coal mining in Chile

File:Interior_mina_Chiflón_del_Diablo,_Lota.JPG coal mine at Lota.]]

{{see also|Arauco Basin}}

Usage of coal from Bío Bío Region as fuel dates back to at least 1557 when, according to Diego de Rosales, governor García Hurtado de Mendoza stayed in Quiriquina Island.{{cite conference |title=Breves recuerdos de algunas actividades mineras del carbón |last1=Davis |first1=Eliodoro Martín|date=1990 |publisher=Departamento de Geociencias, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Concepción |book-title=Actas |pages=189–203 |location=Santiago, Chile |conference=Segundo Simposio sobre el Terciario de Chile |language=es}} Early British travelers had differing opinions on the economic value of Chilean coals, or more specifically, the coals of Zona Central Sur. While David Barry found the coals to be of good quality, Charles Darwin found them of little value. The British consul in Chile correctly predicted in 1825 that the area around the mouth of Biobío River would be a centre of coal industry.{{cite journal |last=Mazzei de Grazia |first=Leonardo |date=1997 |title=Los Británicos y el carbón en Chile |url=http://www.archivochile.com/Historia_de_Chile/trab_gen/HCHtrabgen0017.pdf |journal=Atenea |pages=137–167 |language=es }}

It was however not until the mid-19th century that large scale coal mining began in the region.Endlicher, Wilfried. 1986. [http://www.geo.puc.cl/html/revista/PDF/RGNG_N13/Art01_Endlicher.pdf Desarrollo Histórico-genético y División Funcional del Centro Carbonífero]{{dead link|date=August 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Revista de Geografía Norte Grande. The initial trigger of coal mining was the arrival of steamships to the port of Talcahuano. These steam ships, most of whom were English, bought initially the coal very cheaply and the exploited coal seams were easy to work as they laid almost at ground level. The mining district of Biobío Region can be divided in two sectors: one south and one north of Biobío River.

In the northern sector the mine of Lirquén, which provided coal to the cement plant of "Melón" was once the most important one. The northern sector contains sub-bituminous coal.

The coals of the southern sector, i.e. those of Arauco Basin, are chiefly of bituminous nature. Industrialist Matías Cousiño begun mining operations in Lota in 1852. Coal mining transformed rapidly Lota, from being a sparsely populated frontier zone in the mid-19th century, into a large industrial hub that attracted immigrants from all over Chile well into the 20th century.{{cite journal |last=Vivallos Espinoza |first=Carlos |last2=Brito Peña |first2=Alejandra |date=2010 |title=Inmigración y sectores populares en las minas de carbón de Lota y Coronel (Chile 1850-1900)|trans-title=Immigration and popular sectors in the coal mines of Lota and Coronel (Chile 1850-1900) |url=http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0718-04622010000100005&script=sci_arttext |journal=Atenea |volume=501 |pages=73–94 |language=es }} Lota's coal mines were nationalized by Salvador Allende due to civil unrest and heavy Socialist support, but privatized again under Augusto Pinochet.[http://csallen.myweb.uga.edu/chiles_leader_remains_socialist.htm Clifford Krauss, Chile's Leader Remains Socialist but Acts Like Pragmatist, Copyright 2001 The New York Times Company. December 10, 2001, Monday, Late Edition - Final] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080305151240/http://csallen.myweb.uga.edu/chiles_leader_remains_socialist.htm |date=March 5, 2008 }} Given a high density of geological faults that displace the coal beds and the thin nature of these (less than one metre) mining activity in Arauco Basin proved difficult to mechanize.[http://www.mch.cl/reportajes/carbon-mantiene-su-sitial-en-chile/ Carbón mantiene su sitial en Chile] Traditionally the centre of coal mining in Chile, large-scale coal mining in Arauco Basin ended in the 1990s.[https://archive.today/20130116014051/http://www.cne.cl/energias/hidrocarburos/tipos-de-energia/370-explotacion-reservas Explotacion Reservas]. Comisión Naciona de Energía. Accessed on September 10. 2012. Despite the decline of the coal industry communities in the zone continue to identify with it.

The following mines were at times active in Sector Sur of Zona Centro Sur: El Chiflón del Diablo, El Chiflón Costa, Mina Consolidada, Mina Chiflones Fortuna, Mina Manto Grande, Mina Socavón Victoria, Pique Anita and others.

The Zona Sur coal district spans the regions of Los Ríos and Los Lagos, roughly from the area of Valdivia to Chiloé Archipelago. The coals of the Zona Sur district are sub-bituminous.

The geological context of the coals of Zona Sur is not fully understood as there are divergent views on the stratigraphy and the ages the coals. The study of the coals is hampered by the fact that there are few coal outcrops and attempted correlation between different localities has not been satisfactory. Age estimations vary. A common view is that the coals of Zona Sur are of Oligo-Miocene age being thus younger than those of Arauco Basin further north. Yet findings of foraminifers appear to indicate for older ages, that is Eocene.{{cite journal |last=Finger |first=Kenneth L. |last2=Encinas |first2=Alfonso |date=2009 |title=Recognition and implications of globigerinathekids (Eocene planktic foraminifera) in coal-bearing successions of the forearc of south-central Chile (37º45'-41º50'S) |url=http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0002-70142009000200017 |journal=Ameghiniana |volume=46 |issue=2 }} The geological units containing economically significant amounts of coal are the Pupunahue Beds, the very similar Mulpún Beds, Cheuquemó Formation and Parga Formation.{{cite conference |title=El yacimiento de carbón Catamutún (La Unión) |last1=Alfaro |first1=G.|last2=Gantz |first2=E.|last3=Magna |first3=O.|date=1990 |publisher=Departamento de Geociencias, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Concepción |book-title=Actas |pages=11–28 |location=Santiago, Chile |conference=Segundo Simposio sobre el Terciario de Chile |language=es}}{{cite conference |url=http://biblioteca.sernageomin.cl/opac/DataFiles/VillablancaD_et_al.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205100757/http://biblioteca.sernageomin.cl/opac/DataFiles/VillablancaD_et_al.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 5, 2017 |title=Sedimentología de la cuenca carbonífera Neógena de Pupunahue-Mulpún, X Región de Los Lagos, Chile |last1=Villablanca |first1=D. |last2=Alfaro |first2=G. |last3=Quinzio |first3=L.A. |date=2003 |publisher=Departamento de Geociencias, Universidad de Concepción. |location=Concepción |conference=10° Congreso Geológico Chileno |language=es }}

Some of the better known coal mines of Los Ríos Region are: Arrau, Catamutún, Ciruelo, Máfil, Mulpún and Pupunahue. While these mines had occasional spurts in activity only Catamutún was in continuous operation in the 1940s–2001 period. Mining in Catamutún, the only active coal mine in Los Ríos Region at the time, halted after an underground fire in 2001.

During a period of the 20th century the electric grid of the city of Valdivia was powered by coal from the mines near Máfil. Starting in 2009 Antofagasta Minerals and Carbon Energy developed together an underground coal gasification project in the closed Mulpún mine, however the project was put on hold in 2013.[http://noticias.uach.cl/principal.php?pag=noticia-externo&cod=20399 Proyecto Gasificará el Carbón para Generar Energía Eléctrica]{{cite web|url=http://www.rebelion.org/noticia.php?id=221084 |publisher=Rebelion.org|title=Carbón 2.0, otro capítulo de la saga no convencional|trans-title=Coal 2.0, another chapter of the non-conventional energy saga|author=Hernán Scandizzo|date=31 December 2016|access-date=16 January 2017|language=es}}[http://www.revistaei.cl/2013/05/06/socio-australiano-busca-vender-el-30-de-proyecto-de-gas-en-valdivia-al-grupo-luksic/# Socio australiano busca vender el 30% de proyecto de gas en Valdivia al grupo Luksic]

Somewhat south, in Los Lagos Region, coal beds can be found in the geological formations of Cheuquemó and Parga. The thin coal beds of this last formation were subject of small-scale mining operations around the turn of the 20th century.{{cite book| author-last=Elgueta |author-first=Sara| author-last2=Le Roux |author-first2=Jacobus | author-last3=Duhart |author-first3=Paul | author-last4=McDonough|author-first4=Michael | author-last5=Urqueta|author-first5=Esteban |title=Estratigrafía y sedimentología de la cuencas terciarias de la Región de Los Lagos (39-41°30'S)|language=es|publisher=Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería|pages= 15–16| place = Santiago, Chile|date=2000| issn = 0020-3939}}

{{see also|Mina Invierno|Magallanes Basin}}

In Magallanes Region, Riesco Island is being investigated for new projects. Coal was first discovered in Magallanes Region by Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa who visited the Straits of Magellan in 1584.{{cite journal |last=Martinic |first=Mateo |author-link=Mateo Martinic |date=2004 |title=La minería del carbón en Magallanes entre 1868 - 2003 |url=http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0717-71942004000100005&script=sci_arttext |journal=Historia |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=129–167 |language=es }}

The following mines have been exploited in Zona Austral over the years: Chilenita, Chinita, El Chino, Estela, Elena, Fernández Rocuant, Invierno, Josefina, Loreto, Magdalena, Natales, Peckett, Punta Arenas, Servidora, Soledad, Tres Hermanos, Tres Pasos, Tres Puentes, Vulcano.[http://www.laprensaaustral.cl/cronica/llegaron-cargadores-de-barcos-para-puerto-de-mina-invierno--16346 Llegaron cargadores de barcos para puerto de Mina Invierno] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814223512/http://www.laprensaaustral.cl/cronica/llegaron-cargadores-de-barcos-para-puerto-de-mina-invierno--16346 |date=2012-08-14 }}. La Prensa Austral. August 12, 2012.

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