carrying pole
{{Short description|Yoke of wood or bamboo used by people to carry a load}}
File:shoulder pole 01.jpg, Hainan Province, China.]]
File:Melchers, In Holland.jpg walking with a shoulder yoke, shown with another female farmworker carrying a rake and a wicker backpack, painting by Gari Melchers]]
{{Infobox Chinese|s= 担杖|t= 擔杖|p=dànzhàng|s2= 担挑|t2= 擔挑|p2=dāntiāo|s3= 扁担|t3= 扁擔|p3=biǎndan|kanji=天秤棒|romaji=tenbinbō |vie=đòn gánh, đòn triêng|ind=pikulan }}
A carrying pole, also called a shoulder poleJoseph K. Campbell, [https://books.google.com/books?id=CrChmzopuvYC Dibble sticks, donkeys, and diesels: machines in crop production], p. 274 or a milkmaid's yoke, is a yoke of wood or bamboo, used by people to carry a load. This piece of equipment is used in one of two basic ways:
- A single person balances the yoke over one shoulder, with an evenly distributed load being suspended from each end.
- Two people support the yoke by resting it on a shoulder, with the load suspended from the centre of the yoke.
It is still widely used in East Asia, and was previously used in the Western world, in particular by milkmaids. It was once part of the European culture, and was subsequently brought to Australia{{cite web |title=Chinese |website=Territory Stories |type=Photograph |url=https://hdl.handle.net/10070/14188 |hdl=10070/14188 |hdl-access=free}} and the United States. It was also commonly used in Sri Lanka, where it was called Pingo. There are early 19th century postcards from Ceylon with Pingo Carriers.[http://www.bmarchives.org/items/show/80905 "Pingo carrier, Ceylon."]
The basic design is a wood or bamboo yoke, usually tapered.{{cite web |url=http://peabody.yale.edu/education/shoulder-pole-or-carry-pole |title=Yale Peabody Museum : Education: Shoulder pole or Carry Pole |publisher=Peabody.yale.edu |access-date=2011-11-30 |archive-date=2015-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222023637/http://peabody.yale.edu/education/shoulder-pole-or-carry-pole |url-status=dead }} From each end of the yoke, a load of equal mass is suspended. The load may be a basket of goods, pail of milk, water or other liquid, suspended on rope. The load may be hung directly from the yoke, without any rope.
The individual carries the device by balancing the yoke upon one or both shoulders. The Western milkmaid's yoke is fitted over both shoulders. However, the East Asian type is carried on one shoulder. This allows the wearer to orient the yoke along the path of travel, in order to more easily navigate crowded areas.
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Types
=Canoe=
Many canoes include a thwart shaped like a yoke to aid in carrying the boat. The gunwales of the inverted canoe rest upon the ends of the yoke, which is normally positioned slightly ahead of the centre of gravity of the vessel. This allows the bow to tip slightly upward when being transported, giving the carrier a view in the direction of travel when being portaged.
=East Asian=
File:Chinese women are carrying basket.jpg, China.]]
This device is still widely used in East Asia, and is considered an icon of the region.
The yoke of this type is sometimes made of wood, but is usually made of bamboo. A large diameter piece of bamboo is used. It is split to produce a fairly flat piece, which is then tapered at each end. A notch is cut at the ends, similar in shape to an arrow head. This prevents the ropes from slipping off. The bamboo yoke is normally between 1 and 1.5 meters in length, and carried with the curved (outside surface) of the bamboo against the shoulder. Three ropes, about 0.5 metres each, attach the basket to the ends of the yoke.{{cite web|url=http://www.tynews.com.cn/longchengsanjin/2010-03/04/content_3590162.htm |title=老物什：扁担 |publisher=Tynews.com.cn |date=2010-03-04 |access-date=2011-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426010500/http://www.tynews.com.cn/longchengsanjin/2010-03/04/content_3590162.htm |archive-date=2012-04-26 }} Throughout China, the baskets usually include a cover, but these are rarely used. They are normally kept inverted on the top of the baskets. The goods are placed within the inverted cover.
This device is not only used to transport goods, but is very commonly used as a point of sale. A vendor fills the baskets with goods, normally fruits and vegetables, a small stool, plastic bags, and a scale, and selects a roadside location in a place with plenty of foot traffic. There, they sell their goods. Often, they move from one place to another depending on sales.
The carrying pole has distinct advantages over the vending cart, the other main manual conveyance of goods in East Asia. The carrying pole can be transported within a motorized vehicle. It is common in China for a group of vendors to enter an urban area each morning in a truck from their village. From a central area, the vendors disperse, selling their goods. Later in the day, they return to the truck then to their village. Independent vendors are also often allowed to transport their carrying poles on intercity buses, and can be seen entering cities to sell their goods.
Gallery
= South Asia =
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Het met watergieters besproeien van de weg Nederlands-Indië TMnr 60040110.jpg|A worker waters a road in the Dutch East Indies
File:Woman under yoke carrying wicker baskets.jpg|Woman carrying wicker baskets, Laos
File:Old man with carrying pole.JPG|A man carrying everyday items in Hainan, China
File:Arya.picul.pikul.2013.jpg|Man serving tahu gejrot in Indonesia
File:Marken Island2.tif|Two girls on the isle of Marken, the Netherlands, carrying water buckets on a yoke (circa 1900)
File:Maelkejunger aag fjelstrup haderslev 193x danske kvinders fotoarkiv.jpg|A Danish milk maid
File:Saint Petersburg woman carrying buckets of water, near Leningrad (1).jpg|Russian woman with carrying yoke near Leningrad (1932)
File:The water transfer.jpg|Ukrainian woman wearing traditional dress with carrying yoke
File:Fishermen at Visakhapatnam beach.jpg|Fishermen in Visakhapatnam, India, returning with a tuna
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 105-DOA0015, Deutsch-Ostafrika, Heimkehr von der Jagd.jpg|Returning from a hunt in German East Africa (circa 1912)
See also
- {{annotated link|Bindle}}
- {{annotated link|Kanwar Yatra}}
- {{annotated link|Picul}}
- {{annotated link|Litter (vehicle)}}
- {{annotated link|Travois}}
References
{{reflist}}
External links
{{commons category|Carrying poles}}
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20120121184025/http://history.cultural-china.com/en/38History9143.html A Chinese variant]
- [http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=36222 Newsreel film of man carrying children]