beardfish
{{Short description|Genus of fishes}}
{{for|the Swedish band|Beardfish (band)}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Beardfishes
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|95|0|earliest=105|Late Cenomanian to present}} Possible Albian occurrence
| image = Polymixia nobilis.jpg
| image_caption = Stout Beardfish, (P. nobilis)
| parent_authority = Rosen & Patterson, 1969
| display_parents = 2
| taxon = Polymixiidae
| authority = Bleeker, 1859
| subdivision_ranks = Families
| subdivision = * †Boreiohydriidae Murray & Cumbaa 2013
- †Dalmatichthyidae Radovčić 1975
- †Digoriidae Bannikov 1985
- †Dinopterygidae Jordan, 1923
- Polymixiidae Gill 1862
- †Pycnosteroididae Patterson, 1964
| synonyms = * Polymixioidei Bleeker 1859
| type_species = Polymixia nobilis
| type_species_authority = R. T. Lowe, 1838
}}
The beardfishes consist of a single extant genus, Polymixia, of deep-sea marine ray-finned fish named for their pair of long hyoid barbels. They are classified in their own order Polymixiiformes {{IPAc-en|p|ɒ|l|i|ˈ|m|ɪ|k|s|i|.||ᵻ|f|ɔːr|m|iː|z}}.{{FishBase order | order = Polymixiiformes | month = February | year = 2006}} But as Nelson says, "few groups have been shifted back and forth as frequently as this one, and they were recently added to Paracanthoptergii".{{cite book | author = Joseph S. Nelson | title = Fishes of the World | date = 29 April 1994 | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | isbn = 0-471-54713-1}} For instance, they have previously been classified as belonging to the Beryciformes, and are presently considered either paracanthopterygians or the sister group to acanthopterygians. They are of little economic importance.{{cite book |editor1=Paxton, J.R. |editor2=Eschmeyer, W.N. |author= Paxton, John R.|year=1998|title=Encyclopedia of Fishes|publisher= Academic Press|location=San Diego|page=161|isbn= 0-12-547665-5}}
They are found in tropical and subtropical waters of the Atlantic, Indian and western Pacific Ocean. They are bottom-dwelling fish, found down to about {{convert|800|m|ft|abbr=on}} depth. Most are relatively small fish, although one species, Polymixia berndti, is over {{convert|40|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length.
The earliest body fossils are from the Late Cenomanian of Lebanon, of the genus Pycnosteroides.{{Cite journal |last=Schrøder |first=Ane Elise |last2=Rasmussen |first2=Jan Audun |last3=Møller |first3=Peter Rask |last4=Carnevale |first4=Giorgio |date=2022-08-31 |title=A new beardfish (Teleostei, Polymixiiformes) from the Eocene Fur Formation, Denmark |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02724634.2022.2142914 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |language=en |volume=42 |issue=2 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2022.2142914 |issn=0272-4634|hdl=10037/28645 |hdl-access=free }} However, tentative earlier records are known from distinctive fossil otoliths from the Early Cretaceous (Albian) of Texas, USA.{{Cite journal |last=Schwarzhans |first=Werner |last2=Stringer |first2=Gary L. |last3=Welton |first3=Bruce |date=2022-12-01 |title=Oldest Teleostean Otolith Assemblage from North America (Pawpaw Formation, Lower Cretaceous, upper Albian, northeast Texas, USA) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667122001719 |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=140 |pages=105307 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105307 |issn=0195-6671|doi-access=free }} Many different fossil families and genera are known from the Late Cretaceous and early Cenozoic, in contrast to the relatively few surviving species in a single genus.{{Cite journal |last=Murray |first=Alison M. |date=2014 |title=Mid-Cretaceous acanthomorph fishes with the description of a new species from the Turonian of Lac des Bois, Northwest Territories, Canada |url=https://journals.library.ualberta.ca/vamp/index.php/VAMP/article/view/25439 |journal=Vertebrate Anatomy Morphology Palaeontology |language=en |volume=1 |pages=101–115 |doi=10.18435/B5CC78 |issn=2292-1389|doi-access=free }} Extant beardfish can thus be considered "living fossils".{{Cite journal |last=De Cia Caixeta |first=Heloísa |last2=Oliveira |first2=Claudio |last3=Melo |first3=Marcelo Roberto Souto de |date=2024-03-01 |title=Another piece of the living fossil puzzle: A new species of Polymixia Lowe, 1836 (Polymixiiformes: Polymixiidae) from the western South Atlantic |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967063724000190 |journal=Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers |volume=205 |pages=104249 |doi=10.1016/j.dsr.2024.104249 |issn=0967-0637}}
Classification
- Order Polymixiiformes Rosen & Patterson, 1969{{cite web|website=Mikko's Phylogeny Archive|last=Haaramo|first=Mikko|year=2007|title=Polymixiomorpha – beardfishes and relatives |url=http://www.helsinki.fi/~mhaaramo/metazoa/deuterostoma/chordata/actinopterygii/polymixiomorpha.html#Ctenothrissiformes |access-date= 30 December 2016}}{{cite journal| website=Collection of genus-group names in a systematic arrangement| title=Part 7- Vertebrates| url=http://mave.tweakdsl.nl/tn/genera7.html| display-authors=etal| access-date=30 June 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005114629/http://mave.tweakdsl.nl/tn/genera7.html| archive-date=2016-10-05| url-status=dead}}
- Genus ?†Allocyclostoma Schwarzhans, Stringer & Welton, 2022
[ otolith] - †A. alienus Schwarzhans, Stringer & Welton, 2022
- Genus †Cumbaaichthys Murray 2016
- †Cumbaaichthys oxyrhynchus Murray 2016
- Genus †Severnichthys Stringer & Schwarzhans, 2021 [
otolith]{{Cite journal |last=Stringer |first=Gary |last2=Schwarzhans |first2=Werner |date=2021 |title=Upper Cretaceous teleostean otoliths from the Severn Formation (Maastrichtian) of Maryland, USA, with an unusual occurrence of Siluriformes and Beryciformes and the oldest Atlantic coast Gadiformes |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104867 |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=125 |pages=104867 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104867 |issn=0195-6671|doi-access=free }} - †S. beauryi (Schwarzhans, 2010)
- †S. bourdoni Stringer & Schwarzhans, 2021
- Genus ?†Texoma Schwarzhans, Stringer & Welton, 2022 [otolith]
- †T. cyclogaster Schwarzhans, Stringer & Welton, 2022
- Family †Boreiohydriidae Murray & Cumbaa 2013
- Genus †Boreiohydrias Murray & Cumbaa 2013
- †Boreiohydrias dayi Murray & Cumbaa 2013
- Family †Dalmatichthyidae Radovčić 1975
- Genus †Dalmatichthys Radovčić 1975
- †Dalmatichthys malezi Radovčić 1975
- Family †Digoriidae Bannikov 1985
- Genus †Digoria Daniltshenko, 1980
- †Digoria ambigua Daniltshenko, 1980
- Family †Dinopterygidae Jordan, 1923
- Genus †Dinopteryx Woodward, 1901
- †Dinopteryx spinosus (Davis, 1887)
- Family Polymixiidae Gill 1862 [Berycopsidae Regan 1911; Dalmatichthyidae Radovčić 1975; Omosomopsidae Gaudant 1978; Homonotichthyidae Whitley 1933]
- Genus †Apricenaichthys Taverne 2011
- †Apricenaichthys italicus
- Genus †Berycopsia Radovčić 1975
- †Berycopsia inopinnata Radovčić 1975
- Genus †Berycopsis Dixon 1850 [Platycormus von der Marck 1900]
- †B. elegans Dixon 1850 [Platycormus elegans (Dixon 1850)]
- †B. germana (Agassiz 1839) [Beryx germanus Agassiz 1839; Platycormus germanus (Agassiz 1839)]
- †B. pulcher Bannikov & Bacchia 2004
- Genus †Cowetaichthys Schwarzhans, Huddleston & Takeuchi, 2018 [otolith]{{Cite journal |last=SCHWARZHANS |first=WERNER W. |last2=HUDDLESTON |first2=RICHARD W. |last3=TAKEUCHI |first3=GARY T. |date=2018-01-22 |title=A LATE SANTONIAN FISH-FAUNA FROM THE EUTAW FORMATION OF ALABAMA RECONSTRUCTED FROM OTOLITHS |url=https://riviste.unimi.it/index.php/RIPS/article/view/9624 |journal=Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia (Research In Paleontology and Stratigraphy) |language=en |volume=V. 124 |pages=N. 1 (2018) |doi=10.13130/2039-4942/9624}}
- †C. alabamae Schwarzhans, Huddleston & Takeuchi, 2018
- †C. beauryi (Schwarzhans, 2010)
- †C. carnevalei Schwarzhans & Stringer, 2020
- †C. groenlandicus (Schwarzhans, 2004)
- †C. harderi (Schwarzhans, 2003)
- †C. lamberi Schwarzhans, Huddleston & Takeuchi, 2018
- Genus †Homonotichthys Whitley 1933
- †H. dorsalis (Dixon 1850) [Homonotus dorsalis Dixon 1850]
- †H. elegans (Dixon 1850) [Homonotus elegans Dixon 1850]
- †H. rotundus (Woodward 1902) [Homonotus rotundus Woodward 1902]
- Genus †Namicauda Schwarzhans, Ohe & Ando, 2017 [otolith]{{Cite journal |last=Schwarzhans |first=Werner |last2=Ohe |first2=Fumio |last3=Ando |first3=Yusuke |date=2017 |title=An Early Oligocene fish-fauna from Japan reconstructed from otoliths |url=https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/40475/ |journal=Zitteliana |pages=3–26 |doi=10.5282/ubm/epub.40475 |issn=0373-9627}}
- †Namicauda pulvinata Schwarzhans, Ohe & Ando, 2017
- Genus †Omosoma Costa 1857
- †O. garretti Bardack 1976
- †O. pulchellum Davis 1887
- †O. sahelalmae Costa 1857
- †O. tselfatense Gaudant 1978
- Genus †Omosomopsis Gaudant 1978
- †Omosomopsis sima (Arambourg 1954) Gaudant 1978
- Genus †Parapolymixia David 1946
- †Parapolymixia californica David 1946
- Genus †Pycnosterinx Heckel 1849 [Imogaster Costa 1857]
- †P. discoides Heckel 1849
- †P. dorsalis Pictet 1850
- †P. heckelii Pictet 1850
- †P. latus Davis 1887
- †P. russeggeri Heckel 1849 [Homonotus pulcher Davis 1886]
- Genus Polymixia Lowe 1836 [Dinemus Poey 1860; Nemobrama Valenciennes 1860 non Jordan, Evermann & Clark 1930]
- P. berndti Gilbert 1905 (Pacific beardfish)
- P. busakhini Kotlyar 1993 (Busakhin's beardfish)
- P. carmenae Caixeta, Oliveira & de Melo, 2024 (Brazilian beardfish)
- P. fusca Kotthaus 1970
- †?P. harderi (Schwarzhans 2003) [otolith]{{Cite web |date=2017-02-15 |title=Bulletin Volume 65 – 2017 |url=https://2dgf.dk/publikationer/bulletin/bulletin-volume-65-2017/ |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=Dansk Geologisk Forening |language=da-DK |doi=10.37570/bgsd-2017-65-05}}
- P. hollisterae Grande & Wilson, 2021 (Bermuda beardfish)
- P. japonica Günther 1877 (Silver eye)
- P. longispina Deng, Xiong & Zhan 1983 [Polymixia kawadae Okamura & Ema 1985]
- P. lowei Günther 1859 (Beardfish)
- P. nobilis Lowe 1838 [Nemobrama webbii Valenciennes 1837; Dinemus venustus Poey 1860; Polymixia nobilis virginica Nichols & Firth 1936] (Stout beardfish)
- †P. polita Schwarzhans 2012 [otolith]
- P. salagomeziensis Kotlyar 1991
- P. sazonovi Kotlyar 1992
- P. yuri Kotlyar 1982File:Eocene fish from the Fur Formation.jpg]]
- Genus †Polyspinatus Schrøder, Rasmussen, Møller & Carnevale, 2022
- †Polyspinatus fluere Schrøder, Rasmussen, Møller & Carnevale, 2022
- Family †Pycnosteroididae Patterson, 1964
- Genus †Magrebichthys Murray & Wilson 2014
- †Magrebichthys nelsoni Murray & Wilson 2014
- Genus †Pycnosteroides Woodward, 1942
- †Pycnosteroides levispinosus (Hay, 1903)
Timeline of genera
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References
{{Reflist}}
- {{cite journal|last=Sepkoski |first=Jack |title=A compendium of fossil marine animal genera |journal=Bulletins of American Paleontology |volume=364 |page=560 |year=2002 |url=http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class |access-date=2011-05-17 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723131237/http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class |archive-date=2011-07-23 }}
{{Actinopterygii}}
{{Taxonbar|from1=Q1922429|from2=Q3907757}}