="wikitable sortable"

! colspan="6" | Consonants (non-pulmonic)

style="vertical-align: top;"

! colspan="2" | Clicks

! colspan="2" | Implosives

! colspan="2" | Ejectives

style="vertical-align: top;"

| style="text-align: center; font-size: larger; width: 2em;" | O\

| Bilabial

| style="text-align: center; font-size: larger; width: 2em;" | b_<

| Bilabial

| style="text-align: center; font-size: larger; width: 2em;" | _>

| For example:

style="vertical-align: top;"

| style="text-align: center; font-size: larger;" | |\

| Laminal alveolar ("dental")

| style="text-align: center; font-size: larger;" | d_<

| Alveolar

| style="text-align: center; font-size: larger;" | p_>

| Bilabial

style="vertical-align: top;"

| style="text-align: center; font-size: larger;" | !\

| Apical (post-) alveolar ("retroflex")

| style="text-align: center; font-size: larger;" | J\_<

| Palatal

| style="text-align: center; font-size: larger;" | t_>

| Alveolar

style="vertical-align: top;"

| style="text-align: center; font-size: larger;" | =\

| Laminal postalveolar ("palatal")

| style="text-align: center; font-size: larger;" | g_<

| Velar

| style="text-align: center; font-size: larger;" | k_>

| Velar

style="vertical-align: top;"

| style="text-align: center; font-size: larger;" | |\|\

| Lateral coronal ("lateral")

| style="text-align: center; font-size: larger;" | G\_<

| Uvular

| style="text-align: center; font-size: larger;" | s_>

| Alveolar fricative

= Vowels =

class="nounderlines" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding=0 style="text-align:center; background:transparent;"
style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"| style="width:60px;" | Front

| style="width:180px;" | Central

| style="width:60px;" | Back

style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | Close

| style="height:210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 |

300px

{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;"

style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;" |

i • y

1 • }

M • u

I • Y

I\ • U\

• U

e • 2

@\ • 8

7 • o

e_o • 2_o

@

• o_o

E • 9

3 • 3\

V • O

{ •

6

a • &

A • Q

|-

| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | Near‑close

|-

| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | Close‑mid

|-

| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | Mid

|-

| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | Open‑mid

|-

| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | Near‑open

|-

| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | Open

|}

See also

References

External links

{{Wiktionary|X-SAMPA}}

  • [http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/sampa/x-sampa.htm Computer-coding the IPA: A proposed extension of SAMPA]
  • [https://www.vulgarlang.com/ipa-x-sampa-cxs-converter/ X-SAMPA to IPA to CXS converter]
  • [http://www.let.rug.nl/~kleiweg/xsampa/ Web-based translator for X-SAMPA documents.] Produces Unicode text, XML text, PostScript, PDF, or LaTeX TIPA.
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20190919184818/http://www.kneequickie.com/kq/Z-SAMPA Z-SAMPA], a backward-compatible extension of X-SAMPA sometimes used for conlangs

{{IPA navigation}}{{Latin script}}

Category:SAMPA

Category:1995 in computing

Category:Writing systems introduced in the 1990s

Category:University College London