clivia

Species of Clivia are found only in South Africa and Eswatini. They are typically forest undergrowth plants, adapted to low light (with the exception of C. mirabilis from the Western Cape).{{Citation |last1=Meerow |first1=A.W. |last2=Clayton |first2=J.R. |year=2004 |title=Generic relationships among the baccate-fruited Amaryllidaceae (tribe Haemantheae) inferred from plastid and nuclear non-coding DNA sequences |journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution |volume=244 |issue=3 |pages=141–155 |url=http://agdb.nal.usda.gov/bitstream/10113/2422/1/IND43936659.pdf |accessdate=2012-01-31 |name-list-style=amp|doi=10.1007/s00606-003-0085-z |bibcode=2004PSyEv.244..141M |s2cid=10245220 }}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

Clivia shares common features with the other members of the subfamily Amaryllidoideae. Individual flowers have three sepals and three petals, all very similar (although the sepals are typically narrower than the petals) and collectively called tepals. In Clivia the tepals are fused at the base to form a tube, although this may be very short. The flower varies in shape from an open cup to a narrow hanging tube. In the species the flowers are mainly in shades of yellow through orange to red. The flowers are arranged in umbels (i.e. the flower-stalks or pedicels radiate from a single point); each umbel has a long stalk or peduncle. Several bracts subtend the umbels. Each flower has six stamens and an inferior ovary (i.e. one which is below the tepals) made up of three locules. The stamens have long filaments and anthers which are free to move on their filaments. The style is longer than the tepals, ending in a short three-part stigma.{{Citation |last=Koopowitz |first=Harold |year=2002 |title=Clivias |location=Portland |publisher=Timber Press |isbn=978-0-88192-546-3 }}, pp. 37–38

Flowering time varies. Typically C. miniata, C. nobilis and C. caulescens flower in late winter and spring; in cultivation, C. miniata has out of season flowers at almost any time. C. gardenii and C. robusta flower in the autumn. Interspecific hybrids and cultivars can flower at almost any time of the year depending on climate and the flowering pattern of their parent species.{{Citation |last=Marriott |first=Helen |journal=Clivia News (Quarterly Newsletter of the Clivia Society) |volume=19 |issue=4 |page=24 }}

A distinctive feature of Clivia – shared with the closely related genus Cryptostephanus – is that unlike most species in the subfamily, it does not form bulbs. The long strap-shaped leaves are evergreen and spring from thick branching roots or rhizomes. Like other members of the tribe Haemantheae to which it belongs, Clivia fruits are berries. When ripe, they contain large fleshy seeds which are often more than 1 cm in diameter.

It was published by John Lindley in 1828 with Clivia nobilis {{small|Lindl.}} as the type species. It was named in honor of Charlotte Percy (née Clive), Duchess of Northumberland (1787–1866),Lindley, J. (1828). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/133272 Clivia nobilis.] Edwards’s botanical register, 14, 1182.[http://www.sanmarcosgrowers.com/info/clivia.asp Clivia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507045614/http://sanmarcosgrowers.com/info/clivia.asp |date=2016-05-07 }} San Marcos Growers. URL accessed April 8, 2006. who was for a time the governess of the future Queen Victoria.[http://www.cliviaforum.co.za Clivia Forum]. A Clivia discussion Forum.[http://kantongsemar.nicetopics.com/amaryllidaceae-c1 Clivia Indonesia]{{Dead link|date=December 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Indonesia Clivia Forum.[http://www.cliviabase.co.za Clivia Base] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103025333/http://cliviabase.co.za/ |date=2018-11-03 }}. South African Clivia Website.

Six genera have been placed in the tribe Haemantheae; all are found in Africa. Molecular phylogenetic analysis carried out in 2004 showed that the tribe is monophyletic (i.e. it contains all the descendants of a single common ancestor). Four species of Clivia were included in the analysis:

{{clade|style=line-height:100%

|label1=Haemantheae

|1={{clade

|1=Apodolirion, Gethyllis, Haemanthus, Scadoxus|state1=double

|2={{clade

|label1=Cryptostephanus

|1={{clade

|1=C. haemanthioides

|2=C. vansonii

}}

|label2=Clivia

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=C. caulescens

|2=C. gardenii

}}

|2={{clade

|1=C. miniata

|2=C. nobilis

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

The bulbless Clivia and Cryptostephanus appear to occupy a basal position within the clade. Meerow and Clayton suggest that a forest understorey habitat, associated with the absence of bulbs and the presence of fruits which are berries, may have been a factor in the evolutionary divergence of the Haemantheae clade from the rest of the subfamily Amaryllidoideae.

{{As of|2012|January}}, six species are recognized by the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families:{{Citation |title=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families |publisher=The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/home.do |accessdate=2012-01-31 }}, search for "Clivia"

• Clivia caulescens R.A.Dyer
• Clivia gardenii Hook.
• Clivia miniata (Lindl.) Bosse
• Clivia mirabilis Rourke
• Clivia nobilis Lindl.
• Clivia robusta B.G.Murray et al.

C. mirabilis was only named in 2000, and C. robusta even later, in 2004. Thus older sources frequently state that there are only four or five species.

• Clivia × nimbicola Swanev., Truter & A.E.van Wyk = C. caulescens × C. miniata

File:Clivia. gardenii Pastel Peach.jpg|Clivia gardenii

File:Clivia miniata, blomme en vrugte, Manie van der Schijff BT, a.jpg|Clivia miniata

File:Clivia nobilis00.jpg|Clivia nobilis

File:Clivia robusta-IMG 6513.JPG|Clivia robusta

File:Clivia caulescens flowers open - HNT.jpg|Clivia caulescens

File:Clivia sp., Mt Coot-tha Botanic Gardens, Toowong 100 9742.jpg|Clivia sp.

File:Clivia × nimbicola 20D 0162.jpg|Clivia × nimbicola

File:Clivia × cyrtanthiflora kz02.jpg|Clivia × cyrtanthiflora, an artificial hybrid

File:Clivia miniata variegata.jpg|Clivia 'Variegata'

Of the species, Clivia miniata is the most widely cultivated; cultivars with flowers ranging from deep red-orange to pale yellow have been bred by growers. Yellow plants can belong to one of two different groups which breed true for colour, producing seedlings with unpigmented stems and all yellow flowers when mature. When yellows from different groups are crossed, seedlings with pigmented stems occur and the resulting flowers are orange.

C. miniata, C. gardenii, C. robusta and C. caulescens seedlings flower after four to five years. C. nobilis will flower after seven or eight years. It is reported that C. mirabilis also takes about six years to flower.

In cultivation, it is recommended that plants are watered regularly in summer, although not overwatered, with a resting period from autumn till late winter, when the plants are kept almost dry at {{convert|46|–|50|F|C}}. Plants can be repotted yearly or every other year in all-purpose potting medium or coconut husks.

Propagation is by seed or by offsets removed when repotting. Seeds are sown on the top of moist material in high humidity.{{Cite web |title=Clivia Plant Care |url=https://www.chicagobotanic.org/plantinfo/clivia_plant_care |website=Chicago Botanic Gardens}}

Pests and diseases include scale insects, mealy bug, and rot.{{Cite web |title=Clivia |url=https://hort.extension.wisc.edu/articles/clivia/ |website=Wisconsin Horticulture}}

Some species of Clivia, including Clivia miniata, produce small amounts of the alkaloid lycorine. Lycorine is toxic in sufficient quantities, particularly in pets and small children.[http://www.cbif.gc.ca/pls/pp/ppack.info?p_psn=108&p_type=all&p_sci=sci Notes on poisoning: Clivia miniata] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318223414/http://www.cbif.gc.ca/pls/pp/ppack.info?p_psn=108&p_type=all&p_sci=sci |date=2012-03-18 }}

• List of plants known as lily

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• {{cite journal|last1=Spies|first1=P.|last2=Grobler|first2=J.P.|last3=Spies|first3=J.J.|title=A review of phylogenetic relationships in the genus Clivia|journal=Philos. Trans. Genet.|date=2011|volume=1|pages=168–207|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256716776}}
• {{cite book|last1=Conrad|first1=Ferozah|title=Molecular Systematics, Biogeography and Dating of the tribe Haemantheae (Amaryllidaceae) and the Phylogeography of Clivia|date=February 2008|publisher=Department of Botany, University of Cape Town|url=http://open.uct.ac.za/bitstream/handle/11427/6243/thesis_sci_2008_conrad_f.pdf?sequence=1|format=PhD Thesis}}

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Category:Amaryllidoideae

Category:Amaryllidaceae genera

Category:Garden plants of Southern Africa

Category:Flora of Southern Africa