bone tumor

Image:Giant cell tumor of bone08.JPG in the head of the 4th metacarpal of the left hand. ]]

Image:Bonetumor.jpg

Bone tumors are traditionally classified as noncancerous (benign) or cancerous (malignant). Several features of bone tumors and soft tissue tumors overlap.{{cite journal | vauthors = Choi JH, Ro JY | title = The 2020 WHO Classification of Tumors of Bone: An Updated Review | journal = Advances in Anatomic Pathology | volume = 28 | issue = 3 | pages = 119–138 | date = May 2021 | pmid = 33480599 | doi = 10.1097/PAP.0000000000000293 | s2cid = 231679037 }} Their classification was revised by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2020.{{cite journal | vauthors = Anderson WJ, Doyle LA | title = Updates from the 2020 World Health Organization Classification of Soft Tissue and Bone Tumours | journal = Histopathology | volume = 78 | issue = 5 | pages = 644–657 | date = April 2021 | pmid = 33438273 | doi = 10.1111/his.14265 | s2cid = 231595171 }} This newer classification categorises bone tumors into cartilage tumors, osteogenic tumors, fibrogenic tumors, vascular tumors of bone, osteoclastic giant cell-rich tumors, notochordal tumors, other mesenchymal tumors of bone, and hematopoietic neoplasms of bone.

Bone tumors may be classified as "primary tumors", which originate in bone or from bone-derived cells and tissues, and "secondary tumors" which originate in other sites and spread (metastasize) to the skeleton. Carcinomas of the prostate, breasts, lungs, thyroid, and kidneys are the carcinomas that most commonly metastasize to bone. Secondary malignant bone tumors are estimated to be 50 to 100 times as common as primary bone cancers.{{Cite web |last=Hussain |first=Dr Shabbir |date=2025-04-12 |title=हड्डी का कैंसर (बोन कैंसर): कारण, लक्षण, निदान और उपचार |url=https://physiotalkofficial.com/bonecancer/ |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=Physio talk official |language=en-US}}

Primary tumors of bone can be divided into benign tumors and cancers. Common benign bone tumors may be neoplastic, developmental, traumatic, infectious, or inflammatory in etiology. Some benign tumors are not true neoplasms, but rather, represent hamartomas, namely the osteochondroma. The most common locations for many primary tumors, both benign and malignant include the distal femur and proximal tibia (around the knee joint). Examples of benign bone tumors include osteoma, osteoid osteoma, osteochondroma, osteoblastoma, enchondroma, giant cell tumor of bone and aneurysmal bone cyst.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

Malignant primary bone tumors, known as bone sarcomas, include osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, fibrosarcoma, and other types. While malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) - now generally called "pleomorphic undifferentiated sarcoma" - primary in bone is known to occur occasionally,Jeon DG, Song WS, Kong CB, Kim JR, Lee SY. MFH of Bone and Osteosarcoma Show Similar Survival and Chemosensitivity. Clin Orthop Rel Res 469;584-90. current paradigms tend to consider MFH a wastebasket diagnosis, and the current trend is toward using specialized studies (i.e. genetic and immunohistochemical tests) to classify these undifferentiated tumors into other tumor classes. Multiple myeloma is a hematologic cancer, originating in the bone marrow, which also frequently presents as one or more bone lesions.{{cite web|url= https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/multiple-myeloma/|title= Multiple Myeloma|website= The Lecturio Medical Concept Library|access-date= 26 August 2021|archive-date= 26 July 2024|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240726175145/https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/multiple-myeloma/|url-status= live}}

Germ cell tumors, including teratoma, often present and originate in the midline of the sacrum, coccyx, or both. These sacrococcygeal teratomas are often relatively amenable to treatment.{{cite journal | vauthors = Maoz A, Matsuo K, Ciccone MA, Matsuzaki S, Klar M, Roman LD, Sood AK, Gershenson DM | display-authors = 6 | title = Molecular Pathways and Targeted Therapies for Malignant Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors and Sex Cord-Stromal Tumors: A Contemporary Review | journal = Cancers | volume = 12 | issue = 6 | page = 1398 | date = May 2020 | pmid = 32485873 | pmc = 7353025 | doi = 10.3390/cancers12061398 | doi-access = free }}

Secondary bone tumors are metastatic lesions which have spread from other organs, most commonly carcinomas of the breast, lung, and prostate. Rarely, primary bone malignancies such as osteosarcoma may also spread to other bones.{{cite web|url= https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/osteosarcoma/|title= Osteosarcoma|website= The Lecturio Medical Concept Library|access-date= 26 August 2021|archive-date= 25 August 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210825062514/https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/osteosarcoma/|url-status= live}}

Reliable and valid statistics on the incidence, prevalence, and mortality of malignant bone tumours are difficult to come by, particularly in older adults (those over 75 years of age) - because carcinomas that are widely metastatic to bone are rarely ever curable. Biopsies to determine the origin of the tumour in cases like this are rarely done.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

{{see also|Cancer pain}}

Clinical features of a bone tumor depend on the type of tumor and which part of which bone is affected.{{cite book | vauthors = Murali S, Ilaslan H, Holden DM | chapter = 2. An imaging approach to bone tumors | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qGmnCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA11 | veditors = Santini-Araujo E, Kalil RK, Bertoni F, Park YK | title = Tumors and Tumor-Like Lesions of Bone: For Surgical Pathologists, Orthopedic Surgeons and Radiologists | date = 2015 | publisher = Springer | isbn = 978-1-4471-6577-4 | pages = 15–56 | access-date = 2022-07-30 | archive-date = 2022-07-30 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220730132151/https://books.google.com/books?id=qGmnCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA11 | url-status = live }} Symptoms and signs usually result from the pressure effect of the tumor.

There may be a lump, with or without pain. Pain may increase with the growth of the tumor and may be worse at night and at rest. A bone tumor might present with an unexplained broken bone; with little or no trauma. Additional symptoms may include fatigue, fever, weight loss, anemia and nausea. If the tumor presses a nerve, neurological signs may be present. Sometimes there are no symptoms and the tumour is found when investigating another problem.

A bone tumour may be felt on examination, following which a plain X-ray is usually carried out.{{cite journal | vauthors = Costelloe CM, Madewell JE | title = Radiography in the initial diagnosis of primary bone tumors | journal = AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology | volume = 200 | issue = 1 | pages = 3–7 | date = January 2013 | pmid = 23255735 | doi = 10.2214/AJR.12.8488 }} Blood tests might include a complete blood count, inflammatory markers, serum electrophoresis, PSA, kidney function and liver function. Urine may be sent for Bence Jones protein. Other [[Radiography|

tests]] that might be requested include a CT scan, MRI, PET scan and bone scintigraphy. For confirmation of diagnosis, a biopsy for histological evaluation might be required, using either a needle or by incision (open biopsy).

File:Diagram showing stage 1A bone cancer CRUK 198.svg|Stage 1A bone cancer

File:Diagram showing stage 1B bone cancer CRUK 201.svg|Stage 1B bone cancer

File:Diagram showing stage 2A bone cancer CRUK 211.svg|Stage 2A bone cancer

File:Diagram showing stage 2B bone cancer CRUK 215.svg|Stage 2B bone cancer

File:Diagram showing stage 3 bone cancer CRUK 218.svg|Stage 3 bone cancer

Treatment of bone tumors is dependent on the type of tumor. Where available, people with bone tumors are treated at a specialist centre which have surgeons, radiologists, pathologists, oncologists and other support staff. Generally, noncancerous bone tumors may be observed for changes and surgery offered if there is pain or pressure effects on neighbouring body parts. Surgical resection with or without cytotoxic drugs may be considered. Treatment typically involves a multidisciplinary approach combining surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, tailored to the specific type, stage, and location of the cancer. Despite advances in medical technology and treatment protocols, bone cancer continues to present significant challenges for patients and healthcare providers alike.

Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are effective in some tumors (such as Ewing's sarcoma) but less so in others (such as chondrosarcoma).[http://www.mountsinai.org/patient-care/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/bone-cancer Bone tumor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104052418/http://www.mountsinai.org/patient-care/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/bone-cancer |date=2016-11-04 }} at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York

There is a variety of chemotherapy treatment protocols for bone tumors. The protocol with the best-reported survival in children and adults is an intra-arterial protocol where tumor response is tracked by serial arteriogram. When tumor response has reached >90% necrosis surgical intervention is planned.[http://www.thedenverclinic.com/images/stories/Published_articles/Ped_OGS.pdf 10 year survival in Pediatric Osteosarcoma]{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}[http://www.thedenverclinic.com/images/stories/Published_articles/Clin_Orthop_adult_OGS.pdf Survival in Adult Osteosarcoma and MFH of Bone]{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

One of the major concerns is bone density and bone loss. Non-hormonal bisphosphonates increase bone strength and are available as once-a-week prescription pills. Strontium-89 chloride is an intravenous medication given to help with the pain and can be given in three-month intervals.

{{Main|Amputation}}

Treatment for some bone cancers may involve surgery, such as limb amputation, or limb sparing surgery (often in combination with chemotherapy and radiation therapy). Limb sparing surgery, or limb salvage surgery, means the limb is spared from amputation. Instead of amputation, the affected bone is removed and replaced in one of two ways: (a) bone graft, in which bone is taken from elsewhere on the body or (b) artificial bone is put in. In upper leg surgeries, limb salvage prostheses are available.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

There are other joint preservation surgical reconstruction options, including allograft, tumor-devitalized autograft, vascularized fibula graft, distraction osteogenesis, and custom-made implants.{{cite journal | vauthors = Takeuchi A, Yamamoto N, Hayashi K, Matsubara H, Miwa S, Igarashi K, Tsuchiya H | title = Joint-preservation surgery for pediatric osteosarcoma of the knee joint | journal = Cancer and Metastasis Reviews | volume = 38 | issue = 4 | pages = 709–722 | date = December 2019 | pmid = 31807972 | doi = 10.1007/s10555-019-09835-z | s2cid = 208650189 }} An analysis of massive knee replacements after resection of primary bone tumours showed patients did not score as highly on the Musculoskeletal Tumour Society Score and Knee Society Score as patients who had undergone intra-articular resection.{{cite journal | vauthors = Kendall SJ, Singer GC, Briggs TW, Cannon SR | title = A functional analysis of massive knee replacement after extra-articular resections of primary bone tumors | journal = The Journal of Arthroplasty | volume = 15 | issue = 6 | pages = 754–760 | date = September 2000 | pmid = 11021451 | doi = 10.1054/arth.2000.8104 }}

Over the past two decades, CT guided radiofrequency ablation has emerged as a less invasive alternative to surgical resection in the care of benign bone tumors, most notably osteoid osteomas. In this technique, which can be performed under conscious sedation, a RF probe is introduced into the tumor nidus through a cannulated needle under CT guidance and heat is applied locally to destroy tumor cells. Since the procedure was first introduced for the treatment of osteoid osteomas in the early 1990s,{{cite journal | vauthors = Rosenthal DI, Alexander A, Rosenberg AE, Springfield D | title = Ablation of osteoid osteomas with a percutaneously placed electrode: a new procedure | journal = Radiology | volume = 183 | issue = 1 | pages = 29–33 | date = April 1992 | pmid = 1549690 | doi = 10.1148/radiology.183.1.1549690 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} it has been shown in numerous studies to be less invasive and expensive, to result in less bone destruction and to have equivalent safety and efficacy to surgical techniques, with 66 to 96% of patients reporting freedom from symptoms.{{cite journal | vauthors = Rimondi E, Mavrogenis AF, Rossi G, Ciminari R, Malaguti C, Tranfaglia C, Vanel D, Ruggieri P | display-authors = 6 | title = Radiofrequency ablation for non-spinal osteoid osteomas in 557 patients | journal = European Radiology | volume = 22 | issue = 1 | pages = 181–188 | date = January 2012 | pmid = 21842430 | doi = 10.1007/s00330-011-2240-1 | s2cid = 21047698 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Rosenthal DI, Hornicek FJ, Torriani M, Gebhardt MC, Mankin HJ | title = Osteoid osteoma: percutaneous treatment with radiofrequency energy | journal = Radiology | volume = 229 | issue = 1 | pages = 171–175 | date = October 2003 | pmid = 12944597 | doi = 10.1148/radiol.2291021053 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Weber MA, Sprengel SD, Omlor GW, Lehner B, Wiedenhöfer B, Kauczor HU, Rehnitz C | title = Clinical long-term outcome, technical success, and cost analysis of radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of osteoblastomas and spinal osteoid osteomas in comparison to open surgical resection | journal = Skeletal Radiology | volume = 44 | issue = 7 | pages = 981–993 | date = July 2015 | pmid = 25910709 | doi = 10.1007/s00256-015-2139-z | s2cid = 21496405 }} While initial success rates with RFA are high, symptom recurrence after RFA treatment has been reported, with some studies demonstrating a recurrence rate similar to that of surgical treatment.{{cite journal | vauthors = Rosenthal DI, Hornicek FJ, Wolfe MW, Jennings LC, Gebhardt MC, Mankin HJ | title = Percutaneous radiofrequency coagulation of osteoid osteoma compared with operative treatment | journal = The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume | volume = 80 | issue = 6 | pages = 815–821 | date = June 1998 | pmid = 9655099 | doi = 10.2106/00004623-199806000-00005 | url = http://jbjs.org/content/80/6/815 | access-date = 2016-08-07 | url-status = dead | s2cid = 10709128 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.1018.5024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161006083133/http://jbjs.org/content/80/6/815 | archive-date = 2016-10-06 }}

Thermal ablation techniques are also increasingly being used in the palliative treatment of painful metastatic bone disease. Currently, external beam radiation therapy is the standard of care for patients with localized bone pain due to metastatic disease. Although the majority of patients experience complete or partial relief of pain following radiation therapy, the effect is not immediate and has been shown in some studies to be transient in more than half of patients.{{cite journal | vauthors = Tong D, Gillick L, Hendrickson FR | title = The palliation of symptomatic osseous metastases: final results of the Study by the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group | journal = Cancer | volume = 50 | issue = 5 | pages = 893–899 | date = September 1982 | pmid = 6178497 | doi = 10.1002/1097-0142(19820901)50:5<893::aid-cncr2820500515>3.0.co;2-y | doi-access = free }} For patients who are not eligible or do not respond to traditional therapies ( i.e. radiation therapy, chemotherapy, palliative surgery, bisphosphonates or analgesic medications), thermal ablation techniques have been explored as alternatives for pain reduction. Several multi-center clinical trials studying the efficacy of RFA in the treatment of moderate to severe pain in patients with metastatic bone disease have shown significant decreases in patient reported pain after treatment.{{cite journal | vauthors = Dupuy DE, Liu D, Hartfeil D, Hanna L, Blume JD, Ahrar K, Lopez R, Safran H, DiPetrillo T | display-authors = 6 | title = Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of painful osseous metastases: a multicenter American College of Radiology Imaging Network trial | journal = Cancer | volume = 116 | issue = 4 | pages = 989–997 | date = February 2010 | pmid = 20041484 | pmc = 2819592 | doi = 10.1002/cncr.24837 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Goetz MP, Callstrom MR, Charboneau JW, Farrell MA, Maus TP, Welch TJ, Wong GY, Sloan JA, Novotny PJ, Petersen IA, Beres RA, Regge D, Capanna R, Saker MB, Grönemeyer DH, Gevargez A, Ahrar K, Choti MA, de Baere TJ, Rubin J | display-authors = 6 | title = Percutaneous image-guided radiofrequency ablation of painful metastases involving bone: a multicenter study | journal = Journal of Clinical Oncology | volume = 22 | issue = 2 | pages = 300–306 | date = January 2004 | pmid = 14722039 | doi = 10.1200/JCO.2004.03.097 | doi-access = free }} These studies are limited however to patients with one or two metastatic sites; pain from multiple tumors can be difficult to localize for directed therapy. More recently, cryoablation has also been explored as a potentially effective alternative as the area of destruction created by this technique can be monitored more effectively by CT than RFA, a potential advantage when treating tumors adjacent to critical structures.{{cite journal | vauthors = Callstrom MR, Dupuy DE, Solomon SB, Beres RA, Littrup PJ, Davis KW, Paz-Fumagalli R, Hoffman C, Atwell TD, Charboneau JW, Schmit GD, Goetz MP, Rubin J, Brown KJ, Novotny PJ, Sloan JA | display-authors = 6 | title = Percutaneous image-guided cryoablation of painful metastases involving bone: multicenter trial | journal = Cancer | volume = 119 | issue = 5 | pages = 1033–1041 | date = March 2013 | pmid = 23065947 | pmc = 5757505 | doi = 10.1002/cncr.27793 }}

The outlook depends on the type of tumor. The outcome is expected to be good for people with noncancerous (benign) tumors, although some types of benign tumors may eventually become cancerous (malignant). With malignant bone tumors that have not spread, most patients achieve a cure, but the cure rate depends on the type of cancer, location, size, and other factors.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

Bone tumors that originate from bone are very rare and account for around 0.2% of all tumors. Average five-year survival in the United States after being diagnosed with bone and joint cancer is 67%.

The earliest known bone tumor was an osteosarcoma in a foot bone belonging to a person who died in Swartkrans Cave, South Africa, between 1.6 and 1.8 million years ago.{{cite web |last1=Strauss |first1=Mark |title=Earliest Human Cancer Found in 1.7-Million-Year-Old Bone |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/oldest-human-cancer-disease-origins-tumor-fossil-science |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310163624/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/oldest-human-cancer-disease-origins-tumor-fossil-science |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 10, 2021 |website=Culture |access-date=27 June 2021 |language=en |date=28 July 2016}}

Bones are a common site for tumors in cats and dogs.{{cite journal |author-link=Keren Dittmer |vauthors=Dittmer KE, Pemberton S |date=September 2021 |title=A Holistic Approach to Bone Tumors in Dogs and Cats: Radiographic and Histologic Correlation |journal=Veterinary Pathology |volume=58 |issue=5 |pages=841–857 |doi=10.1177/0300985821999832 |pmid=33779406 |s2cid=232409416}}

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{{Medical resources

| DiseasesDB =29282

| ICD10 = {{ICD10|C|40||c|40}}-{{ICD10|C|41||c|40}}

| ICD9 = {{ICD9|170.9}}

| ICDO =

| OMIM =

| MedlinePlus = 001230

| eMedicineSubj =

| eMedicineTopic =

| MeshID = D001859

}}

{{Tumors}}

{{Osseous and chondromatous tumors}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bone Tumor}}

Category:Osseous and chondromatous neoplasia

Category:Causes of amputation