baya weaver

In 1760 the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson included a description of the baya weaver in his Ornithologie based on a specimen that he believed had been collected in Philippines. He used the French name Le gros-bec des Philippines and the Latin Coccothraustes Philippensis.{{ cite book | last=Brisson | first=Mathurin Jacques | author-link=Mathurin Jacques Brisson | year=1760 | title=Ornithologie, ou, Méthode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres, sections, genres, especes & leurs variétés | volume= 3 | language=fr, la | place=Paris | publisher=Jean-Baptiste Bauche | pages=232–235, Plate 12 fig 1 | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35953259 }} The two stars (**) at the start of the section indicates that Brisson based his description on the examination of a specimen. Although Brisson coined Latin names, these do not conform to the binomial system and are not recognised by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature.{{cite journal |last=Allen | first=J.A. | author-link=Joel Asaph Allen | year=1910 | title=Collation of Brisson's genera of birds with those of Linnaeus |journal=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History |volume=28 | pages=317–335 | hdl=2246/678}} When in 1766 the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his Systema Naturae for the twelfth edition, he added 240 species that had been previously described by Brisson. One of these was the baya weaver. Linnaeus included a brief description, coined the binomial name Loxia philippina and cited Brisson's work.{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1766 | title=Systema naturae : per regna tria natura, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | edition=12th | volume= 1, Part 1 | publisher=Laurentii Salvii | place=Holmiae (Stockholm) | language=la | pages=305–306 | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/42946501 }} It was subsequently realised that Brisson was mistaken in believing that his specimen came from the Philippines and the type locality was redesignated as Sri Lanka.{{ cite book | editor1-last=Mayr | editor1-first=Ernst | editor1-link=Ernst Mayr | editor2-last=Greenway | editor2-first=James C. Jr | year=1962 | title=Check-list of birds of the world | volume= 15 | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=53 | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14485426 }} This species is now placed in the genus Ploceus that was introduced by the French naturalist Georges Cuvier in 1816.{{ cite book | last=Cuvier | first=Georges | author-link=Georges Cuvier | year=1816 | title=Le Règne animal distribué d'après son organisation : pour servir de base a l'histoire naturelle des animaux et d'introduction a l'anatomie comparée | volume= 1 | language=fr | place=Paris | publisher=Déterville | page=383 | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/1844893 }}

There are five subspecies:{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | year=2018 | title=Old World sparrows, snowfinches, weavers | work=World Bird List Version 8.1 | url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/weavers/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=5 May 2018 }}

• P. p. philippinus (Linnaeus, 1766) – Pakistan, India (except southwest and northeast), Sri Lanka and south Nepal
• P. p. travancoreensis Ali & Whistler, 1936 – southwest India
• P. p. burmanicus Ticehurst, 1932 – Bhutan, northeast India and Bangladesh through Myanmar to southwest China
• P. p. angelorum Deignan, 1956 – Thailand and south Laos
• P. p. infortunatus Hartert, 1902 – south Vietnam, Malay Peninsula, Borneo and Sumatra, Java and Bali

These are sparrow-sized ({{cvt|15|cm|disp=sqbr}}) and in their non-breeding plumage, both males and females resemble female house sparrows. They have a stout conical bill and a short square tail. Non-breeding males and females look very similar: dark brown streaked fulvous buff above, plain (unstreaked) whitish fulvous below, eyebrow long and buff coloured, bill is horn coloured and no mask. Breeding males have a bright yellow crown, dark brown mask, blackish brown bill, upper parts are dark brown streaked with yellow, with a yellow breast and cream buff below.{{cite book | last = Salim | first = Ali |title = The Book of Indian Birds |edition = Third | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2002 | pages = 64, 283 | isbn = 0-19-566523-6}}

Baya weavers are social and gregarious birds. They forage in flocks for seeds, both on the plants and on the ground. Flocks fly in close formations, often performing complicated manoeuvres. They are known to glean paddy and other grain in harvested fields, and occasionally damage ripening crops and are therefore sometimes considered as pests.{{cite journal|author=Sengupta, S |year=1974 |title= The Common Baya (Ploceus philippinus) - a serious pest of agriculture| journal= Current Science |volume=43|issue=4|pages=24–125|url=http://www.ias.ac.in/j_archive/currsci/43/vol43contents.html}} They roost in reed-beds bordering waterbodies. They depend on wild grasses such as Guinea grass (Panicum maximum) as well as crops like rice for both their food (feeding on seedlings in the germination stage as well as on early stages of grain{{cite journal|author1=Ali, Mir Hamid |author2=Singh, T.G. Manmohan |author3=Banu, Aziz |author4=Rao, M. Anand |author5=Janak, A.T. Sainath |year= 1978| title= Observations on the food and feeding habits of Baya Weaver Ploceus philippinus| journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. |volume=75|pages=1198–1204|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48297435}}) and nesting material. They also feed on insects (including butterflies{{cite journal| author=Ambedkar, V. C. |year=1972| title= The Baya [Ploceus philippinus (Linn.)] feeding nestlings with butterflies| journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. |volume=69|issue=3|pages=653–654|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48289644}}), sometimes taking small frogs,{{cite journal|author=George, N.J. |year=1973| title= Baya (Ploceus philippinus) feeding on frogs| journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume=70|issue=2|pages=381–382|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48290368}} geckos{{cite journal|author=Varu, SN|title=Food habits of the Baya Weaver Ploceus philippinus (Linn.)|page=320| journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume=99|issue=2|year=2002|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48604218}} and molluscs, especially to feed their young.{{cite journal|author1=Mukherjee, A.K. |author2=Saha, B.C. |year=1974 |title= Study on the stomach contents of Common Baya, Ploceus philippinus (Linnaeus)|journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume=71|issue=2|page=308|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48286507}} Their seasonal movements are governed by food availability. Their calls are a continuous {{not a typo|chit-chit-}}... sometimes ending in a wheezy {{not a typo|cheee-eee-ee}} that is produced by males in a chorus. A lower intensity call is produced in the non-breeding season.{{cite book|vauthors=Ali S, Ripley SD | year=1999|title=Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan| volume=10| edition=2nd| publisher=Oxford University Press| pages=92–97|isbn=0-19-562063-1}}

They are occasionally known to descend to the ground and indulge in dust bathing.{{cite journal| author=Ganguli, Usha |year=1968| title= Dust bathing by Common Baya (Ploceus philippinus)| journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. |volume=65|issue=3|page=780|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48068349}}

In captivity, individuals are known to form stable peck orders.

File:Baya weaver building its nest.jpg

The breeding season of the baya weavers is during the monsoons. The breeding condition is initiated by environmental characters such as day length and comes to an end late in summer. This post-reproductive "photorefractoriness", in which photoperiodic birds cease to respond reproductively to the stimulation of long days, can end spontaneously without having been exposed to short days for four to six months unlike temperate birds.{{cite journal | author1 = Bisht, M. | author2 = Chandola-Saklani, A. | year = 1992 | title = Short-day experience is not a preprequisite for the termination of photorefractoriness in the reproductive cycle of Baya Weaver, Ploceus philippinus | journal = Journal of Biosciences (Bangalore) | volume = 17 | issue = 1 | pages = 29–34 | doi = 10.1007/BF02716770| s2cid = 33084202 }} They nest in colonies typically of up to 20–30, close to the source of food, nesting material and water. Baya weavers are best known for the elaborately woven nests constructed by the males. These pendulous nests are retort-shaped, with a central nesting chamber and a long vertical tube that leads to a side entrance to the chamber. The nests are woven with long strips of paddy leaves, rough grasses and long strips torn from palm fronds. Each strip can be between {{cvt|20 and 60|cm}} in length. A male bird is known to make up to 500 trips to complete a nest. The birds use their strong beaks to strip and collect the strands, and to weave and knot them while building their nests. The nests are often built hanging over water{{cite journal|author=Borkar, M.R. |author2=Komarpant, N. |year=2003|url=http://www.envirobiotechjournals.com/article_abstract.php?aid=3244&iid=117&jid=3 |title=Observations on the nesting ecology of Baya Weaver bird (Ploceus philippinus, Linn.) in South Goa, with notes on aberrant nest designs Ecology| journal= Environment and Conservation |volume=9 |issue=2|pages=217–227}} from palm trees{{cite journal| author=Davis, T.A. |year=1985|title= Palms are preferred hosts for Baya Weaverbird colonies |journal=Principes |volume=29|pages=115–123}} and often suspended from thorny Acacias and in some cases from telephone wires.{{cite journal|author=Davis, T. Antony |year=1974 |title= Selection of nesting trees and the frequency of nest visits by Baya weaverbird|journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. |volume=71| issue=3| pages=356–366|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48286567}}{{cite journal|author=Venkataramani, K |year=1981|title= Nests of Weaver Birds on telegraph wires|journal=Newsletter for Birdwatchers | volume=21|issue=9–10|page=18}}{{cite journal|author=Subramanya, S |year=1982| title= Baya nests on telegraph wires|journal=Newsletter for Birdwatchers |volume=22|issue=3–4|pages=6–7|url=https://archive.org/stream/NLBW22#page/n33/mode/1up}}{{cite journal|author= Ambedkar, V.C. |year=1969|title= Nests of the Baya, Ploceus philippinus (Linnaeus) on telegraph wires|journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. |volume=66|issue=3|page=624|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47961759}}{{cite journal| author=Kirkpatrick, K.M. |year=1952| title= Baya (Ploceus philippinus Linn.) nests on telegraph wires| journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. |volume=50|issue=3|page=657|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48057260}} Although the birds prefer thorny trees, they sometimes use avenue trees in urban areas.{{cite journal|author= Gupta, K.K. |year=1995| title= A note on Baya, Ploceus philippinus nesting on Krishnachuda (Delonix regia) tree|journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume= 92|issue=1|pages=124–125|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48613657}} Nests are often located on the eastern side of the tree, where they are believed to provide shelter from the Southwest Monsoon; however, late breeders are more likely to build their nests in other orientations relative to the trunk of the nest tree.{{cite journal|author=Sharma, Satish Kumar |year=1990| title= Orientation of nest colonies by Baya Weaver Birds| journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. |volume=87|issue=3|pages=454–455|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48807182}} Abandoned nests are sometimes used by mice (Mus booduga){{cite journal|author1=Akhtar, S Asad |author2=Tiwari, JK |year=1992| title= Brood of the Indian Field Mouse Mus booduga in an abandoned Baya nest|journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. |volume=89|issue=2|page=245|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48732709}} and other birds such as munias.{{cite journal|author=Mishra, Veer Vaibhav |year=2001|title= Munias accept abandoned nest of Baya|journal=Newsletter for Birdwatchers |volume= 41|issue=1|page=13}}{{cite journal|author1=Regupathy, D. |author2=Davis, T.A. |year=1984|title= Mouse, a nest-parasite of Baya Weaver Bird (Ploceus philippinus L.)|journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. |volume=81|issue=1|pages=200–202|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48874108}}

Nests are built mainly in colonies but isolated nests are not unknown.{{cite journal| author=Pandey, Deep Narayan |year=1991| title= Nest site selection by Baya Ploceus philippinus (Linn.)| journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. |volume=88|issue=3|page=458|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48673894}} Nests are often built from thorny Acacia or palm trees (mainly Phoenix sylvestris{{cite journal|author= Sharma, Satish Kumar |year=1989 |title= Host plants used by Baya Weaver Bird Ploceus philippinus (L.) for nesting in Udaipur District, Rajasthan| journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. |volume=86|issue=3 |pages=453–454|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48710853}}) and hang over open water.{{cite journal|author-link=John Crook (ethologist)|author=Crook, John Hurrell| year=1960|title= Studies on the reproductive behaviour of the Baya Weaver|journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. |volume=57|issue=1|pages=1–44|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47541511}} Young males may build experimental nests among reeds.{{cite journal|author1=Abdulali, Humayun |author2=Ambedkar, V. C. |year=1984|title= Some notes on the breeding of the Common Baya (Ploceus philippinus)|journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. |volume=81|issue=3|pages=701–702|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48874667}} In Burma, birds often build nests under the eaves of buildings, but this habit is uncommon in India.{{cite journal|author=Davis, T.A. |year=1971| title= Baya Weaverbird nesting on human habitations| journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. |volume=68|issue=1|pages=246–248|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48430406}} The males take about 18 days to construct the complete nest with the intermediate "helmet stage" taking about eight days.{{cite journal|author=Asokan, S. |author2=Mohamed Samsoor |author3=Ali A. |author4=Nagarajan, R. |year=2008 |title=Studies on nest construction and nest microclimate of the Baya weaver, Ploceus philippinus (Linn.)|journal= Journal of Environmental Biology |volume=29|issue=3|pages=393–396|pmid=18972698}} The nests are partially built before the males begin to display to passing females by flapping their wings and calling while hanging from their nests. The females inspect the nest and signal their acceptance of a male. Once a male and a female are paired, the male goes on to complete the nest by adding the entrance tunnel. Males are almost solely in charge of nest building, though their female partners may join in giving the finishing touches, particularly on the interiors. Females may modify the interiors or add blobs of mud.{{cite journal|author=Ali, S. |year=1931 |title= The nesting habits of the Baya (Ploceus philippinus)|journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume=34|issue=4|pages=947–964|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48294292}} A study has found that nest location is more important than nest structure for the female when it selects the nest and mate.{{cite journal|author=Quader, Suhel |year=2006 |title=What makes a good nest? Benefits of nest choice to female Baya weavers (Ploceus philippinus) |journal=The Auk |volume=123 |issue=2 |pages=475–486 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232679146 |doi=10.1642/0004-8038(2006)123[475:WMAGNB]2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=85952570 |doi-access=free }} Females prefer nests high in trees, those over dry land, and those on thin branches.{{cite web| author=Quader, Suhel |year=2003| title=Nesting and Mating Decisions and their Consequences in the Baya Weaverbird Ploceus philippinus| work=Ph.D. Dissertation| publisher=University of Florida| url=http://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/UF/E0/00/10/63/00001/quader_s.pdf| access-date=2012-09-09}}

Both males and females are polygamous. Males build many partial nests and begin courting females. The male finishes the nest only after finding a mate. The female lays about two to four white eggs and incubates them for about 14 to 17 days.{{cite journal|author1=Ali, Salim |author2=Ambedkar, Vijaykumar C |year=1957 |title= Further notes on the Baya Weaver Bird Ploceus philippinus Linn|journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. |volume=54|issue=3|pages=491–502|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48066605}} Males may sometimes assist in feeding the chicks. The chicks leave the nest after about 17 days. After mating with a female the male typically court other females at other partially constructed nests. Intraspecific brood parasitism is known, that is, females may lay their eggs in the nests of others.{{cite journal|author=Dhindsa, M.S. |year=1990 |title= Intraspecific brood parasitism in the Baya Weaverbird (Ploceus philippinus)|journal= Bird Behavior|volume= 8|pages=111–113|doi=10.3727/015613890791784326|issue=2}} Young birds leave the nest in juvenile plumage, which is replaced in their first moult after about four to six months. The young disperse to new locations not far from their nest and young have been located up to two kilometres away from their origin.{{cite journal|author=Mathew, D.N. |year=1972 |title=The ecology of the Baya in Rajampet, Cuddapah Dt., Andhra Pradesh|journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. |volume=69|issue=1|pages=188–191|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48289037}} Females are capable of breeding after a year while males take half a year longer. Prior to breeding they go through a prenuptial moult. Adults also go through a second moult after breeding and thus there are two moults each year.{{cite journal|author=Mathew, D.N. |year=1977 |title= Moult in the Baya Weaver Ploceus philippinus Linnaeus|journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume=74|issue=2|pages=233–245|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48238996}} Histochemical studies have shown increased lipid metabolism in the crown region of male Baya during the breeding season. Lipids are known to be involved in the transport of the yellow carotenoid pigments that form the crown and are subsequently metabolized.{{cite journal|author=Narasimhacharya, A. V. R. L.|author2=Kotak, V. C.|name-list-style=amp |year=1989 |title= Histochemical observations on the crown skin of male baya: Lipids, lipase and phosphomonoesterases|journal= J. Biosci.|volume=14|issue=4|pages=385–390|doi=10.1007/BF02703424|s2cid=45180353}}

The nest, being suspended from thorny trees and overhanging water, is protected from many predators, but nest predation by crows is not unusual. Brood may also be destroyed by lizards such as Calotes versicolor or rodents such as Vandeleuria oleracea which may take over the nest. Nests may sometimes be taken over and used for nesting by munias and Indian silverbills (Euodice malabarica).{{cite journal|author1=Dhindsa, M. S. |author2=Sandhu, P. S. |year=1988| title= Response of the Baya Weaverbird (Ploceus philippinus) to eggs of the White-throated Munia (Lonchura malabarica): relation to possible incipient brood parasitism|journal= Zool. Anz. |volume=220|pages=216–222}}

A widespread folk belief in India is that the baya sticks fireflies with mud to the nest walls to light up the interior of the nest at night. Clay, however is known to be used in the nests of baya weavers. Males alone have been seen to add blobs of mud and dung to the nest chamber prior to pairing with a female.{{cite journal|author=Davis,T. Antony |year=1973| title= Mud and dung plastering in Baya nests|journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume= 70|issue=1|pages=57–71|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48290010}} It has been suggested that the clay may help to stabilise the nest in strong winds.{{cite journal|author=Wood, C. A. |year=1926 |title=The nest of the Baya weaver bird|journal= The Auk|volume= 43|issue=3|pages=295–302| url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v043n03/p0295-p0302.pdf|doi=10.2307/4075422|jstor=4075422 }}

In earlier times, the baya weaver was trained by street performers in India for entertainment. They could pick up objects at the command of their trainers.{{cite journal|author=Khan, At'har Ali|title=On the Baya, or Indian Gross-beak|pages=109–110|journal=Asiatic Researches|volume=2|year=1799|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/29412089}} They were trained to fire toy cannons, string beads, pick up coins and other objects. According to Edward Blyth "the truth is, that the feats performed by trained Bayas are really very wonderful, and must be witnessed to be fully credited. Exhibitors carry them about, we believe, to all parts of the country; and the usual procedure is, when ladies are present, for the bird, on a sign from its master, to take a sweetmeat in its bill, and deposit it between a lady's lips, and repeat this offering to every lady present, the bird following the look and gesture of its master. A miniature cannon is then brought, which the bird loads with coarse grains of powder...." Robert Tytler noted demonstrations where the bird would twirl a thin stick with fires at the ends over its head.{{cite book|editor=Duncan, Peter Martin| title=Cassell's Natural History. Volume IV.|year=1894| publisher=Cassell and Company|place=London|page=103|url=https://archive.org/stream/cassellsnaturalh04duncrich#page/103/mode/1up}} These uses have been noted from the time of Akbar.

{{blockquote|The baya is like a wild sparrow but yellow. It is extremely intelligent, obedient and docile. It will take small coins from the hand and bring them to its master, and will come to a call from a long distance. Its nests are so ingeniously constructed as to defy the rivalry of clever artificers.|Āīn (trans. Jarrett), iii. 122. (ca. 1590) quoted in the Hobson Jobson{{cite book|author=Yule, Henry |year=1903 |title= Hobson-Jobson: A glossary of colloquial Anglo-Indian words and phrases, and of kindred terms, etymological, historical, geographical and discursive. |url=https://archive.org/details/hobsonjobsonagl02croogoog |edition=New |editor= William Crooke| publisher=J. Murray, London}}}}

Túkúra Sorai (Assamese: টোকোৰা চৰাই); baya, son-chiri (Hindi); bayya chirya (Urdu: بیّا چڑیا ); ବାୟା ଚଢ଼େଇ (Odia); sugaran (Marathi); tempua (Malay); sughari (Gujarati); বাবুই (babui) (Bengali); parsupu pita, gijigadu/gijjigadu గిజిగాడు (Telugu); gijuga ಗಿಜುಗ (Kannada); thukanam kuruvi, ആറ്റക്കുരുവി (Malayalam);{{Cite web |url=http://birds.thenatureweb.net/baya_weaver.aspx |title=Baya Weaver |access-date=2017-06-12 |archive-date=2017-06-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630133750/http://birds.thenatureweb.net/baya_weaver.aspx |url-status=dead }} thukanan-kuruvi, தூக்கணாங்குருவி (Tamil); wadu-kurulla, tatteh-kurulla, goiyan-kurulla (Sinhala); sa-gaung-gwet, sar-buu-daung စာဗူးတောင်း (Burmese); bijra (Punjabi: ਬਿਜੜਾ ); suyam (Chota Nagpur), bagra(Maithili).{{cite journal|title=Vernacular Names of the Birds of the Indian Subcontinent|journal =Buceros|author=Anonymous|year=1998|volume=3|issue=1|url=https://archive.org/details/IndianBirdNames |format=PDF|pages=53–109}} संस्कृतम् (सुगृहः/चञ्चूसूचकः) Marathi (सुगरण पक्षी)

File:BayaOnDisplay.jpg|upright|left|Male P. p. philippinus displaying at nest

File:Weaverbirds at West Bengal.jpg|Weaverbird at nest, West Bengal, India

File:Baya Weaver Gobi.jpg|upright|left|Male perched on his nest in southern India

File:Baya Weaver (Ploceus philippinus) W IMG 4886.jpg|upright|left|A winter flock

File:Weaver nests, in village Behlolpur, Punjab ,India.JPG|Nests hanging from palm (Phoenix sp.) fronds

File:Group of nest of Baya Weaver on the water-edge.jpg|Nests overhanging water

File:Baya weaver at nest I IMG 5101.jpg|Male P. p. burmanicus at half-built nest in "helmet stage" without the entrance funnel

File:Nests in Palmyra Palm tree.jpg|Nests hanging on Palmyra Palm

File:Baya Weaver I IMG 8234.jpg|Female P. p. burmanicus feeding juvenile

File:Baya Weaver 001.jpg|Male P. p. burmanicus showing bright yellow crown

File:White-rumped Munia exploring Baya Weaver Nest.jpg|White-rumped munia using an abandoned nest

{{reflist}}

• Alexander, Horace (1972) Nest building of the Baya Weaver Bird. Newsletter for Birdwatchers . 12(9):12.
• {{cite journal|author1=Ali, Salim|author2= Ambedkar, Vijaykumar C. |year=1956| title= Notes on the Baya Weaver Bird, Ploceus philippinus Linn.|journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume= 53|issue=3|pages=381–389|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48180833}}
• {{cite journal|author=Ambedkar, V.C. |year=1978|title= Abnormal nests of the Baya Weaver Bird Ploceus philippinus (Linn.)|journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume= 75|issue=Supplement|pages=1205–1211|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48297442}}
• {{cite journal|author=Ambedkar, V. C. |year=1958| title= Notes on the Baya: Breeding season 1957|journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. |volume=55|issue=1|pages=100–106|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48068567}}
• Anon. (1981) Multiple Baya nests. Newsletter for Birdwatchers . 21(1):2-4.
• {{cite journal|author=Davis, T. A. |year=1985| title= "Blind" or "closed" nests of Baya Weaverbird.|journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. |volume=82|issue=3|pages=658–660|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/50395358}}
• Davis, T. A. (1966) Nesting Behaviour of the Baya (Ploceus philippinus, L.). (Technical Report No. Nat 4/66.) Research and Training School, Indian Statistical Institute, Calcutta. 28 pages.
• {{cite journal|author-link=Douglas Dewar|author=Dewar, Douglas|year=1909|title= The nesting habits of the Baya|journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume= 19|issue=3|pages=627–634|url= https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/5450041}}
• {{cite journal|author=Khacher, Lavkumar |year=1977|title= Note on the Baya Weaver bird Ploceus philippinus (Linn.)|journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume= 74|issue=3|page=533|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48239320}}
• Mathew,DN (1971) Ecology and biology of the Baya Weaver Bird Ploceus philippinus. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Bombay, Bombay.
• Mohan, D. (1991) Common baya weaver bird - nest building habits. Newsletter for Birdwatchers . 31(9-10):2-4.
• {{cite journal|author=Punde, A.B. |year=1912|title= Migration of the Baya (Ploceus baya)|journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. |volume=21|issue=2|pages=675–676|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30151424}}
• Serrao, J.S. (1971) Nesting of the Baya Weaver Bird Ploceus philippinus. Newsletter for Birdwatchers . 11(10):11.
• Sharma, S.K. (1995) Nests of Baya used as filling fibre in southern Rajasthan. Newsletter for Birdwatchers . 35(3):57-58.
• {{cite journal|author=Sharma, Satish Kumar |year=1987|title= Host plants used by Baya Weaver Bird (Ploceus philippinus Linn.) for nesting in eastern Rajasthan (Breeding period 1982)|journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume= 84|issue=1|pages=218–220|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/49081257}}
• {{cite journal|author=Sharma, Satish Kumar (1988) |title=Buttressed nests of Baya Weaver Bird Ploceus philippinus (Linn.)|journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. |year=1988|volume=85|issue=2|page=432|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48804993}}
• Sharma, Satish Kumar (1985) A study of qualitative aspect of abnormal nesting in Baya Weaver Bird the Ploceus philippinus and P. benghalensis. J. Southern Forest Ranger's College 61:50-54.
• {{cite journal|author=Sharma, Satish Kumar |year=1991|title= Nests of Baya Weaver Birds Ploceus philippinus and wintering Arthropods|journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume= 88|issue=2|pages=289–290|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48673711}}
• {{cite journal|author=Sharma, Satish Kumar |year=1995|title= A study of abnormal nests of Baya Weaver Bird Ploceus philippinus (Linn.) in Rajasthan|journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume= 92|issue=1|pages=67–76|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48613598}}
• Sidhartha, D. (1981) Baya nests in October. Newsletter for Birdwatchers . 21(1):8.
• Singh, T. G. M. (1980) An observation on the behaviour of Indian Baya (Ploceus phillipinus) in captivity during solar eclipses. Mayura 1(2):20-21.
• Stairmand, D.A. (1971) Pre-monsoon breeding of the Baya Ploceus philippinus. Newsletter for Birdwatchers . 11(9):12.
• Thapliyal, J. P.; Tewary, P. D. (1964) Effect of light on the pituitary, gonad and plumage pigmentation in the Avadavat (Estrilda amandava) and Baya Weaver (Ploceus philippinus). Proc. Zool. Soc. London 142, 67–71.
• Vardhani, B. P.; Rao, P. S.; Srimannarayana,G. (1992) The efficacy of certain plant extracts as repellents against House Sparrow, Passer domesticus and Baya Weaver Bird Ploceus philippinus. J. Appl. Zool. Res. 3(2):193-194.
• Letitia Landon refers to the baya in 'Kishen Kower' from 'The Zenana' - "And the hues of the bayas like sunbeams combined;" She describes them in a note as 'Small crested sparrows, with bright yellow breasts'.

{{Commons category|Ploceus philippinus}}

• [http://ibc.lynxeds.com/species/baya-weaver-ploceus-philippinus Baya weaver media] on the Internet Bird Collection

{{Ploceidae}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q1319774}}

baya weaver

Category:Birds of Indomalaya

baya weaver

baya weaver