capsicum

Capsicum is native to South America and Central America.{{cite journal | last1=Carrizo García | first1=Carolina | last2=Barfuss | first2=Michael H. J. | last3=Sehr | first3=Eva M. | last4=Barboza | first4=Gloria E. | last5=Samuel | first5=Rosabelle | last6=Moscone | first6=Eduardo A. | last7=Ehrendorfer | first7=Friedrich | title=Phylogenetic relationships, diversification and expansion of chili peppers (Capsicum, Solanaceae) | journal=Annals of Botany | volume=118 | issue=1 | date=2016 | issn=0305-7364 | pmid=27245634 | pmc=4934398 | doi=10.1093/aob/mcw079 | pages=35–51}} These plants have been evolving for 17 million years.{{cite web | url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/feel-the-burn-new-world-chilies-traced-back-nearly-17-million-years/ | title=Feel the Burn--New World Chilies Traced Back Nearly 17 Million Years | website=Scientific American }} It was domesticated and cultivated at least since 3000 BC, as evidenced by remains of chili peppers found in pottery from Puebla and Oaxaca.{{cite conference |language=it |last=Gil-Jurado |first=A.T. |title=Il senso del chile e del piccante: dalla traduzione culturale alla rappresentazione visiva |editor-first=G. |editor-last=Manetti |book-title=Semiofood : communicazione e cultura del cibo |conference=XXXI convegno dell'Associazione Italiana di Studi Semiotici, Castello Pasquini, Castiglioncello, 3–5 ottobre 2003 |publisher=Centro Scientifico Ed. |location=Torino |date=2006 |isbn=88-7640-757-X |pages=34–58 |oclc=255660829}}

The generic name may come from Latin {{lang|la|capsa}}, meaning 'box', presumably alluding to the pods;Oxford English Dictionary, 1st edition, 1888, [http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/27593 s.v.]Online Etymology Dictionary, [http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=capsicum s.v.] or possibly from the Greek word {{lang|grc|κάπτω}}, {{lang|grc-Latn|kapto}}, 'to gulp'.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=esMPU5DHEGgC |first=Umberto |last=Quattrocchi |title=CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names |series=Vol. 1, A–C |date=2000 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-8493-2675-2 |page=431}} The name pepper comes from the similarity of piquance (spiciness or "heat") of the flavor to that of black pepper, Piper nigrum, although there is no botanical relationship with it or with Sichuan pepper. The original term chilli came from the Nahuatl word {{lang|nah|chīlli}}, denoting a larger Capsicum variety cultivated at least since 3000 BC. Different varieties were cultivated in South America, where they are known as {{lang|es-419|ajíes}} (singular {{lang|es-419|ají}}), from the Quechua term for Capsicum.

The fruit (botanically a berry) of Capsicum plants has a variety of names depending on place and type. The more piquant varieties are called chili peppers, or simply chilis. The large, mild form is called bell pepper, or is named by color (green pepper, green bell pepper, red bell pepper, etc.) in North America. In South Africa and some other countries, it is called sweet pepper. The name is simply pepper in the United Kingdom and Ireland.OxfordDictionaries.com, [https://web.archive.org/web/20190101100735/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/sweet_pepper s.v.] The name capsicum is used in Australia, India, Malaysia, New Zealand.{{cite news |title=Capsicums at your table |first=Elizabeth |last=Latham |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/nelson-mail/features/lifestyle/at-the-table/8279087/Capsicums-at-your-table |newspaper=The Nelson Mail |date=8 February 2013 |access-date=19 April 2013}}

Capsicums are solanaceous plants within the tribe Capsiceae, and are closely related to Lycianthes.{{cite journal | last1=Spalink | first1=Daniel | last2=Stoffel | first2=Kevin | last3=Walden | first3=Genevieve K. | last4=Hulse-Kemp | first4=Amanda M. | last5=Hill | first5=Theresa A. | last6=Van Deynze | first6=Allen | last7=Bohs | first7=Lynn | title=Comparative transcriptomics and genomic patterns of discordance in Capsiceae (Solanaceae) | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume=126 | date=2018 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2018.04.030 | pages=293–302| doi-access=free | pmid=29702214 | bibcode=2018MolPE.126..293S }}

A 2020 study using ribosomal DNA provided the following phylogenetic tree. It can be seen that in two of the clades, the species C. frutescens is intermingled with C. eximium in one subclade and C. chinense in another subclade; and that C. chacoense is intermingled with C. baccatum.{{cite journal | last1=Shiragaki | first1=Kumpei | last2=Yokoi | first2=Shuji | last3=Tezuka | first3=Takahiro | title=Phylogenetic Analysis and Molecular Diversity of Capsicum Based on rDNA-ITS Region | journal=Horticulturae | volume=6 | issue=4 | date=20 November 2020 | issn=2311-7524 | doi=10.3390/horticulturae6040087 | doi-access=free | page=87}}

{{clade

|label1=Capsicum

|1={{clade

|1={{clade

|1={{clade

|1={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=C. annuum inc. many varieties

|2={{clade

|1=C. frutescens (in part) and C. eximium

|2=C. chinense and C. frutescens (in part)

}}

}}

|2={{clade

|1=C. baccatum (in part)

|2={{clade

|1=C. chacoense (in part)

|2={{clade

|1=C. baccatum (in part)

|2=C. chacoense (in part)

}}

}}

}}

}}

|2=C. pubescens inc. Chile de caballo

}}

|2=C. eximium, a pungent chili pepper with purple flowers

}}

|2=C. lycianthoides

}}

}}

Ideal growing conditions for peppers include a sunny position with warm, loamy soil, ideally {{convert|21|to|29|°C|°F}}, that is moist but not waterlogged.{{cite web |title=Growing Peppers: The Important Facts |url=http://www.gardenersgardening.com/growingpeppers.html |publisher=GardenersGardening.com |access-date=10 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127080844/http://www.gardenersgardening.com/growingpeppers.html |archive-date=27 January 2013}} Extremely moist soils can cause seedlings to "damp-off" and reduce germination.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}}

The plants will tolerate (but do not like) temperatures down to {{convert|12|C|F}} and they are sensitive to cold.{{cite web | url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/advice/grow-your-own/vegetables/chilli-pepper | title=How to grow chilli pepper / RHS Gardening}}{{cite web | url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/advice/profile?PID=664 | title=Peppers and chillies/RHS Gardening}} For flowering, Capsicum is a non-photoperiod-sensitive crop.{{Cite book|title=Handbook of Food Science, Technology, and Engineering |series=4 Volume Set|publisher=Taylor & Francis Group, LLC (Version date:20131106)|year=2005|isbn=978-1-4665-0787-6|editor-last=Y. H. Hui|location=United States|pages=20–13}} The flowers can self-pollinate. However, at extremely high temperature, {{convert|30|to|38|°C|°F}}, pollen loses viability, and flowers are much less likely to result in fruit.{{Cite web |title=The Effect of Extreme Temperatures on the Tomato and Pepper Crop |url=https://www.ontario.ca/page/effect-extreme-temperatures-tomato-and-pepper-crop |publisher=King’s Printer for Ontario, 2012–24, Canada}}

{{Main|List of Capsicum cultivars}}

File:Cachi 02.jpg air-drying before being processed into powder]]

File:Arrangement of jalapeño, banana, cayenne, chili, and habanero peppers.jpgs, including jalapeno, banana, cayenne, and habanero peppers.]]

Capsicum consists of 20–27 species,{{cite journal |year = 2001 |title = Phylogenetic Relationships of Capsicum (Solanaceae) Using DNA Sequences from Two Noncoding Regions: The Chloroplast atpB-rbcL Spacer Region and Nuclear waxy Introns |journal = International Journal of Plant Sciences |volume = 162 |issue = 6 |pages = 1409–18 |url = https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/IJPS/journal/issues/v162n6/010108/010108.text.html

|archive-url = https://archive.today/20121212132845/http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/IJPS/journal/issues/v162n6/010108/010108.text.html |url-status = dead |archive-date = 12 December 2012 |doi = 10.1086/323273 |author1 = Walsh, B.M. |author2 = Hoot, S.B. |s2cid = 3233466|url-access = subscription }} five of which are widely cultivated: C. annuum, C. baccatum, C. chinense, C. frutescens, and C. pubescens.{{cite journal |year = 1969 |title = Names for the Cultivated Capsicum Species (Solanaceae) |journal = Taxon |volume = 18 |issue = 3 |pages = 277–283 |doi = 10.2307/1218828 |jstor=1218828 |author1=Heiser Jr, C.B. |author2=Pickersgill, B. }} Phylogenetic relationships between species have been investigated using biogeographical,{{cite journal |year = 2006 |title = Where did the Chili Get its Spice? Biogeography of Capsaicinoid Production in Ancestral Wild Chili Species |journal = Journal of Chemical Ecology |volume = 32 |issue = 3 |pages = 547–564 |doi = 10.1007/s10886-005-9017-4 |pmid = 16572297 |author1=Tewksbury, J.J. |author2=Manchego, C. |author3=Haak, D.C. |author4=Levey, D.J. |bibcode = 2006JCEco..32..547T |s2cid = 1426476 }} morphological,{{cite journal |last= Eshbaugh |first=W.H. |year = 1970 |title = A Biosystematic and Evolutionary Study of Capsicum baccatum (Solanaceae) |journal = Brittonia |volume = 22 |issue = 1 |pages = 31–43 |doi = 10.2307/2805720 |jstor=2805720 |bibcode = 1970Britt..22...31E |s2cid = 3570027 }} chemosystematic,{{cite journal |year = 1970 |title = A Chemosystematic Study of Selected Taxa of Capsicum |journal = American Journal of Botany |volume = 57 |issue = 2 |pages = 225–233 |doi = 10.2307/2440517 |jstor=2440517 |last1=Ballard |first1=R.E. |author2=McClure, J.W. |author3=Eshbaugh, W.H. |author4=Wilson, K.G. }} hybridization,{{cite journal |last=Pickersgill |first=B. |year = 1971 |title = Relationships Between Weedy and Cultivated Forms in Some Species of Chili Peppers (Genus capsicum) |journal = Evolution |volume = 25 |issue = 4 |pages = 683–691 |doi = 10.2307/2406949 |pmid = 28564789 |jstor=2406949 }} and genetic data. Fruits of Capsicum can vary tremendously in color, shape, and size both between and within species, which has led to confusion over the relationships among taxa.{{cite journal |last=Eshbaugh |first=W.H. |year = 1975 |title = Genetic and Biochemical Systematic Studies of Chili Peppers (Capsicum-Solanaceae) |journal = Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club |volume = 102 |issue = 6 |pages = 396–403 |doi = 10.2307/2484766 |jstor=2484766 }} Chemosystematic studies helped distinguish the difference between varieties and species. For example, C. baccatum var. baccatum had the same flavonoids as C. baccatum var. pendulum, which led researchers to believe the two groups belonged to the same species.

Many varieties of the same species can be used in many different ways; for example, C. annuum includes the "bell pepper" variety, which is sold in both its immature green state and in its red, yellow, or orange ripe state. This same species has other varieties, as well, such as the Anaheim chiles often used for stuffing, the dried ancho (before being dried it is called a poblano) chile used to make chili powder, the mild-to-hot, ripe jalapeno used to make smoked jalapeno, known as chipotle.{{Cite journal |last1=Zhigila |first1=Daniel Andrawus |last2=AbdulRahaman |first2=Abdullahi Alanamu |last3=Kolawole |first3=Opeyemi Saheed |last4=Oladele |first4=Felix A. |date=2014-02-17 |title=Fruit Morphology as Taxonomic Features in Five Varieties of Capsicum annuum L. Solanaceae |journal=Journal of Botany |language=en |volume=2014 |pages=e540868 |doi=10.1155/2014/540868 |issn=2090-0120 |doi-access=free }}

Peru is thought to be the country with the highest cultivated Capsicum diversity since varieties of all five domesticates are commonly sold in markets in contrast to other countries. Bolivia is considered to be the country where the largest diversity of wild Capsicum peppers are consumed. Bolivian consumers distinguish two basic forms: {{not a typo|ulupicas}}, species with small round fruits including C. eximium, C. cardenasii, C. eshbaughii, and C. caballeroi landraces; and arivivis, with small elongated fruits including C. baccatum var. baccatum and C. chacoense varieties.{{cite journal | last1=van Zonneveld | first1=Maarten | last2=Ramirez | first2=Marleni | last3=Williams | first3=David E. | last4=Petz | first4=Michael | last5=Meckelmann | first5=Sven | last6=Avila | first6=Teresa | last7=Bejarano | first7=Carlos | last8=Ríos | first8=Llermé | last9=Peña | first9=Karla | last10=Jäger | first10=Matthias | last11=Libreros | first11=Dimary | last12=Amaya | first12=Karen | last13=Scheldeman | first13=Xavier | title=Screening Genetic Resources of Capsicum Peppers in Their Primary Center of Diversity in Bolivia and Peru | journal=PLOS ONE | volume=10 | issue=9 | date=24 September 2015 | issn=1932-6203 | pmid=26402618 | pmc=4581705 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0134663 | doi-access=free | page=e0134663| bibcode=2015PLoSO..1034663V }}

The amount of capsaicin is measured in Scoville heat units (SHU) and this value varies significantly among Capsicum varieties. For example, a typical Bell pepper has a value of zero SHU and a Jalapeño has a value of 4000–8000 SHU. In 2017, the Guinness Book of World Records listed the Carolina Reaper as the world's hottest pepper at 1,641,183 SHU, according to tests conducted by Winthrop University in South Carolina, United States. In 2023, the Guinness Book of Records recognized Pepper X as the world's hottest pepper.{{cite web|url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/hottest-chili|title=Hottest chili pepper|website=Guinness World Records}}

Sources:{{Cite web|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/search?q=capsicum|title=Search results – The Plant List|website=www.theplantlist.org}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.tropicos.org/Name/40001029?tab=subordinatetaxa|title=Tropicos|website=www.tropicos.org}}

{{div col|colwidth=400px}}

• Capsicum annuum L.
• glabriusculum var.
• New Mexico Group
• Capsicum baccatum L.
• Capsicum benoistii Hunz. ex Barboza
• {{ill|Capsicum buforum|sv}} Hunz.
• {{ill|Capsicum caatingae|de}} Barboza & Agra
• Capsicum caballeroi M. Nee
• {{ill|Capsicum campylopodium|de}} Sendtn.
• {{ill|Capsicum carassense|de}} Barboza & Bianch.
• Capsicum cardenasii Heiser & P. G. Sm.
• {{ill|Capsicum ceratocalyx|de}} M. Nee
• Capsicum chacoense Hunz.
• Capsicum chinense Jacq.
• Capsicum coccineum (Rusby) Hunz.
• {{ill|Capsicum cornutum|es}} (Hiern) Hunz.
• Capsicum dimorphum (Miers) Kuntze
• Capsicum dusenii Bitter
• Capsicum eshbaughii Barboza
• Capsicum eximium Hunz.
• Capsicum flexuosum Sendtn.
• {{ill|Capsicum friburgense|de}} Bianch. & Barboza
• Capsicum frutescens L.
• {{ill|Capsicum galapagoense|de}} Hunz.
• Capsicum geminifolium (Dammer) Hunz.
• Capsicum havanense Kunth
• Capsicum hookerianum (Miers) Kuntze
• {{ill|Capsicum hunzikerianum|de}} Bianch. & Barboza
• Capsicum lanceolatum (Greenm.) C.V.Morton & Standl.
• Capsicum leptopodum (Dunal) Kuntze
• {{ill|Capsicum longidentatum|de}} Agra & Barboza
• {{ill|Capsicum longifolium|de}} Barboza & S. Leiva
• Capsicum lycianthoides Bitter
• Capsicum minutiflorum (Rusby) Hunz.
• Capsicum mirabile Mart. ex Sendtn.
• Capsicum mositicum Toledo
• Capsicum neei Barboza & X. Reyes
• Capsicum parvifolium Sendtn.
• {{ill|Capsicum pereirae|de}} Bianch. & Barboza
• Capsicum pubescens Ruiz & Pav.
• {{ill|Capsicum piuranum|de}} S. Leiva & Barboza
• Capsicum praetermissum Heiser & Smith
• Capsicum ramosissimum Witasek
• {{ill|Capsicum recurvatum|es}} Witasek
• Capsicum regale Barboza & Bohs
• Capsicum rhomboideum (Dunal) Kuntze
• {{ill|Capsicum schottianum|es}} Sendtn.
• Capsicum scolnikianum Hunz.
• Capsicum spina-alba (Dunal) Kuntze
• Capsicum stramoniifolium (Kunth) Standl.
• {{ill|Capsicum tovarii|es}} Eshbaugh et al.
• {{ill|Capsicum villosum|es}} Sendtn.

{{div col end}}

According to Adepoju et al. (2021), the most commonly occurring Capsicum cultivars in Nigeria (and West Africa) are: C. fructescens var. fructescens L.; C. fructescens var. baccatum (L.) Irish; C. annuum var annuum L; C. annuum var. grossum (L.) Sendtn. and C. chinense Jacq.{{cite journal |first1=A.O. |last1=Adepoju |first2=T.J. |last2=Ogunkunle |first3=A.G. |last3=Femi-Adepoju |title=Taxonomic Revision of Nigerian Species of Capsicum L. Based on Some Morphological Characters |journal=Acta Scientifica Malaysia |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=43–46 |date=2021 |doi=10.26480/asm.02.2021.43.46 |ssrn=4467384 |url=https://www.academia.edu/download/97526822/2asm2021-43-46.pdf}}

• Tubocapsicum anomalum (Franch. & Sav.) Makino (as C. anomalum Franch. & Sav.)
• Vassobia fasciculata (Miers) Hunz. (as C. grandiflorum Kuntze)
• Witheringia stramoniifolia Kunth (as C. stramoniifolium (Kunth) Kuntze)

Most Capsicum species are 2n=2x=24. A few of the non-domesticated species are 2n=2x=26.{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=D. |last2=Bosland |first2=P.W. |title=The genes of Capsicum |journal=HortScience |volume=41 |issue=5 |pages=1169–87 |date=2006 |doi=10.21273/HORTSCI.41.5.1169 |url=https://journals.ashs.org/hortsci/downloadpdf/view/journals/hortsci/41/5/article-p1169.pdf}} All are diploid. The Capsicum annuum and Capsicum chinense genomes were completed in 2014. The Capsicum annuum genome is approximately 3.48 Gb, making it larger than the human genome. Over 75% of the pepper genome is composed of transposable elements, mostly Gypsy elements, distributed widely throughout the genome. The distribution of transposable elements is inversely correlated with gene density. Pepper is predicted to have 34,903 genes, approximately the same number as both tomato and potato, two related species within the family Solanaceae.{{Cite journal |title=Genome sequence of the hot pepper provides insights into the evolution of pungency in Capsicum species |journal=Nature Genetics |date=2014-03-01 |issn=1061-4036 |pages=270–8 |volume=46 |issue=3 |doi=10.1038/ng.2877 |language=en |first1=Seungill |last1=Kim |first2=Minkyu |last2=Park |first3=Seon-In |last3=Yeom |first4=Yong-Min |last4=Kim |first5=Je Min |last5=Lee |first6=Hyun-Ah |last6=Lee |first7=Eunyoung |last7=Seo |first8=Jaeyoung |last8=Choi |first9=Kyeongchae |last9=Cheong |pmid=24441736 |doi-access=free}}

Many types of peppers have been bred for heat, size, and yield. Along with selection of specific fruit traits such as flavor and color, specific pest, disease and abiotic stress resistances are continually being selected. Breeding occurs in several environments dependent on the use of the final variety including but not limited to: conventional, organic, hydroponic, green house and shade house production environments.

Several breeding programs are being conducted by corporations and universities. In the United States, New Mexico State University has released several varieties in the last few years.{{cite web|title = NMSU Cultivars – The Chile Pepper Institute|url = http://www.chilepepperinstitute.org/nmsu_cultivars.php|website = www.chilepepperinstitute.org|access-date = 2016-01-28|first = The Chile Pepper|last = Institute|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160402030409/http://www.chilepepperinstitute.org/nmsu_cultivars.php|archive-date = 2 April 2016|url-status = dead}} Cornell University has worked to develop regionally adapted varieties that work better in cooler, damper climates. Other universities such as UC Davis, University of Wisconsin-Madison, and Oregon State University have smaller breeding programs. Many vegetable seed companies breed different types of peppers as well.

{{further|Capsaicin}}

File:Kapsaicyna.svg]]

The fruit of most species of Capsicum contains capsaicin (methyl-n-vanillyl nonenamide), a lipophilic chemical that can produce a burning sensation (pungency or spiciness) in the mouth of the eater. Most mammals find this unpleasant, whereas birds are unaffected.{{cite journal |first=J. R. |last=Mason |author2=N. J. Bean |author3=P. S. Shah |author4= L. Clark Shah |title=Taxon-specific differences in responsiveness to capsaicin and several analogues: Correlates between chemical structure and behavioral aversiveness |journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology |volume=17 |issue=12 |pages=2539–51 |date=December 1991 |doi=10.1007/BF00994601 |pmid=24258646 |bibcode=1991JCEco..17.2539M |s2cid=23135946}}{{cite journal |last1=Norman |first1=D.M. |last2=Mason |first2=J.R. |last3=Clark |first3=L. |title=Capsaicin effects on consumption of food by Cedar Waxwings and House Finches |journal=The Wilson Journal of Ornithology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=549–551 |year=1992 |jstor=4163197 |url=https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/wilson/v104n03/p0549-p0551.pdf}} The secretion of capsaicin protects the fruit from consumption by insects.{{cite web |url=http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/archive/Capsaicintech.pdf |title=Active Ingredient Fact Sheets |website=npic.orst.edu}}

Capsaicin is present in large quantities in the placental tissue (which holds the seeds), the internal membranes, and to a lesser extent, the other fleshy parts of the fruits of plants in this genus. The seeds themselves do not produce any capsaicin, although the highest concentration of capsaicin can be found in the white pith around the seeds.{{cite web |author=New Mexico State University – College of Agriculture and Home Economics |title=Chile Information – Frequently Asked Questions |year=2005 |url=http://spectre.nmsu.edu/dept/academic.html?i=1274&s=sub |access-date=17 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070504035555/http://spectre.nmsu.edu/dept/academic.html?i=1274&s=sub |archive-date=4 May 2007}} Most of the capsaicin in a pungent (hot) pepper is concentrated in blisters on the epidermis of the interior ribs (septa) that divide the chambers, or locules, of the fruit to which the seeds are attached.{{cite journal |year=1987 |title=Ultrastructure of Capsaicinoid-Secreting Cells in Pungent and Nonpungent Red Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Cultivars |journal=Botanical Gazette |volume=148 |issue=1 |pages=1–6 |doi=10.1086/337620 |jstor=2995376 |author1=Zamski, E. |author2=Shoham, O. |author3=Palevitch, D. |author4=Levy, A. |s2cid =83791254 }}

A study on capsaicin production in fruits of C. chinense showed that capsaicinoids are produced only in the epidermal cells of the interlocular septa of pungent fruits, that blister formation only occurs as a result of capsaicinoid accumulation, and that pungency and blister formation are controlled by a single locus, Pun1, for which there exist at least two recessive alleles that result in non-pungency of C. chinense fruits.{{cite journal |year=2007 |title=Genetic control of pungency in C. chinense via the Pun1 locus |journal=Journal of Experimental Botany |volume=58 |issue=5 |doi= 10.1093/jxb/erl243 |pmid=17339653 |last1=Stewart Jr |first1=C. |author2=Mazourek, M. |author3=Stellari, G.M. |author4=O'Connell, M. |author5=Jahn, M. |pages=979–991 |doi-access=free }}

The amount of capsaicin per fruit is highly variable, depending on genetics and the environment. The most recognized Capsicum without capsaicin is the bell pepper,{{cite web |url=http://www.chiliwonders.com/chili.scoville.htm |title=The Scoville Scale of Hotness – Capsaicin Level |publisher=Chiliwonders.com |access-date=2013-11-27 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130829130941/http://chiliwonders.com/chili.scoville.htm |archive-date=29 August 2013}} a cultivar of Capsicum annuum, which has a zero rating on the Scoville scale. The lack of capsaicin in bell peppers is due to a recessive gene that eliminates capsaicin and, consequently, the hot taste usually associated with the rest of the genus Capsicum.{{cite web |title=The World's Healthies Foods |url=http://whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=foodspice&dbid=50 |access-date=23 February 2010 |archive-date=28 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828071516/http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?dbid=50&tname=foodspice |url-status=dead }} There are also other peppers without capsaicin, mostly within the Capsicum annuum species, such as the cultivars Giant Marconi,{{cite web |url=http://bonnieplants.com/products/vegetables/peppers/giant-marconi-pepper |title=Giant Marconi Pepper: Smoky Sweet Flavor, Large Fruit |access-date=14 July 2014 |archive-date=3 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703131401/http://bonnieplants.com/products/vegetables/peppers/giant-marconi-pepper |url-status=dead }} Yummy Sweets,{{Cite web |url=http://bonnieplants.com/products/vegetables/peppers/yummy-snacking-pepper |title=Yummy Snacking Pepper – Peppers – Vegetables |access-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713171506/http://bonnieplants.com/products/vegetables/peppers/yummy-snacking-pepper |archive-date=13 July 2014 |url-status=dead }} Jimmy Nardello,{{cite web |url=http://www.territorialseed.com/product/Jimmy_Nardellos_Pepper_Seed/394 |title=- Jimmy Nardello's Pepper |website=www.territorialseed.com}} and Italian Frying peppers (Cubanelles).{{cite web |url=http://produceexpress.net/products/produce/item/italian-frying-peppers.html |title=Italian Frying peppers – Produce Express of Sacramento, California |website=produceexpress.net |access-date=14 July 2014 |archive-date=15 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715033939/http://produceexpress.net/products/produce/item/italian-frying-peppers.html |url-status=dead}}

Chili peppers are important in the medicine of Indigenous peoples, and capsaicin is used in modern medicine mainly in topical medications as a circulatory stimulant and analgesic. In more recent times, an aerosol extract of capsaicin, known as capsicum or pepper spray, has become used by law enforcement as a nonlethal means of incapacitating a person, and in a more widely dispersed form for riot control, or by individuals for personal defense. Capsaicin in vegetable oils or horticultural products can be used in gardening as a natural insecticide.{{cite web |url=http://www.gardenguides.com/119834-capsaicin-insecticide.html |title=Capsaicin as an Insecticide}}

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Image:Cubanelle Peppers.jpgs]]

Capsicum fruits can be eaten raw or cooked. Those used in cooking are generally varieties of the C. annuum and C. frutescens species, though a few others are used, as well. They are suitable for stuffing with fillings such as cheese, meat, or rice.

They are frequently used both chopped and raw in salads, or cooked in stir-fries or other mixed dishes. They can be sliced into strips and fried, roasted whole or in pieces, or chopped and incorporated into salsas or other sauces, of which they are often a main ingredient.

They can be preserved in the form of a jam,{{cite web|url=http://www.askgarden.com/when-life-gives-you-peppers-use-this-pepper-jam-recipe/|title=Ask Garden – Simple Gardening Tips|website=Ask Garden}} or by drying, pickling, or freezing. Dried Capsicum may be reconstituted whole, or processed into flakes or powders. Pickled or marinated Capsicum are frequently added to sandwiches or salads. Frozen Capsicum are used in stews, soups, and salsas. Extracts can be made and incorporated into hot sauces.

The Spanish conquistadores soon became aware of their culinary properties, and brought them back to Europe, together with cocoa, potatoes, sweet potatoes, tobacco, maize, beans, and turkeys. They also brought it to the Spanish Philippines colonies, whence it spread to Asia. The Portuguese brought them to their African and Asiatic possessions such as India. All varieties were appreciated but the hot ones were particularly appreciated, because they could enliven an otherwise monotonous diet during times of dietary restriction, such as during religious observances.

Spanish cuisine soon benefited from the discovery of chiles in the New World, and it would become very difficult to untangle Spanish cooking from chiles. Ground chiles, or paprika, hot or otherwise, are a key ingredient in chorizo, which is then called picante (if hot chile is added) or dulce (if otherwise). Paprika is an important ingredient in rice dishes, and plays a definitive role in squid Galician style (polbo á feira). Chopped chiles are used in fish or lamb dishes such as ajoarriero or chilindrón. Pisto is a vegetarian stew with chilies and zucchini as main ingredients. They can also be added, finely chopped, to gazpacho as a garnish. In some regions, bacon is salted and dusted in paprika for preservation. Cheese can also be rubbed with paprika to lend it flavor and colour. Dried round chiles called ñoras are used for arroz a banda.

After being introduced by the Portuguese, chile peppers saw widespread adoption throughout South, Southeast, and East Asia, especially in India, Thailand, Vietnam, China, and Korea. Several new cultivars were developed in these countries, and their use in combination with (or as a substitute for) existing 'hot' culinary spices such as black pepper and Sichuan pepper spread rapidly, giving rise to the modern forms a number of staple dishes such as Channa masala, Tom yum, Laziji, and Kimchi. This in turn influenced Anglo-Indian and American Chinese cuisine, most notably with the development of British and American forms of curry powder (based on Indian spice preparations such as garam masala), and dishes such as General Tso's chicken and chicken tikka masala.

Image:Red pepper flakes, closeup.jpg]]

File:Stuffed Capcicum.jpg

According to Richard Pankhurst, C. frutescens (known as barbaré) was so important to the national cuisine of Ethiopia, at least as early as the 19th century, "that it was cultivated extensively in the warmer areas wherever the soil was suitable." Although it was grown in every province, barbaré was especially extensive in Yejju, "which supplied much of Showa, as well as other neighbouring provinces." He mentions the upper Golima River valley as being almost entirely devoted to the cultivation of this plant, where it was harvested year-round.{{cite book |first=Richard |last=Pankhurst |title=Economic History of Ethiopia, 1800–1935 |location=Addis Ababa |publisher=Haile Selassie I University Press |year=1968 |pages=193–4 |oclc=586053361}}

In 2005, a poll of 2,000 people revealed the capsicum to be Britain's fourth-favourite culinary vegetable.{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/britain/article/0,2763,1489887,00.html|work=The Guardian|date=23 May 2005|title=Onions come top for British palates|access-date=2007-10-30 | location=London | first=Martin | last=Wainwright}}

In Hungary, sweet yellow capsicum – along with tomatoes – is the main ingredient of lecsó.

In Bulgaria, South Serbia, and North Macedonia, capsicum are very popular, too. They can be eaten in salads, like shopska salata; fried and then covered with a dip of tomato paste, onions, garlic, and parsley; or stuffed with a variety of products, such as minced meat and rice, beans, or cottage cheese and eggs. Capsicum are the main ingredient in the traditional tomato and capsicum dip lyutenitsa and ajvar. They are in the base of different kinds of pickled vegetables dishes, turshiya.

Capsicum is also used widely in Italian cuisine, and the hot species are used all around the southern part of Italy as a common spice (sometimes served with olive oil). Capsicums are used in many dishes; they can be cooked by themselves in a variety of ways (roasted, fried, deep-fried) and are a fundamental ingredient for some delicatessen specialities, such as nduja.

Capsicums are also used extensively in Sri Lanka cuisine as side dishes.{{cite web|last=Unknown|first=Unknown|title=Sri Lankan Cuisine|url=http://www.sbs.com.au/food/cuisine/Key_Ingredients/22/13|work=SBS Food|publisher=SBS|access-date=7 May 2011}}

The Maya and Aztec people of Mesoamerica used Capsicum fruit in cocoa drinks as a flavouring.{{cite web|last=Mitzewich|first=John|title=10 Foods America Gave to the World |url=http://americanfood.about.com/od/whatisamericanfood/tp/Foods-America-Gave-the-World.htm|work=The Spruce|access-date=7 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704205445/https://www.thespruce.com/foods-america-gave-the-world-102174 |archive-date=4 July 2017 |url-status=dead}}

In New Mexico, there is a capsicum annuum cultivar group called the New Mexico chile which is a mainstay of the state's New Mexican cuisine.

Only Capsicum frutescens L. and Capsicum annuum L. are Generally recognized as safe.[https://web.archive.org/web/20130705022820/http://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/GRAS/ GRAS] FDA{{cite web |url=http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=786bafc6f6343634fbf79fcdca7061e1&rgn=div5&view=text&node=21:3.0.1.1.13&idno=21#21:3.0.1.1.13.1.1.2 |title=eCFR – Code of Federal Regulations |publisher=Ecfr.gov |access-date=2019-05-17 |archive-date=9 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209193325/https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=786bafc6f6343634fbf79fcdca7061e1&rgn=div5&view=text&node=21:3.0.1.1.13&idno=21#21:3.0.1.1.13.1.1.2 |url-status=dead }}

File:Capsicum annuum.JPG cultivars]]

The name given to the Capsicum fruits varies between English-speaking countries.

In Australia, New Zealand and Indian English, heatless varieties are called "capsicums", while hot ones are called "chilli"/"chillies" (double L). The term "bell peppers" is never used, although in Australia C. annuum and other varieties which have a bell shape and are fairly hot, are often called "bell chillies".

In Canada, Ireland, South Africa and the United Kingdom, the heatless varieties are known simply as "peppers" (or more specifically "green peppers", "red peppers", etc.), while the hot ones are "chilli"/"chillies" (double L) or "chilli peppers".

In the United States, the common heatless varieties are referred to as "bell peppers", "sweet peppers", "red/green/etc. peppers", or simply "peppers", while the hot varieties are collectively called "chile"/"chiles", "chili"/"chilies", or "chili"/"chile peppers" (one L only), "hot peppers", or named as a specific variety (e.g., banana pepper).

The ground spice made from hot capsicums is called paprika in both U.S. English and Commonwealth English. The name derives from Central Europe; in Polish and in Hungarian, the term papryka and paprika (respectively) is used for all kinds of capsicums and the spice made from them.

File:朝天椒果實.jpg|Capsicum annum L. var. fasciculatum Irish.

File:Capsicum annum L. var. fasciculatum Irish.jpg|Capsicum annum L. var. fasciculatum Irish.

File:Capsicum annuum.JPG|C. annuum cultivars

File:Pickled friggitelli.jpg|Peperoncini (C. annuum)

File:Fefferoni.jpg|Peperoncini in kebab restaurant

File:Large Cayenne.jpg|Cayenne pepper (C. annuum)

File:Compact orange pepper plants.jpg|Compact plant of orange Capsicum

File:Habanero chile - fruits (aka).jpg|Habanero chili (C. chinense Jacquin)- plant with flower and fruit

File:HotPeppersinMarket.jpg|Scotch bonnet (C. chinense) in a Caribbean market

File:Scotch-bonnet.jpg|Scotch bonnet

File:Thai peppers.jpg|Thai peppers (C. annuum)

File:Green chillies.jpg|Fresh Indian green chillies in Bangalore market

File:African red devil peppers.jpg|Piri piri (C. frutescens 'African Devil')

File:Naga Jolokia Peppers.jpg|Naga jolokia Chilli (bhut jolokia) (C. chinense x C. frutescens)

File:Capsicum_Annum_Flower.JPG|C. annuum flower

File:Capsicum_Annum_Flower_Closeup.JPG|C. annum flower close up

File:Green-Yellow-Red-Pepper-2009.jpg|Green, yellow, and red capsicum

File:Makro Bunga Cabai.jpg|The flower of red hot bangi pepper, Malaysia

File:Capsicum Malaysia.jpg|A small but very hot Capsicum in Malaysia

File:Peperoni Cruschi.jpg|Peperoni cruschi, dried and crispy Capsicum from Basilicata

File:মরিচ বা লংকা.jpg|Capsicum in Bangladesh

File:Naga jolokia chili.jpg|Naga Morich in Bangladesh

• List of Capsicum cultivars
• List of vegetables
• New Mexico chile
• Pimento
• Scoville scale

{{Reflist}}

{{cookbook}}

{{Commons category|Capsicum}}

{{Wikispecies|Capsicum}}

{{EB1911 poster|Capsicum}}

• [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/med-aro/factsheets/CAPSICUM_PEPPER.html Capsicum pepper factsheet] from Purdue Guide to Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
• [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1996/V3-479.html Capsicums: Innovative Uses of an Ancient Crop] History, Botany, Breeding, and Pungency. Purdue University, Indiana, U.S.A.
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20090618094847/http://www2.dpi.qld.gov.au/horticulture/18717.html Capsicum and Chillies: Commercial Cultivation] DPI&F Queensland, Australia.

{{Capsicum Cultivars}}

{{Herbs & spices}}

{{Chili peppers}}

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Category:Crops originating from the Americas

Category:Indian spices

Category:Fruit vegetables

Category:Solanaceae genera