civil liberties in the United States

Civil liberties in the United States are certain unalienable rights retained by (as opposed to privileges granted to) those in the United States, under the Constitution of the United States, as interpreted and clarified by the Supreme Court of the United States and lower federal courts.{{Cite web |title=Rights of Immigrants |url=https://www.americanbar.org/groups/crsj/about/initiatives/civil-rights-civics-institute/rights-immigrants/ |url-status=live |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=American Bar Association}} Civil liberties are simply defined as individual legal and constitutional protections from entities more powerful than an individual, for example, parts of the government, other individuals, or corporations. The explicitly defined liberties make up the Bill of Rights, including freedom of speech, the right to bear arms, and the right to privacy.{{Cite web |url=http://public.findlaw.com/civil-rights/civil-rights-basics/civil-rights-vs-liberties.html |title=Civil Rights vs. Civil Liberties |access-date=2011-03-22 |archive-date=2012-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307174435/http://public.findlaw.com/civil-rights/civil-rights-basics/civil-rights-vs-liberties.html |url-status=live }} There are also many liberties of people not defined in the Constitution, as stated in the Ninth Amendment: The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.

The extent of civil liberties and the percentage of the population of the United States who had access to these liberties has expanded over time. For example, the Constitution did not originally define who was eligible to vote, allowing each state to determine who was eligible. In the early history of the U.S., most states allowed only white male adult property owners to vote (about 6% of the population).{{cite web |title=Expansion of Rights and Liberties - The Right of Suffrage |url=https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/charters_of_freedom_13.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160706144856/http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/charters_of_freedom_13.html |archivedate=July 6, 2016 |accessdate=April 21, 2015 |website=Online Exhibit: The Charters of Freedom |publisher=National Archives}}{{cite book|last1=Murrin|first1=John M.|last2=Johnson|first2=Paul E.|last3=McPherson|first3=James M.|last4=Fahs|first4=Alice|last5=Gerstle|first5=Gary|title=Liberty, Equality, Power: A History of the American People|date=2012|publisher=Wadsworth, Cengage Learning|isbn=9780495904991|page=296|edition=6th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FGSQOiy6uZUC&pg=PT337|access-date=2017-08-25|archive-date=2023-01-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120193627/https://books.google.com/books?id=FGSQOiy6uZUC&pg=PT337|url-status=live}}{{cite book|first1=Kenneth|last1=Janda|first2=Jeffrey M.|last2=Berry|first3=Jerry|last3=Goldman|title=The challenge of democracy: government in America|date=2008|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|isbn=9780618990948|page=[https://archive.org/details/challengeofdemoc0009jand/page/207 207]|edition=9. ed., update|url=https://archive.org/details/challengeofdemoc0009jand|url-access=registration}} The 'Three-Fifths Compromise' allowed the southern slaveholders to consolidate power and maintain slavery in America for eighty years after the ratification of the Constitution."We Hold These Truths to be Self-evident;" An Interdisciplinary Analysis of the Roots of Racism & slavery in America Kenneth N. Addison; Introduction P. xxii And the Bill of Rights had little impact on judgements by the courts for the first 130 years after ratification.{{cite web|title=The Bill Of Rights: A Brief History|url=https://www.aclu.org/bill-rights-brief-history|publisher=ACLU|accessdate=21 April 2015|archive-date=30 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160830084804/https://www.aclu.org/bill-rights-brief-history|url-status=live}}