climate and energy
{{Short description|List of Climatological research organizations}}
File:Wind speed climatology.jpg. These winds are now increasingly used as a source of energy.]]
In the 21st century, the Earth's climate and its energy policy interact and their relationship is studied and governed by a variety of national and international institutions.{{citation |title=Governing the Climate-Energy Nexus |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2020 |pages=1–8 |author1=Zelli |author2=Bäckstrand |author3=Nasiritousi |author4=Skovgaard |author5=Widerberg |isbn=9781108484817}}
The relationships between energy-resource depletion, climate change, health resources and the environment, and the effects that they have on each other, have been subject to numerous scientific studies and research efforts.{{Cite journal|last1=Khan|first1=Syed Abdul Rehman|last2=Zaman|first2=Khalid|last3=Zhang|first3=Yu|date=2016-09-01|title=The relationship between energy-resource depletion, climate change, health resources and the environmental Kuznets curve: Evidence from the panel of selected developed countries|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032116300946|journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews|language=en|volume=62|pages=468–477|doi=10.1016/j.rser.2016.04.061|issn=1364-0321|url-access=subscription}} As a result, a majority of governments {{Cite web|last=Martin|title=Climate Change|url=https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/climate-change/|access-date=2021-11-15|website=United Nations Sustainable Development|language=en-US}} see climate and energy as two of the most important policy goals of the twenty first century. {{Cite web|last=Colman|first=Zack|title=Biden says U.S. will quadruple climate aid to poor countries|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2021/09/21/biden-united-nations-climate-aid-513414|access-date=2021-11-15|website=Politico|language=en}}{{Cite journal|title=The countries most vulnerable to climate change are leading the way|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004322714_cclc_2018-0256-004|access-date=2021-11-15|website=Climate Change and Law Collection|doi=10.1163/9789004322714_cclc_2018-0256-004 |url-access=subscription}}{{Cite web|title=Issues and priorities for the Twenty-first Century|url=http://www.ciesin.org/docs/004-168/004-168.html|access-date=2021-11-15|website=www.ciesin.org}}
The correlation between climate and energy rests on known causal relationships between human population growth, rising energy consumption and land use and the resulting greenhouse gas emissions and climate change.{{cite journal | last1=Jones | first1=Glenn A. | last2=Warner | first2=Kevin J. | title=The 21st century population-energy-climate nexus | journal=Energy Policy | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=93 | year=2016 | issn=0301-4215 | doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2016.02.044 | pages=206–212}}{{cite journal | last1=Dale | first1=Virginia H. | last2=Efroymson | first2=Rebecca A. | last3=Kline | first3=Keith L. | title=The land use–climate change–energy nexus | journal=Landscape Ecology | publisher=Springer Nature | volume=26 | issue=6 | date=2011-05-15 | issn=0921-2973 | doi=10.1007/s10980-011-9606-2 | pages=755–773| bibcode=2011AGUFMPA32A..03D | s2cid=2077651 }}{{cite journal|doi=10.3390/resources8030136|title= Population–Urbanization–Energy Nexus: A Review|author1=Ram Avtar|author2=Saurabh Tripathi|author3=Ashwani Kumar Aggarwal|author4=Pankaj Kumar|journal=Resources|volume=8|year=2019|issue= 3|page= 136|doi-access=free}}{{cite journal|doi=10.1029/2017RG000591|journal=Reviews of Geophysics|title=The Global Food-Energy-Water Nexus|author1=Paolo D'Odorico|author2=Kyle Frankel Davi|year=2018|volume=56|issue=3|pages=456–531|bibcode=2018RvGeo..56..456D |doi-access=free|hdl=11577/3286061|hdl-access=free}}{{cite journal | last1=Mullan | first1=B. | last2=Haqq-Misra | first2=J. | title=Population growth, energy use, and the implications for the search for extraterrestrial intelligence | journal=Futures | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=106 | year=2019 | issn=0016-3287 | doi=10.1016/j.futures.2018.06.009 | pages=4–17| arxiv=1806.06474 | bibcode=2019Fut...106....4M | s2cid=119387595 }} Environmental harm was caused early on during the industrial revolution, with air pollution being caused by soot coming from factories, as well as the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide being emitted into the atmosphere due to the burning of coal.{{Cite web |last=kaseem |date=2025-03-27 |title=Industrialization: Evolution, Challenges, and Environmental Impact Through Time |url=https://aaenvironment.com/industrialization-and-its-environmental-impact-over-time/ |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=AA ENVIRONMENT |language=en-US}}
The concern for climate change control and mitigation has consequently spurred policy makers and scientists to treat energy use and global climate as an inextricable nexus with effects also going in reverse direction{{cite web | title=Climate Impacts on Energy - Climate Change Impacts | website=US EPA | date=2016-05-25 | url=https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/climate-impacts/climate-impacts-energy_.html | access-date=2018-03-01}} and create various initiatives, institutions and think tanks for a high-level treatment of the relationships. The varying approaches that are highly flawed and hold us back as a society when trying to stabilize the global climate include efficiency improvements, superconducting global electric grids, geoengineering, hydrogen production, storage, and transport. {{Cite journal |last=Hoffert |first=Martin I. |last2=Caldeira |first2=Ken |last3=Benford |first3=Gregory |last4=Criswell |first4=David R. |last5=Green |first5=Christopher |last6=Herzog |first6=Howard |last7=Jain |first7=Atul K. |last8=Kheshgi |first8=Haroon S. |last9=Lackner |first9=Klaus S. |last10=Lewis |first10=John S. |last11=Lightfoot |first11=H. Douglas |last12=Manheimer |first12=Wallace |last13=Mankins |first13=John C. |last14=Mauel |first14=Michael E. |last15=Perkins |first15=L. John |date=November 2002 |title=Advanced Technology Paths to Global Climate Stability: Energy for a Greenhouse Planet |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1072357 |journal=Science |volume=298 |issue=5595 |pages=981–987 |doi=10.1126/science.1072357}}
- Major Economies Forum on Energy and Climate Change (global)
- Ministry of Climate, Energy and Utilities (Denmark)
- Business for Innovative Climate and Energy Policy (US)
- United States House Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming (US)
- European Union climate and energy package (EU)
- Department of Energy and Climate Change (UK)
- White House Office of Energy and Climate Change Policy (US)
- Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water (Australia)
- Minister for the Environment and Water (Australia)
- Climate Change and Sustainable Energy Act 2006
- Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy (Germany)
- Center for Climate and Energy Solutions (UK)
- Energy Security and Net Zero Select Committee (UK)
- San Diego Journal of Climate and Energy Law (US)
- Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation (United Nations)