bubalus
{{Short description|Genus of bovines}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=June 2018}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = BUFFALO159.JPG
| taxon = Bubalus
| authority = C. H. Smith, 1827
| type_species = Bos bubalis
| type_species_authority =
Linnaeus, 1758
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
Bubalus arnee
Bubalus bubalis
Bubalus depressicornis
Bubalus mindorensis
Bubalus quarlesi
}}
Bubalus is a genus of Asiatic bovines that was proposed by Charles Hamilton Smith in 1827. Bubalus and Syncerus form the subtribe Bubalina, the true buffaloes.
The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and classification of domestic animals as species, subspecies, races or breeds has been discussed controversially for many years and was inconsistent between authors.{{cite journal |author1=Gentry, A. |author2=Clutton-Brock, J. |author3=Groves, C. P. |name-list-style=amp |year=2004 |title=The naming of wild animal species and their domestic derivatives |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |volume=31 |issue= 5|pages=645–651 |url=http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/129/1297897712.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/129/1297897712.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2003.10.006|bibcode=2004JArSc..31..645G }} Assessors of the Food and Agriculture Organization consider domestic water buffalo populations as breeds.FAO (2013). [http://dad.fao.org/cgi-bin/EfabisWeb.cgi?sid=ed0eff86d3187bc80655e681362a8e22,reportsreport13_50000020 Breeds from species: Buffalo.] Domestic Animal Diversity Information System, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
Bubalus species comprise the domestic water buffalo (B. bubalis), the wild water buffalo (B. arnee), the tamaraw (B. mindorensis), the lowland anoa (B. depressicornis), and the mountain anoa (B. quarlesi).{{Cite journal |last1=Minervino |first1=A. H. H. |last2=Zava |first2=M. |last3=Vecchio |first3=D. |last4=Borghese |first4=A. |name-list-style=amp |date=2020 |title=Bubalus bubalis: A Short Story |journal=Frontiers in Veterinary Science |volume=7 |page=570413 |doi=10.3389/fvets.2020.570413 |doi-access=free |pmid=33335917|pmc=7736047 }} The latter two anoa species were proposed to form a subgenus Anoa within Bubalus.{{Cite journal |last1=Burton |first1=J. A. |last2=Hedges |first2=S. |last3=Mustari |first3=A. H. |name-list-style=amp |date=2005 |title=The taxonomic status, distribution and conservation of the lowland anoa Bubalus depressicornis and mountain anoa Bubalus quarlesi |journal=Mammal Review |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=25–50 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2907.2005.00048.x |url=https://www.academia.edu/download/47170877/The_taxonomic_status_distribution_and_co20160711-4223-1x3l84r.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.academia.edu/download/47170877/The_taxonomic_status_distribution_and_co20160711-4223-1x3l84r.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live }}{{dead link|date=July 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
Characteristics
File:Water buffalo skull (Bubalus bubalis).jpg
File:Buffalo kidney-- FMVZ USP-09.jpg
Smith described Bubalus as low in proportion to the bulk with very solid limbs, a small dewlap and a long, slender tail; the head is large with a strong convex-shaped narrow forehead, large eyes and funnel-shaped ears; horns are lying flat or bending laterally with a certain direction to the rear; the female udder has four mammae.{{cite book |first1=C. H. |last1=Smith |year=1827 |chapter=Sub-genus I. Bubalus |pages=371–373 |title=The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. Class Mammalia, Volume 5 |editor1-last=Griffith |editor1-first=E. |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/animalkingdomarr05cuvi#page/370/mode/2up |publisher=Geo. B. Whittaker |location=London}} Lydekker added that the line of back is nearly straight with 13 pairs of ribs; the tail is tufted and reaching about to the hocks; the horns are more or less markedly triangular for the greater part of their length and situated low down on the skull; the muzzle is broad, and the hair sparse in adults.{{cite book |last1=Lydekker |first1=R. |year=1913 |chapter=Subgenus Bubalus |page=40 |title=Catalogue of the ungulate mammals in the British Museum (Natural History) |publisher=British Museum (Natural History) |location=London |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/catalogueofungul01brit#page/40/mode/2up}}
Species
This genus comprises the following living species:{{cite book |last1=Groves |first1=C. |author-link1=Colin Groves |last2=Grubb |first2=P. |author-link2=Peter Grubb (zoologist) |year=2011 |title=Ungulate Taxonomy |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |location= Baltimore, Maryland |isbn=978-1421400938 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v3uZtA1ZpTAC}}
| class="wikitable" | ||
| Image | Scientific name | Distribution |
|---|---|---|
| 120px | Domestic water buffalo B. bubalis Linnaeus, 1758 | Domestic in the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, and China; feral populations exist in South America and Australia |
| 120px | Wild water buffalo B. arnee Kerr, 1792 | Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia |
| 120px | Lowland anoa B. depressicornis Smith, 1827 | Sulawesi in Indonesia |
| 120px | Tamaraw B. mindorensis Heude, 1888 | Mindoro in the Philippines |
| 120px | Mountain anoa B. quarlesi Ouwens, 1910 | Sulawesi |
=Valid names=
The 2013 checklist of the Catalogue of Life lists as "accepted" five species binomina in the genus Bubalus:
- Bubalus bubalis Linnaeus, 1758
- Bubalus depressicornis Smith, 1827
- Bubalus mephistopheles Hopwood, 1925
- Bubalus mindorensis Heude, 1888
- Bubalus quarlesi Ouwens, 1910
The Integrated Taxonomic Information System lists the same five species binomina as valid; it also lists as valid six subspecies of Bubalus bubalis:ITIS [https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt Results of: Search in every Kingdom for Scientific Name containing 'Bubalus'] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090312100559/http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt |date=March 12, 2009 }}. Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Accessed january 2014.
= Fossil species =
The following extinct fossil species have been described:
- Bubalus brevicornis - Young, 1936
- Bubalus cebuensis (Cebu tamaraw) - Croft, Heaney, Flynn and Bautista, 2006Croft, D. A., Heaney, L. R., Flynn, J. J., Bautista, A. P. (2006). Fossil remains of a new, diminutive Bubalus (Artiodactyla: Bovidae: Bovini) from Cebu island, Philippines. Journal of Mammalogy 87(#5): 1037–1051.
- Bubalus fudi - Guo, 2008 - (possibly a subspecies of Bubalus wansijocki)
- Bubalus grovesi - Rozzi, 2017{{cite journal | last1 = Rozzi | first1 = Roberto | year = 2017 | title = A new extinct dwarfed buffalo from Sulawesi and the evolution of the subgenus Anoa: An interdisciplinary perspective | journal = Quaternary Science Reviews | volume = 157 | pages = 188–205 | doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.12.011| bibcode = 2017QSRv..157..188R | doi-access = free }}
- Bubalus mephistopheles (Short-horned water buffalo) - Hopwood, 1925{{cite journal | last1 = Hopwood | first1 = A. T. | year = 1925 | title = A new species of buffalo from the Pleistocene of China | journal = Annals and Magazine of Natural History | series = 9 | volume = XVI | issue = 92| pages = 238–239 | doi=10.1080/00222932508633297}}
- Bubalus murrensis (European water buffalo) - Berckhemer, 1927Schreiber, H. D., Munk, W. (2002). A skull fragment of Bubalus murrensis (Berckhemer, 1927) (Mammalia, Bovinae) from the Pleistocene of Bruchsal-Buchenau (NE-Karlsruhe, SW-Germany). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie (12): 737–748.
- Bubalus palaeokerabau (Long-horned Javan water buffalo) - E. Dubois, 1908{{Cite web|url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=162371|title = Fossilworks: Bubalus palaeokerabau}}
- Bubalus platyceros - Lydekker, 1877
- Bubalus teilhardi - Young, 1932
- Bubalus wansijocki - Chardin, 1928
- Bubalus youngi - Chow and Hsu, 1957
See also
References
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{{EB1911 poster|Buffalo (animal)}}
{{Artiodactyla|R.4}}
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