capo dei capi

{{Short description|Phrase used to indicate an extremely powerful Mafia boss}}

{{About|the organized crime position|the 2007 Italian TV series and the 2001 American TV movie, respectively|Il Capo dei Capi|and|Boss of Bosses|other uses|Capo (disambiguation)}}

Capo dei capi ({{IPA|it|ˈkaːpo dei ˈkaːpi|lang}}; "boss of [the] bosses"), capo di tutti i capi ({{IPA|it|ˈkaːpo di ˈtutti i ˈkaːpi|lang}}; "boss of all [the] bosses") or Godfather ({{langx|it|padrino}}) are terms used mainly by the media, public, fiction writers and law enforcement community to indicate a supremely powerful crime boss in the Sicilian or American Mafia who holds great influence over the whole organization. The term was introduced to the U.S. public by the Kefauver Commission in 1950.De Stefano, An Offer We Can't Refuse, p. 41

Sicilian Mafia

File:Calogero Vizzini.JPG, Mafia boss of Villalba]]

file:foto segnaletica di Matteo Messina Denaro (2023).jpg taken after his arrest in 2023]]

In the Sicilian Mafia, the position does not exist. For instance, the old-style Mafia boss Calogero Vizzini was often portrayed in the media as the "boss of bosses" – although such a position does not exist according to later Mafia pentiti, such as Tommaso Buscetta.Arlacchi, Addio Cosa nostra, p. 106 They also denied Vizzini ever was the ruling boss of the Mafia in Sicily. According to Mafia historian Salvatore Lupo "the emphasis of the media on the definition of 'capo dei capi' is without any foundation".{{in lang|it}} [http://www.narcomafie.it/2006/04/10/larresto-di-bernardo-provenzano/ Zu Binnu? Non è il superboss] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120905213413/http://www.narcomafie.it/2006/04/10/larresto-di-bernardo-provenzano/ |date=2012-09-05 }}, Intervista a Salvatore Lupo di Marco Nebiolo, Narcomafie, April 2006

Nevertheless, the title has frequently been given to powerful Mafia bosses to this day. During the 1980s and 1990s the bosses of the Corleonesi clan Salvatore Riina and Bernardo Provenzano were bestowed with the title by the media.

In April 2006, the Italian government arrested Bernardo Provenzano in a small farmhouse near the town of Corleone. His successor is reported to be either Matteo Messina Denaro or Salvatore Lo Piccolo.{{Cite news|last=Moore|first=Malcolm|date=2006-04-25|title=Arrested Mafia boss names his successor|journal=Daily Telegraph|language=en-GB|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/1516726/Arrested-Mafia-boss-names-his-successor.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/1516726/Arrested-Mafia-boss-names-his-successor.html |archive-date=2022-01-11 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=2020-05-07|issn=0307-1235}}{{cbignore}}{{Cite web|title=Mafia : due successori per Provenzano, Salvatore Lo Piccolo e Matteo Messina Denaro|url=http://www.sicile.net/inc/schedaxstampa.asp?id=256&lang=en|website=www.sicile.net|access-date=2020-05-07|archive-date=2006-05-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060515062958/http://www.sicile.net/inc/schedaxstampa.asp?id=256&lang=en|url-status=dead}} This presupposes that Provenzano has the power to nominate a successor, which is not unanimously accepted among Mafia observers. "The Mafia today is more of a federation and less of an authoritarian state", according to anti-Mafia prosecutor Antonio Ingroia of the {{ill|Direzione distrettuale antimafia|it}} of Palermo, referring to the previous period of authoritarian rule under Salvatore Riina.[http://www.redorbit.com/news/international/467681/the_mafia_after_provenzanopeace_or_allout_war/index.html The Mafia after Provenzano - peace or all-out war?], Reuters, April 12, 2006.

Provenzano "established a kind of directorate of about four to seven people who met very infrequently, only when necessary, when there were strategic decisions to make". According to Ingroia "in an organization like the Mafia, a boss has to be one step above the others otherwise it all falls apart. It all depends on if he can manage consensus and if the others agree or rebel." Provenzano "guaranteed a measure of stability because he had the authority to quash internal disputes".

With the deaths of Bernardo Provenzano in 2016 and Salvatore Riina in 2017, Matteo Messina Denaro was seen as the unchallenged capo dei capi within the Mafia. Combining this status of "boss of all bosses" with his three decades on the run, Messina Denaro became a character of great curiosity in the media. However, he was captured in early 2023 and ended up dying behind bars that same year.{{Cite web |date=2023-01-16 |title=Chi è Matteo Messina Denaro, il superboss di mafia arrestato dopo una latitanza lunga 30 anni |url=https://www.fanpage.it/attualita/chi-e-matteo-messina-denaro-il-superboss-di-mafia-arrestato-dopo-una-latitanza-lunga-30-anni/ |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=Fanpage |language=it}}

After Messina Denaro's death, no other Mafia boss was known as the "capo dei capi".{{Cite web |title=Chi sarà il nuovo capo della mafia dopo l'arresto di Matteo Messina Denaro? |url=https://www.today.it/cronaca/nuovo-boss-capo-mafia-dopo-matteo-messina-denaro.html |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=Today |language=it}}

In Italy, a fictional six-part television miniseries called Il Capo dei Capi relates the story of Salvatore Riina.[https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/18/technology/18iht-mafia19.1.8374072.html "A Mafia saga keeps Italians tuned in"]. The New York Times. November 18, 2007.

American Mafia

File:Frank Costello - Kefauver Committee.jpg testifying before the Kefauver Committee]]

The title was applied by mobsters to Giuseppe Morello around 1900, according to Nick Gentile.Critchley, The Origin of Organized Crime in America: The New York City Mafia, 1891-1931, p.46 Bosses Joe Masseria (1928–1931) and Salvatore Maranzano (1931) used the title as part of their efforts to centralize control of the Mafia under themselves. When Maranzano won the Castellammarese War, he set himself up as boss of all bosses, created the Five Families and ordered every Mafia family to pay him tribute. This provoked a rebellious reaction which led to him being murdered in September 1931, on the orders of Lucky Luciano.[http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,989779,00.html "Lucky Luciano: Criminal Mastermind"]. Time. December 7, 1998. Although there would have been few objections had Luciano declared himself capo di tutti i capi, he abolished the title, believing the position created trouble between the families and would have made him a target for another ambitious challenger.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ivN7BAAAQBAJ&q=lucky+luciano+church+prison+the+Victoria%2C+the+ship+of+Ferdinand+Magella&pg=PA51|title=Capital of the World: A Portrait of New York City in the Roaring Twenties|author=David Wallace|year=2012|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780762768196}} Instead, Luciano established the Commission to lead the Mafia, with a goal of quietly maintaining his own power over all the families, while preventing future gang wars; the bosses approved the idea of the Commission.Capeci, Jerry. The complete idiot's guide to the Mafia [https://books.google.com/books?id=GhfExAeLSBAC&q=commission&pg=PA43 "The Mafia's Commission" (pp. 31–46)] The Commission would consist of a "board of directors" to oversee all Mafia activities in the United States and serve to mediate conflicts between families.{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/11/20/nyregion/the-commission-s-origins.html|title=The Commission's Origins|date=1986|work=The New York Times|access-date=22 February 2017}}

The Commission consisted of the bosses of the Five Families in New York City, the Buffalo crime family and the Chicago Outfit.Critchley, The Origin of Organized Crime in America: The New York City Mafia, 1891-1931, p. 232 Since then, while media sources have often sought to award the title of "boss of all bosses" to the most powerful boss, the Mafia has not itself recognized the position to exist.

Among other bosses media sources have presumed to hold the title include Luciano himself, Frank Costello and Vito Genovese. Some have claimed the title of the head of the Gambino crime family, as purportedly the most powerful of the Five Families, which have included Carlo Gambino and his successors Paul Castellano, and John Gotti.Raab, Five Families, p. 201.{{cite news|last=Raab|first=Selwyn|title=With Gotti Away, the Genoveses Succeed the Leaderless Gambinos|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/09/03/nyregion/with-gotti-away-the-genoveses-succeed-the-leaderless-gambinos.html?scp=6&sq=Carmine%20Persico&st=cse|date= September 3, 1995|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=June 29, 2013}}

The term has since fallen out of use in the media but remains popular in fictional accounts. Bonanno family boss Joseph Massino was recognized by four of the five families as chairman of the Commission from 2000 to 2004;Corliss, Richard & Crittle, Simon (March 29, 2004). [https://web.archive.org/web/20050803075523/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,993685,00.html "The Last Don"]. Time. Retrieved June 21, 2008. during this time he was the only full-fledged boss in New York not in prison.

'Ndrangheta

In the 'Ndrangheta, a Mafia-type organisation in Calabria, the capocrimine is the elected boss of the crimine, an annual meeting of the 'Ndrangheta locali near the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Polsi in the municipality of San Luca during the September Feast.Paoli, Mafia Brotherhoods, p. 59 Far from being the "boss of bosses", the capo crimine actually has comparatively little authority to interfere in family feuds or to control the level of interfamily violence.[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3757/is_200606/ai_n17176956/print How Mafias Migrate: The Case of the 'Ndrangheta in Northern Italy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081231201047/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3757/is_200606/ai_n17176956/print |date=2008-12-31 }}, by Federico Varese, Law & Society Review, June 2006

References

External links

[https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/completelist/0,29569,1683530,00.html "The Boss of All Bosses"]. Time. 2010.

Category:American Mafia

Category:Sicilian Mafia

Category:Organized crime terminology

Category:Organized crime members by role

Category:Italian words and phrases

Category:Italian language in the United States