climate of Turkey
{{Short description|none}}
File:Koppen-Geiger Map TUR present.svg of Turkey]]
Turkey's climate is varied and generally temperate, with the regions bordering the Mediterranean and Black Sea heavily affected by the coasts, and the interior being drier and more continental.
Coastal areas in the southern half of the country, including Antalya, İzmir, Adana, feature a very typical Mediterranean climate, with hot, dry summers and mild, rainy winters. Coastal areas in the north are cooler and are either humid temperate or sub-Mediterranean, with cool, frequently rainy and occasionally snowy winters, and warm summers.
The lower plateaus of the interior are generally continental, and feature hot, dry summers, and cold, snowy winters. Winter precipitation varies widely, leading to humid precipitation regimes near areas like Bitlis, while rain-shadowed areas are semi-arid. On higher elevations, plateaus that nevertheless allow permanent settlement, like Kars and Ardahan, are high-continental and sometimes subalpine, with frigid, snowy winters, and mild, rainy summers.
Dry summers in the south and west, along with moderate aridity in the interior makes the country vulnerable to climate change.
Regions
= Mediterranean climates =
== "True" Mediterranean climate ==
File:Turkey 2006 (132767769).jpeg
A "true", or rather eu-Mediterranean (Köppen: Csa, Trewartha: Cs) climate exists on sea level from the coasts of Antakya to around Muğla, and north to around Manisa, which is generally considered to be its northern limit.{{Cite journal |last=Biltekin |first=Demet |title=Vegetation and Climate of North Anatolian and North Aegean Region Since 7 Ma According to Pollen Analysis |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-present-day-vegetation-map-of-Turkey-and-Greece-Quezel-and-Barbero-1985_fig5_281598878 |journal=HAL}} Average temperatures range between {{Convert|17-20|C|F}}; winters have means around {{Convert|7-10|C|F}}, while summers have mean temperatures between {{Convert|26-29|C|F}}. Precipitation amounts to around {{Convert|600-1200|mm|in}}, all of it rain. Summers get almost no rain, while winters receive plentiful, and sometimes copious amounts of it. Winter precipitation depends on local topography, with enclosed bays of convergent air,{{Cn|date=July 2023}} such as Antalya, getting almost twice the amount of rain as storm-protected areas such as Mersin.
Mountains around the region still show the Mediterranean rainfall pattern, but have mild summers and below-freezing temperatures during winter, creating a zone which may be termed oro-Mediterranean. {{Weather box
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| location = Antalya (1991–2020, extremes 1930–2020)
| Jan high C = 15.0
| Feb high C = 15.9
| Mar high C = 18.4
| Apr high C = 21.8
| May high C = 26.4
| Jun high C = 31.6
| Jul high C = 34.9
| Aug high C = 34.9
| Sep high C = 31.7
| Oct high C = 27.3
| Nov high C = 21.6
| Dec high C = 16.7
| year high C = 24.7
| Jan mean C = 9.8
| Feb mean C = 10.8
| Mar mean C = 13.1
| Apr mean C = 16.4
| May mean C = 20.9
| Jun mean C = 25.7
| Jul mean C = 28.9
| Aug mean C = 29.0
| Sep mean C = 25.6
| Oct mean C = 20.9
| Nov mean C = 15.3
| Dec mean C = 11.4
| year mean C = 19.0
| Jan low C = 5.9
| Feb low C = 6.5
| Mar low C = 8.3
| Apr low C = 11.3
| May low C = 15.7
| Jun low C = 20.1
| Jul low C = 23.4
| Aug low C = 23.7
| Sep low C = 20.1
| Oct low C = 15.9
| Nov low C = 10.7
| Dec low C = 7.5
| year low C = 14.1
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 210.6
| Feb precipitation mm = 112.7
| Mar precipitation mm = 94.5
| Apr precipitation mm = 63.1
| May precipitation mm = 37.0
| Jun precipitation mm = 10.1
| Jul precipitation mm = 4.0
| Aug precipitation mm = 5.0
| Sep precipitation mm = 22.0
| Oct precipitation mm = 76.6
| Nov precipitation mm = 152.2
| Dec precipitation mm = 262.2
| year precipitation mm = 1050.0
| Jan precipitation days = 11.50
| Feb precipitation days = 9.60
| Mar precipitation days = 7.60
| Apr precipitation days = 6.43
| May precipitation days = 4.97
| Jun precipitation days = 2.13
| Jul precipitation days = 0.67
| Aug precipitation days = 0.60
| Sep precipitation days = 1.93
| Oct precipitation days = 4.87
| Nov precipitation days = 7.07
| Dec precipitation days = 10.00
| year precipitation days = 67.4
| Jan sun = 151.9
| Feb sun = 161.0
| Mar sun = 201.5
| Apr sun = 231.0
| May sun = 291.4
| Jun sun = 330.0
| Jul sun = 344.1
| Aug sun = 325.5
| Sep sun = 273.0
| Oct sun = 232.5
| Nov sun = 177.0
| Dec sun = 145.7
| year sun =
| source 1 = Turkish State Meteorological Service{{cite web
| url = https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?k=H&m=ANTALYA
| title = Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Mevism Normalleri (1991–2020)
| publisher = Turkish State Meteorological Service
| language = tr
| access-date = 1 May 2021}}
| date = February 2011
| source =
}}
== Pre-Mediterranean climate ==
File:Gaziantep overview.jpg.]]
A pre-Mediterranean climate ({{Langx|tr|Akdeniz sâhil ardı iklimi}},{{Cite book |last=Mızrak |first=Gürbüz |title=Türkiye İklim Bölgeleri ve Haritası}} Köppen: Csa, Trewartha: Cs/Do/Dc) exists in relatively continental areas influenced by the Mediterranean climatic system, notably around the inner Aegean and Southeastern Anatolia. Average temperatures range between {{Convert|14-18|C|F}} with winter means around {{Convert|1-6|C|F}}, and summers as hot as (or hotter than) the Mediterranean. Rainfall follows the general pattern of the Mediterranean region, but sunshine is sometimes noticeably lower, and precipitation amounts are lower than the Mediterranean region, between {{Convert|400-800|mm|in}}. Snow can also fall in this area, unlike the coastal Mediterranean region.{{Weather box
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| location = Diyarbakır (1991–2020, extremes 1929–2020)
| Jan high C = 7.3
| Feb high C = 9.6
| Mar high C = 15.0
| Apr high C = 20.5
| May high C = 26.8
| Jun high C = 34.4
| Jul high C = 38.9
| Aug high C = 38.7
| Sep high C = 33.4
| Oct high C = 25.7
| Nov high C = 16.3
| Dec high C = 9.2
| year high C = 23.0
| Jan mean C = 2.1
| Feb mean C = 3.8
| Mar mean C = 8.7
| Apr mean C = 13.5
| May mean C = 18.9
| Jun mean C = 26.3
| Jul mean C = 31.0
| Aug mean C = 30.5
| Sep mean C = 25.0
| Oct mean C = 17.8
| Nov mean C = 9.3
| Dec mean C = 3.8
| year mean C = 15.9
| Jan low C = -2.0
| Feb low C = -1.1
| Mar low C = 2.6
| Apr low C = 6.6
| May low C = 10.9
| Jun low C = 16.8
| Jul low C = 21.7
| Aug low C = 21.2
| Sep low C = 15.9
| Oct low C = 10.4
| Nov low C = 3.8
| Dec low C = -0.5
| year low C = 8.9
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 63.6
| Feb precipitation mm = 66.8
| Mar precipitation mm = 67.5
| Apr precipitation mm = 63.1
| May precipitation mm = 50.0
| Jun precipitation mm = 10.8
| Jul precipitation mm = 1.0
| Aug precipitation mm = 0.4
| Sep precipitation mm = 8.4
| Oct precipitation mm = 37.3
| Nov precipitation mm = 54.3
| Dec precipitation mm = 75.2
| year precipitation mm = 498.4
| Jan precipitation days = 11.77
| Feb precipitation days = 11.10
| Mar precipitation days = 12.80
| Apr precipitation days = 12.43
| May precipitation days = 11.40
| Jun precipitation days = 3.80
| Jul precipitation days = 0.83
| Aug precipitation days = 0.60
| Sep precipitation days = 2.13
| Oct precipitation days = 7.00
| Nov precipitation days = 8.20
| Dec precipitation days = 11.83
| year precipitation days = 93.9
| Jan sun = 124.0
| Feb sun = 135.6
| Mar sun = 173.6
| Apr sun = 210.0
| May sun = 282.1
| Jun sun = 348.0
| Jul sun = 362.7
| Aug sun = 341.0
| Sep sun = 279.0
| Oct sun = 220.1
| Nov sun = 165.0
| Dec sun = 114.7
| year sun =
| source 1 = Turkish State Meteorological Service
{{cite web
| url = https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?k=H&m=DIYARBAKIR
| title = Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Mevism Normalleri (1991–2020)
| publisher = Turkish State Meteorological Service
| language = tr
| access-date = 28 June 2021}}
| date = May 2011
| source =
}}
= Transitional zone =
== Marmara dry-summer temperate climate ==
{{See also|Climate of Istanbul}}File:İzmit manzarası.jpg vegetation, near İzmit.]]
The climate around the Marmara Sea ({{Langx|tr|Marmara geçiş iklimi|lit=Marmara transitional climate}},{{cite journal |last1=Sensoy |first1=Ferhat |last2=Demircan |first2=Mesut |last3=Ulupınar |first3=Yusuf |last4=Balta |first4=İzzet |title=Türkiye İklimi |journal=Turkish State Meteorological Service |page=5 |url=https://www.mgm.gov.tr/FILES/genel/makale/13_turkiye_iklimi.pdf |access-date=15 July 2023}} Köppen: Csa/Csb/Cfa/Cfb, Trewartha: Cs/Cf/Do) is complex, transitional and often microclimatic. It wraps around the sea, covering Bursa, Bilecik, southern İzmit and İstanbul, as well as Tekirdağ. Often of a meso- or supra-Mediterranean quality at sea-level; its vegetation at sea level is similar to the lower mountains of the "true" Mediterranean region, with heat-tolerant broadleaf oaks and occasional mesophilous trees, such as beech. Therefore, it is generally considered mild-temperate and not subtropical in Turkish sources and furthermore, Bohn, in a survey of European vegetation and climate, calls the climate sub-continental sub-Mediterranean.{{Cite web |title=G30: West Euxinian sessile oak-Balkan oak forests (Quercus frainetto, Quercus iberica, partly with Quercus hartwissiana) with Mespilus germanica, Sesleria alba {{!}} Sites {{!}} Recent {{!}} IPR database |url=https://www.iprdatabase.eu/db/recent/sites/g30-west-euxinian-sessile-oak-balkan-oak-forests-quercus-frainetto-quercus-iberica-partly-with-quercus-hartwissiana-with-mespilus-germanica-sesleria-alba |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=iprdatabase.eu |language=en}}
Its average temperatures range around {{Convert|12-15|C|F}} at sea level. Its summers are generally cool for the Mediterranean, but warm for oceanic climates, with means around {{Convert|20-25|C|F}}, varying on a microclimatic level. Winter means range between {{Convert|2-6|C|F}}, with a noticeable decrease further inland. Precipitation amounts to {{Convert|600-1100|mm|in}}. Winters are very cloudy, with the amount of rainy days far surpassing much of Europe; while snow falls occasionally, often with sea-effect. Summers are moderately dry, but feature occasional thunderstorms, sometimes severe; along with the Black Sea climatic region further east, areas around the Marmara Sea have their peak thunderstorm activity in early and late summer.
Mountains here often quickly transition into subalpine climates, most notably Uludağ.{{Weather box
| location = Istanbul (normals 1991–2020)
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| Jan high C = 8.8
| Feb high C = 9.4
| Mar high C = 12.0
| Apr high C = 16.1
| May high C = 21.0
| Jun high C = 25.7
| Jul high C = 28.0
| Aug high C = 28.2
| Sep high C = 24.6
| Oct high C = 19.9
| Nov high C = 15.0
| Dec high C = 10.7
| year high C =
| Jan mean C = 5.9
| Feb mean C = 6.1
| Mar mean C = 8.0
| Apr mean C = 11.5
| May mean C = 16.3
| Jun mean C = 21.1
| Jul mean C = 23.7
| Aug mean C = 24.2
| Sep mean C = 20.5
| Oct mean C = 16.2
| Nov mean C = 11.7
| Dec mean C = 7.9
| year mean C =
| Jan low C = 3.6
| Feb low C = 3.5
| Mar low C = 4.9
| Apr low C = 8.1
| May low C = 12.8
| Jun low C = 17.4
| Jul low C = 20.3
| Aug low C = 21.2
| Sep low C = 17.4
| Oct low C = 13.6
| Nov low C = 9.2
| Dec low C = 5.5
| year low C = 11.0
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 96.1
| Feb precipitation mm = 87.7
| Mar precipitation mm = 69.8
| Apr precipitation mm = 45.1
| May precipitation mm = 37.1
| Jun precipitation mm = 44.7
| Jul precipitation mm = 36.3
| Aug precipitation mm = 43.5
| Sep precipitation mm = 81.3
| Oct precipitation mm = 98.3
| Nov precipitation mm = 100.5
| Dec precipitation mm = 124.8
| year precipitation mm =
| Jan precipitation days = 16.9
| Feb precipitation days = 15.2
| Mar precipitation days = 13.2
| Apr precipitation days = 10.0
| May precipitation days = 7.4
| Jun precipitation days = 7.0
| Jul precipitation days = 4.7
| Aug precipitation days = 5.1
| Sep precipitation days = 8.1
| Oct precipitation days = 12.3
| Nov precipitation days = 13.9
| Dec precipitation days = 17.5
| year precipitation days = 131.3
| unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
| Jan sun = 68.2
| Feb sun = 89.6
| Mar sun = 142.6
| Apr sun = 180.0
| May sun = 248.0
| Jun sun = 297.6
| Jul sun = 319.3
| Aug sun = 288.3
| Sep sun = 234.0
| Oct sun = 158.1
| Nov sun = 93.0
| Dec sun = 62.0
| year sun =
| source = {{cite web |title=Resmi İstatistikler |url=https://mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?m=ISTANBUL |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201223163236/https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?k=H&m=ISTANBUL |archive-date=23 December 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=mgm.gov.tr |publisher=Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü}}{{cite web|title=Rivista Ligure di Meteorologia 44 - La neve sulle coste del Mediterraneo|url=http://www.nimbus.it/liguria/rlm44/neve_mediterraneo.htm|access-date=3 June 2021|website=www.nimbus.it}}{{cite web
|url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Turkiye/CSV/Sariyer_17061.csv
|title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020
|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
|access-date = January 16, 2024}}
}}
== Thracian sub-humid climate ==
File:Çukurpınar, 39100 Çukurpınar-Kırklareli Merkez-Kırklareli, Turkey - panoramio (2).jpg.]]
Inland regions northwest of the Marmara Sea have a transitional, sub-humid climate (Köppen: Csa/Cfa, Trewartha: Cs/Cf/Do), with average temperatures matching those of the Marmara Sea, albeit with colder, snowier winters and hotter summers. The vegetation here is pre-steppic, mostly oak savanna.
This area does have similarities to the pre-Mediterranean climate further south, but its lower sunshine, light winter precipitation and milder, wetter summers distinguish the two. The area's thunderstorm season peaks in May and early June, resulting in a slightly earlier season than that of the Marmara Sea.{{Cite journal |last=Taszarek |first=Mateusz |last2=Allen |first2=John |last3=Púčik |first3=Tomáš |last4=Groenemeijer |first4=Pieter |last5=Czernecki |first5=Bartosz |last6=Kolendowicz |first6=Leszek |last7=Lagouvardos |first7=Kostas |last8=Kotroni |first8=Vasiliki |last9=Schulz |first9=Wolfgang |date=2019-03-15 |title=A Climatology of Thunderstorms across Europe from a Synthesis of Multiple Data Sources |url=https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/clim/32/6/jcli-d-18-0372.1.xml |journal=Journal of Climate |language=EN |volume=32 |issue=6 |pages=1813–1837 |doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0372.1 |issn=0894-8755|doi-access=free }}{{Weather box
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| location = Kırklareli (1991–2020, extremes 1959–2020)
| Jan high C = 7.2
| Feb high C = 9.2
| Mar high C = 12.8
| Apr high C = 18.4
| May high C = 24.0
| Jun high C = 28.7
| Jul high C = 31.3
| Aug high C = 31.5
| Sep high C = 26.6
| Oct high C = 20.1
| Nov high C = 14.0
| Dec high C = 8.7
| year high C = 19.4
| Jan mean C = 3.3
| Feb mean C = 4.5
| Mar mean C = 7.5
| Apr mean C = 12.4
| May mean C = 17.6
| Jun mean C = 22.1
| Jul mean C = 24.6
| Aug mean C = 24.6
| Sep mean C = 19.9
| Oct mean C = 14.6
| Nov mean C = 9.5
| Dec mean C = 5.0
| year mean C = 13.8
| Jan low C = 0.3
| Feb low C = 1.0
| Mar low C = 3.4
| Apr low C = 7.3
| May low C = 12.0
| Jun low C = 16.1
| Jul low C = 18.4
| Aug low C = 18.6
| Sep low C = 14.5
| Oct low C = 10.3
| Nov low C = 6.0
| Dec low C = 2.1
| year low C = 9.2
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 61.9
| Feb precipitation mm = 48.3
| Mar precipitation mm = 48.8
| Apr precipitation mm = 39.1
| May precipitation mm = 53.6
| Jun precipitation mm = 56.2
| Jul precipitation mm = 34.2
| Aug precipitation mm = 19.1
| Sep precipitation mm = 39.9
| Oct precipitation mm = 60.6
| Nov precipitation mm = 62.4
| Dec precipitation mm = 61.7
| year precipitation mm = 585.8
| Jan precipitation days = 9.93
| Feb precipitation days = 8.73
| Mar precipitation days = 10.20
| Apr precipitation days = 10.50
| May precipitation days = 10.43
| Jun precipitation days = 9.07
| Jul precipitation days = 5.67
| Aug precipitation days = 3.67
| Sep precipitation days = 5.70
| Oct precipitation days = 8.67
| Nov precipitation days = 9.07
| Dec precipitation days = 11.13
| year precipitation days = 102.8
| Jan sun = 71.3
| Feb sun = 81.9
| Mar sun = 130.2
| Apr sun = 165.0
| May sun = 226.3
| Jun sun = 234.0
| Jul sun = 266.6
| Aug sun = 266.6
| Sep sun = 189.0
| Oct sun = 136.4
| Nov sun = 90.0
| Dec sun = 65.1
| source 1 = Turkish State Meteorological Service{{cite web
| url = https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?k=H&m=KIRKLARELI
| title = Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Mevism Normalleri (1991–2020)
| publisher = Turkish State Meteorological Service
| language = tr
| access-date = 11 April 2021}}
| date = September 2016
| source =
}}
= Humid maritime climates =
== Western Pontic climate ==
File:Belgrad Forest (4).jpg and Fagus sylvatica forest, north of Istanbul.{{Cn|date=July 2023}}]]
A mild, humid temperate climate (Köppen: Cfa/Cfb, Trewartha: Cf/Do) exists from the northern coast of Istanbul to İnebolu, at sea level around the coast of the Black Sea. Its vegetation is deciduous broadleaf, and resembles the supra-Mediterranean zone at sea level, although it is part of a different floristic zone, specifically the Euxinic one.
Its average temperatures range around {{Convert|12-14|C|F}} at sea level, with summer means around {{Convert|20-23|C|F}} and winter means around {{Convert|4-6|C|F}}. Rainfall is well-distributed and quite frequent, generally around {{Convert|900-1500|mm|in}} with a spring drying pattern, instead of a summer-dry one. Winter snowfall is about the same amount as the Marmara region, but winter means are raised by Foehn winds.{{Weather box
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| location = Zonguldak (1991–2020, extremes 1939–2020)
| Jan high C = 9.2
| Feb high C = 9.7
| Mar high C = 11.7
| Apr high C = 15.2
| May high C = 19.3
| Jun high C = 23.6
| Jul high C = 25.8
| Aug high C = 26.2
| Sep high C = 23.2
| Oct high C = 19.2
| Nov high C = 15.2
| Dec high C = 11.5
| year high C = 17.5
| Jan mean C = 6.3
| Feb mean C = 6.4
| Mar mean C = 8.1
| Apr mean C = 11.5
| May mean C = 15.7
| Jun mean C = 19.9
| Jul mean C = 22.4
| Aug mean C = 22.7
| Sep mean C = 19.5
| Oct mean C = 15.7
| Nov mean C = 11.7
| Dec mean C = 8.3
| year mean C = 14.0
| Jan low C = 3.8
| Feb low C = 3.6
| Mar low C = 5.2
| Apr low C = 8.3
| May low C = 12.6
| Jun low C = 16.5
| Jul low C = 18.8
| Aug low C = 19.2
| Sep low C = 16.1
| Oct low C = 12.8
| Nov low C = 8.9
| Dec low C = 5.7
| year low C = 11.0
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 127.7
| Feb precipitation mm = 93.9
| Mar precipitation mm = 96.4
| Apr precipitation mm = 57.1
| May precipitation mm = 59.5
| Jun precipitation mm = 83.0
| Jul precipitation mm = 69.7
| Aug precipitation mm = 81.6
| Sep precipitation mm = 125.9
| Oct precipitation mm = 147.5
| Nov precipitation mm = 134.5
| Dec precipitation mm = 161.8
| year precipitation mm = 1238.6
| Jan precipitation days = 18.13
| Feb precipitation days = 15.93
| Mar precipitation days = 15.60
| Apr precipitation days = 12.73
| May precipitation days = 11.37
| Jun precipitation days = 9.33
| Jul precipitation days = 7.17
| Aug precipitation days = 7.03
| Sep precipitation days = 10.17
| Oct precipitation days = 12.80
| Nov precipitation days = 13.60
| Dec precipitation days = 18.30
| year precipitation days = 152.2
| Jan sun = 62.0
| Feb sun = 73.5
| Mar sun = 108.5
| Apr sun = 153.0
| May sun = 195.3
| Jun sun = 243.0
| Jul sun = 275.9
| Aug sun = 257.3
| Sep sun = 189.0
| Oct sun = 130.2
| Nov sun = 90.0
| Dec sun = 65.1
| year sun =
| source 1 = Turkish State Meteorological Service{{cite web
| url = https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?k=H&m=ZONGULDAK
| title = Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Mevism Normalleri (1991–2020)
| publisher = Turkish State Meteorological Service
| language = tr
| access-date = 24 April 2021}}
| source =
}}
== Central Pontic climate ==
In sheltered locations around Sinop and Samsun, the climate (Köppen: Cfa, Trewartha: Cf) is noticeably drier and warmer than the Western Pontic zone, but somewhat cooler, and much drier than the Eastern Pontic zone. Meso-Mediterranean vegetation resurfaces here, and coexists with broadleaf forest. Average temperatures range around {{Convert|13-15|C|F}}, with summer means around {{Convert|22-25|C|F}} and winter means around {{Convert|6-8|C|F}}. Rainfall follows the general distribution of the region, but the area is less humid than expected in all seasons.{{Weather box
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| location = Sinop (1991–2020, extremes 1936–2020)
| Jan high C = 9.7
| Feb high C = 9.8
| Mar high C = 11.3
| Apr high C = 14.5
| May high C = 19.0
| Jun high C = 24.0
| Jul high C = 26.8
| Aug high C = 27.6
| Sep high C = 24.1
| Oct high C = 19.9
| Nov high C = 15.6
| Dec high C = 12.0
| year high C = 17.9
| Jan mean C = 7.1
| Feb mean C = 6.8
| Mar mean C = 8.1
| Apr mean C = 11.0
| May mean C = 15.5
| Jun mean C = 20.5
| Jul mean C = 23.6
| Aug mean C = 24.3
| Sep mean C = 20.8
| Oct mean C = 16.9
| Nov mean C = 12.6
| Dec mean C = 9.2
| year mean C = 14.7
| Jan low C = 4.9
| Feb low C = 4.4
| Mar low C = 5.6
| Apr low C = 8.4
| May low C = 12.7
| Jun low C = 17.6
| Jul low C = 20.6
| Aug low C = 21.4
| Sep low C = 18.1
| Oct low C = 14.4
| Nov low C = 10.0
| Dec low C = 6.9
| year low C = 12.1
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 73.4
| Feb precipitation mm = 54.4
| Mar precipitation mm = 60.1
| Apr precipitation mm = 37.3
| May precipitation mm = 34.5
| Jun precipitation mm = 39.1
| Jul precipitation mm = 35.5
| Aug precipitation mm = 37.2
| Sep precipitation mm = 74.6
| Oct precipitation mm = 94.4
| Nov precipitation mm = 82.9
| Dec precipitation mm = 104.4
| year precipitation mm = 727.8
| Jan precipitation days = 15.80
| Feb precipitation days = 13.00
| Mar precipitation days = 13.77
| Apr precipitation days = 11.37
| May precipitation days = 10.17
| Jun precipitation days = 8.47
| Jul precipitation days = 5.83
| Aug precipitation days = 6.30
| Sep precipitation days = 10.10
| Oct precipitation days = 12.73
| Nov precipitation days = 12.17
| Dec precipitation days = 16.13
| year precipitation days = 135.8
| Jan sun = 62.0
| Feb sun = 76.3
| Mar sun = 117.8
| Apr sun = 159.0
| May sun = 186.0
| Jun sun = 234.0
| Jul sun = 269.7
| Aug sun = 248.0
| Sep sun = 183.0
| Oct sun = 124.0
| Nov sun = 87.0
| Dec sun = 58.9
| source 1 = Turkish State Meteorological Service{{cite web
| url = https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?k=H&m=SINOP
| title = Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Mevism Normalleri (1991–2020)
| publisher = Turkish State Meteorological Service
| language = tr
| access-date = 24 April 2021}}
| source =
}}
== Eastern Pontic climate ==
File:State road D865 (Turkey) 10.jpg, near Giresun.]]
As the Black Sea coast assumes a southwest-northeast direction once again, rainfall increases, and forms the near-subtropical, extremely humid climate (Köppen: Cfa, Trewartha: Cf) prevalent in the eastern Black Sea region. Featuring temperate rainforests, its temperatures are very slightly warmer than the transitional zone further west, but rainfall in this region is nearly constant in frequency, varying only by intensity. Rainfall amounts are also quite copious at {{Convert|1500-2500|mm|in}}, with a spring drying pattern. Some parts of the region get below 1,200 hours of sunshine, values far below Western Europe and more comparable to subpolar regions.{{Cite web |title=Giresun |url=https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?k=A&m=GIRESUN |website=MGM}}
Mountains in this region have a perhumid, alpine climate with verdant meadows ({{Langx|tr|yayla}}) alternating with krummholz and boreal forests.{{Cite web |title=C45: West Low Caucasian krummholz and open woodlands (Betula litwinowii, Fagus sylvatica subsp. orientalis, Acer trautvetteri) with Quercus pontica, Betula medwediewii, scrub (Rhododendron caucasicum) with Rhododendron ungernii, tall-herb communities (Ligusticum alatum, Milium schmidtianum) with Heracleum cyclocarpum, Heracleum mantegazzianum and grasslands (Agrostis planifolia, Geranium platypetalum) with Euphorbia oblongifolia, Astragalus bachmarensis {{!}} Sites {{!}} Recent {{!}} IPR database |url=https://www.iprdatabase.eu/db/recent/sites/c45-west-low-caucasian-krummholz-and-open-woodlands-betula-litwinowii-fagus-sylvatica-subsp-orientalis-acer-trautvetteri-with-quercus-pontica-betula-medwediewii-scrub-rhododendron-caucasicum-with-rhododendron-ungernii-tall-herb-communities-ligusticum-alatum-milium-schmidtianum-with-heracleum-cyclocarpum-heracleum-mantegazzianum-and-grasslands-agrostis-planifolia-geranium-platypetalum-with-euphorbia-oblongifolia-astragalus-bachmarensis |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=iprdatabase.eu |language=en}} {{Weather box
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| location = Rize (1991–2020, extremes 1928–2020)
| Jan high C = 11.0
| Feb high C = 11.1
| Mar high C = 12.9
| Apr high C = 15.9
| May high C = 20.2
| Jun high C = 24.9
| Jul high C = 27.4
| Aug high C = 28.1
| Sep high C = 25.4
| Oct high C = 21.4
| Nov high C = 16.7
| Dec high C = 13.0
| year high C = 19.0
| Jan mean C = 6.9
| Feb mean C = 6.8
| Mar mean C = 8.7
| Apr mean C = 11.8
| May mean C = 16.6
| Jun mean C = 21.2
| Jul mean C = 23.8
| Aug mean C = 24.5
| Sep mean C = 21.2
| Oct mean C = 17.2
| Nov mean C = 12.1
| Dec mean C = 8.7
| year mean C = 15.0
| Jan low C = 3.9
| Feb low C = 3.7
| Mar low C = 5.4
| Apr low C = 8.5
| May low C = 13.2
| Jun low C = 17.5
| Jul low C = 20.5
| Aug low C = 21.2
| Sep low C = 17.7
| Oct low C = 13.9
| Nov low C = 8.8
| Dec low C = 5.6
| year low C = 11.7
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 223.1
| Feb precipitation mm = 170.5
| Mar precipitation mm = 154.0
| Apr precipitation mm = 90.5
| May precipitation mm = 96.6
| Jun precipitation mm = 148.4
| Jul precipitation mm = 163.4
| Aug precipitation mm = 192.5
| Sep precipitation mm = 265.1
| Oct precipitation mm = 307.3
| Nov precipitation mm = 246.0
| Dec precipitation mm = 252.1
| year precipitation mm = 2309.5
| Jan precipitation days = 15.53
| Feb precipitation days = 14.43
| Mar precipitation days = 16.83
| Apr precipitation days = 15.63
| May precipitation days = 15.73
| Jun precipitation days = 15.97
| Jul precipitation days = 14.37
| Aug precipitation days = 15.10
| Sep precipitation days = 15.27
| Oct precipitation days = 15.73
| Nov precipitation days = 13.60
| Dec precipitation days = 15.27
| year precipitation days = 183.5
| Jan sun = 62.0
| Feb sun = 84.8
| Mar sun = 114.7
| Apr sun = 144.0
| May sun = 179.8
| Jun sun = 195.0
| Jul sun = 176.7
| Aug sun = 161.2
| Sep sun = 156.0
| Oct sun = 127.1
| Nov sun = 87.0
| Dec sun = 58.9
| year sun =
| source 1 = Turkish State Meteorological Service{{cite web
| url = https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?k=H&m=RIZE
| title = Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Mevism Normalleri (1991–2020)
| publisher = Turkish State Meteorological Service
| language = tr
| access-date = 7 August 2021}}
| date = March 2011
| source =
}}
= Continental climates =
== Pre-Pontic sub-humid continental climate ==
File:Kastamonu edge of town 1305.jpg.]]
Between the humid Pontic climate and semi-arid conditions further inland, a sub-humid to humid continental climate ({{Langx|tr|Karadeniz sâhil ardı iklimi|lit=Pre-Pontic climate}}, Köppen: Dfb, Trewartha: Dc) exists, most notably near Kastamonu. Average temperatures range around {{Convert|8-11|C|F}}, with means of {{Convert|18-21|C|F}} during the hottest month and winter means just below the freezing mark. Rainfall is around {{Convert|500|mm|in}}, with a spring storm season.{{Weather box
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| location = Kastamonu (1991–2020, extremes 1930–2020)
| Jan high C = 3.6
| Feb high C = 6.9
| Mar high C = 11.5
| Apr high C = 17.0
| May high C = 21.7
| Jun high C = 25.3
| Jul high C = 28.8
| Aug high C = 29.1
| Sep high C = 24.6
| Oct high C = 18.7
| Nov high C = 11.2
| Dec high C = 4.8
| year high C = 16.9
| Jan mean C = -0.6
| Feb mean C = 1.1
| Mar mean C = 4.8
| Apr mean C = 9.5
| May mean C = 14.2
| Jun mean C = 17.7
| Jul mean C = 20.5
| Aug mean C = 20.5
| Sep mean C = 16.2
| Oct mean C = 11.2
| Nov mean C = 4.9
| Dec mean C = 0.7
| year mean C = 10.1
| Jan low C = -3.8
| Feb low C = -3.1
| Mar low C = -0.4
| Apr low C = 3.4
| May low C = 7.7
| Jun low C = 11.0
| Jul low C = 13.0
| Aug low C = 13.1
| Sep low C = 9.5
| Oct low C = 5.9
| Nov low C = 0.5
| Dec low C = -2.4
| year low C = 4.5
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 29.4
| Feb precipitation mm = 28.1
| Mar precipitation mm = 38.5
| Apr precipitation mm = 50.5
| May precipitation mm = 77.9
| Jun precipitation mm = 89.6
| Jul precipitation mm = 36.0
| Aug precipitation mm = 38.2
| Sep precipitation mm = 38.7
| Oct precipitation mm = 34.8
| Nov precipitation mm = 27.5
| Dec precipitation mm = 36.1
| year precipitation mm = 525.3
| Jan precipitation days = 11.20
| Feb precipitation days = 10.30
| Mar precipitation days = 11.87
| Apr precipitation days = 13.13
| May precipitation days = 15.23
| Jun precipitation days = 12.70
| Jul precipitation days = 6.90
| Aug precipitation days = 6.53
| Sep precipitation days = 7.37
| Oct precipitation days = 9.87
| Nov precipitation days = 8.97
| Dec precipitation days = 11.37
| year precipitation days = 125.4
| Jan sun = 62.0
| Feb sun = 96.1
| Mar sun = 127.1
| Apr sun = 162.0
| May sun = 198.4
| Jun sun = 222.0
| Jul sun = 272.8
| Aug sun = 266.6
| Sep sun = 192.0
| Oct sun = 148.8
| Nov sun = 105.0
| Dec sun = 55.8
| source 1 = Turkish State Meteorological Service{{cite web
| url = https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?k=H&m=KASTAMONU
| title = Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Mevism Normalleri (1991–2020)
| publisher = Turkish State Meteorological Service
| language = tr
| access-date = 24 April 2021}}
| source =
}}
== Northeastern high-continental climate ==
File:Kars along river 3423.jpg environment around Kars.]]
In the far-northeast of the country, often in elevations above {{Convert|1500|m|ft}}, the summerly drying trend is no longer observed, and a unique, high-continental climate (Köppen: Dfb/Dfc, Trewartha: Dc/Ec) forms near Kars and Ardahan. Here, average temperatures are generally just above the freezing mark, while summers average around {{Convert|15|C|F}}. Winters are the most severe in the country, with lows routinely below {{Convert|-18|C|F}}. Rainfall is generally around {{Convert|500-700|mm|in}} with an early-summer wet season.{{Weather box
| location = Ardahan (1991–2020, extremes 1958–2020)
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan high C = -4.4
| Feb high C = -2.7
| Mar high C = 3.6
| Apr high C = 11.1
| May high C = 16.4
| Jun high C = 20.8
| Jul high C = 24.3
| Aug high C = 25.2
| Sep high C = 21.2
| Oct high C = 15.2
| Nov high C = 6.7
| Dec high C = -1.5
| year high C = 11.3
| Jan mean C = -10.3
| Feb mean C = -9.1
| Mar mean C = -2.3
| Apr mean C = 4.7
| May mean C = 9.6
| Jun mean C = 13.3
| Jul mean C = 16.4
| Aug mean C = 16.7
| Sep mean C = 12.5
| Oct mean C = 7.2
| Nov mean C = -0.1
| Dec mean C = -7.3
| year mean C = 4.3
| Jan low C = -15.5
| Feb low C = -14.6
| Mar low C = -7.5
| Apr low C = -0.8
| May low C = 3.6
| Jun low C = 6.5
| Jul low C = 9.4
| Aug low C = 9.3
| Sep low C = 4.9
| Oct low C = 0.7
| Nov low C = -5.4
| Dec low C = -12.1
| year low C = -1.8
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 24.0
| Feb precipitation mm = 21.7
| Mar precipitation mm = 37.0
| Apr precipitation mm = 54.2
| May precipitation mm = 85.2
| Jun precipitation mm = 101.7
| Jul precipitation mm = 77.2
| Aug precipitation mm = 64.8
| Sep precipitation mm = 38.9
| Oct precipitation mm = 41.1
| Nov precipitation mm = 29.9
| Dec precipitation mm = 24.7
| year precipitation mm = 600.4
| Jan precipitation days = 7.80
| Feb precipitation days = 7.97
| Mar precipitation days = 10.33
| Apr precipitation days = 14.23
| May precipitation days = 17.97
| Jun precipitation days = 15.50
| Jul precipitation days = 12.97
| Aug precipitation days = 12.00
| Sep precipitation days = 9.47
| Oct precipitation days = 10.87
| Nov precipitation days = 7.93
| Dec precipitation days = 8.03
| year precipitation days = 135.1
| Jan sun = 80.6
| Feb sun = 104.5
| Mar sun = 155.0
| Apr sun = 153.0
| May sun = 195.3
| Jun sun = 234.0
| Jul sun = 257.3
| Aug sun = 251.1
| Sep sun = 213.0
| Oct sun = 164.3
| Nov sun = 111.0
| Dec sun = 77.5
| year sun =
| source 1 = Turkish State Meteorological Service{{cite web
| url = https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?k=H&m=ARDAHAN
| title = Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Mevism Normalleri (1991–2020)
| publisher = Turkish State Meteorological Service
| language = tr
| access-date = 11 April 2021}}
| date = January 2016
| source =
}}
== Orographic rain-belt continental climate ==
File:Bêdlis.jpg during winter.]]
On the foothills of the Anti-Taurus and Zagros Mountains, south of the Armenian highlands and, in general, near the continental foothills of the southern Alpide belt in Turkey, an orographically-induced rainbelt forms a Mediterranean-influenced continental climate (Köppen: Dsa/Dsb, Trewartha: Dc), high in precipitation. Temperatures average around {{Convert|8-12|C|F}} with winter means around {{Convert|-3|C|F}} and summer temperatures averaging between {{Convert|21-25|C|F}}. Precipitation is heaviest in early-spring, with totals above {{Convert|800|mm|in}}. Winters are very snowy. Despite this high precipitation, summer aridity keep the vegetation of the area pre-steppic.{{Cite journal |last=Atalay |first=Ibrahim |date=1986 |title=Vegetation formations of Turkey |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/tigr_0048-7163_1986_num_65_1_1183 |journal=Travaux de l'Institut de Géographie de Reims |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=17–30 |doi=10.3406/tigr.1986.1183}}{{Weather box
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| location = Bitlis (1991–2020, extremes 1959–2020)
| Jan high C = -0.9
| Feb high C = 0.9
| Mar high C = 5.0
| Apr high C = 11.7
| May high C = 17.5
| Jun high C = 24.0
| Jul high C = 28.9
| Aug high C = 29.3
| Sep high C = 24.8
| Oct high C = 16.5
| Nov high C = 7.9
| Dec high C = 2.0
| year high C = 14.0
| Jan mean C = -4.7
| Feb mean C = -3.4
| Mar mean C = 0.9
| Apr mean C = 6.8
| May mean C = 12.3
| Jun mean C = 18.1
| Jul mean C = 22.6
| Aug mean C = 22.8
| Sep mean C = 18.3
| Oct mean C = 11.2
| Nov mean C = 4.1
| Dec mean C = -1.6
| year mean C = 9.0
| Jan low C = -8.5
| Feb low C = -7.5
| Mar low C = -2.8
| Apr low C = 2.5
| May low C = 7.2
| Jun low C = 11.4
| Jul low C = 15.6
| Aug low C = 15.9
| Sep low C = 11.6
| Oct low C = 6.3
| Nov low C = 0.4
| Dec low C = -5.0
| year low C = 3.9
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 161.0
| Feb precipitation mm = 114.3
| Mar precipitation mm = 170.0
| Apr precipitation mm = 136.6
| May precipitation mm = 105.7
| Jun precipitation mm = 14.6
| Jul precipitation mm = 11.1
| Aug precipitation mm = 6.1
| Sep precipitation mm = 27.9
| Oct precipitation mm = 89.0
| Nov precipitation mm = 86.8
| Dec precipitation mm = 123.5
| year precipitation mm = 1046.6
| Jan precipitation days = 13.55
| Feb precipitation days = 11.55
| Mar precipitation days = 13.73
| Apr precipitation days = 13.09
| May precipitation days = 14.00
| Jun precipitation days = 5.09
| Jul precipitation days = 2.45
| Aug precipitation days = 1.09
| Sep precipitation days = 2.55
| Oct precipitation days = 8.82
| Nov precipitation days = 9.36
| Dec precipitation days = 12.45
| year precipitation days = 107.7
| Jan sun = 74.4
| Feb sun = 96.1
| Mar sun = 158.1
| Apr sun = 177.0
| May sun = 229.4
| Jun sun = 279.0
| Jul sun = 303.8
| Aug sun = 300.7
| Sep sun = 276.0
| Oct sun = 167.4
| Nov sun = 87.0
| Dec sun = 62.0
| year sun =
| source 1 = Turkish State Meteorological Service
{{cite web
| url = https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?k=H&m=BITLIS
| title = Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Mevism Normalleri (1991–2020)
| publisher = Turkish State Meteorological Service
| language = tr
| access-date = 2 May 2021}}{{cite web
| url = https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?k=A&m=BITLIS
| title = Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Genel İstatistik Verileri
| publisher = Turkish State Meteorological Service
| language = tr
| access-date = 2 May 2021}}
| date = March 2011
| source =
}}
== Semi-arid continental climate ==
File:Bei Igdir (40402131381).jpg, in which a pocket of semi-arid climate exists outside of the climate's typical range.]]
In drier areas of Central and Eastern Anatolia, a semi-arid, occasionally sub-humid climate (Köppen: BSk/Dsa, Trewartha: BS/Dc) takes hold, due to extensive rain-shadow
| location = Konya (1991–2020, extremes 1929–2020)
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan high C = 4.6
| Feb high C = 6.9
| Mar high C = 12.5
| Apr high C = 17.6
| May high C = 22.8
| Jun high C = 27.4
| Jul high C = 31.0
| Aug high C = 30.9
| Sep high C = 26.7
| Oct high C = 20.4
| Nov high C = 12.7
| Dec high C = 6.3
| year high C = 18.3
| Jan mean C = -0.3
| Feb mean C = 1.3
| Mar mean C = 6.0
| Apr mean C = 10.9
| May mean C = 15.9
| Jun mean C = 20.5
| Jul mean C = 24.1
| Aug mean C = 24.0
| Sep mean C = 19.4
| Oct mean C = 13.4
| Nov mean C = 6.2
| Dec mean C = 1.5
| year mean C = 11.9
| Jan low C = -3.9
| Feb low C = -3.3
| Mar low C = 0.2
| Apr low C = 4.4
| May low C = 9.0
| Jun low C = 13.6
| Jul low C = 17.1
| Aug low C = 17.2
| Sep low C = 12.3
| Oct low C = 7.0
| Nov low C = 0.8
| Dec low C = -2.2
| year low C = 6.0
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 35.9
| Feb precipitation mm = 23.1
| Mar precipitation mm = 27.4
| Apr precipitation mm = 34.2
| May precipitation mm = 38.2
| Jun precipitation mm = 27.8
| Jul precipitation mm = 6.5
| Aug precipitation mm = 6.5
| Sep precipitation mm = 15.9
| Oct precipitation mm = 29.7
| Nov precipitation mm = 34.5
| Dec precipitation mm = 45.6
| year precipitation mm = 325.3
| Jan precipitation days = 10.53
| Feb precipitation days = 8.97
| Mar precipitation days = 9.80
| Apr precipitation days = 10.83
| May precipitation days = 12.47
| Jun precipitation days = 8.10
| Jul precipitation days = 3.00
| Aug precipitation days = 2.63
| Sep precipitation days = 4.40
| Oct precipitation days = 7.27
| Nov precipitation days = 7.13
| Dec precipitation days = 10.10
| year precipitation days = 95.2
| Jan sun = 105.4
| Feb sun = 138.4
| Mar sun = 195.3
| Apr sun = 216.0
| May sun = 269.7
| Jun sun = 309.0
| Jul sun = 344.1
| Aug sun = 334.8
| Sep sun = 291.0
| Oct sun = 235.6
| Nov sun = 159.0
| Dec sun = 102.3
| source 1 = Turkish State Meteorological Service{{cite web
| url = https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?k=H&m=KONYA
| title = Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Mevism Normalleri (1991–2020)
| publisher = Turkish State Meteorological Service
| language = tr
| access-date = 6 July 2021}}
| date = January 2016
| source =
}}
Climate change
{{Excerpt|Climate change in Turkey}}